 Hi, my name is Nihadeng Ilmurana. I'm from INSEM unit 977 in Stroud Group in France. Today I will talk to you about our recent paper by a technician, by an engineering journal, which is about the modification of macroporus tracheal titanium implants for improving in vivo integration and epithelization. We have been working with macroporus titanium implants for quite a while. The main advantages of these implants are that they have an open pore structure. They can be integrated to body quite easily, fibrovascular tissue forms within them. They can be modified with different biomaterials, whether it is aerogels, forms or surface coatings. And also they have the necessary mechanical properties of a metallic implant with the advantages of a porous structure. In this current case, in our previous studies with porous titanium implants, one thing we have noticed is that our control over the sudden movement in vivo was not high, and this study was aimed to improve the control. First, by adding a macroporus PLLA body to the body, and secondly, having a basement membrane based on collagen and antrenate to improve the movement of epithelial cells in vivo. We have previously shown that all these structures are effective in vivo in the primary cells. The current work is our email results with the needs of white rabbits, which were used for full-stracial replacement of two submetre lengths for one to six weeks. Here in this figure you can see our design, and as you can see when there is no PLLA, there is a movement of the cells and the epithelial membrane is small, but in the film layer and the macroporus structure, we are hoping to improve this. For this first thing we checked was the histology over a course of time, and what we have observed is that about in four weeks time, in the case of no polymer, the cells were able to migrate into the membrane and this marked the commencement of histonosis, whereas in the presence of the PLLA cells were also able to move, but they couldn't reach them and it took them six weeks to reach the half of the implant, which prevented histonosis and act as a cushion. And for the epithelial cells, the movement was still slow, and for this reason we have decided that we would need an extra in-situ epithelization step necessary. And for this end we needed to know when would be the right time of this epithelization, and also since trachea is very open to infections, we would like to monitor the health of the animals too. And this was the second part of our experiments where we monitored the health of the animals by C-reacted protein readings, the plasma analysis for chromagranin, all our acute injury markers, and also inflammatory markers, and also the general analysis of plasma proteins by HBLC and sequencing. And this has shown us that for the inflammation due to the implant, after an initial hack in the pro-inflammatory science, if there is no infection, they fail down, they stay higher than the health animals in acceptable range. And more importantly, whenever there is an infection, we can notice and interfere with these readings, which is an important parameter that we were able to save some animals with this. And the characterization of the blood samples show that we have been able to correlate changes seen in the animal health in the hemoglobin meta-chain readings. So this is a nice venue to check the health of the animals with such areas where the infection rate is higher. The third part was, as I said, the in vivo epithelization was low. So we have developed the new surface coating based on layer-by-layer technology, which utilizes polyelectrolytes to create multiple layers. Here we use collagen and alginate, because collagen is this couple. We're able to form nanofibers quite similar to the basement membrane, and this structure is good for epithelial growth. And we would like to have a thick coating, so we have 24-month layers. And the important part is not to damage the microporous structure of the PLA. And because of the hydrophilic-hydrophobic interactions of the structures, when we applied this layer on top of our hybrid implants, the structure was conserved and we have a thin 400-nanometer layer on top of the implant, which was able to support primary epithelial cells, which were obtained from human tissues for long periods of time. And this might improve the epithelialization even more. And the last part of our work is that since our observations show that in-suit epithelialization might be a better venue and we have observed that vivo needs about three weeks for full integration, we have done implantations for three weeks. And after that, we have seen primary epithelial cells on top of our implants to see whether integration with the body provides a good surface for epithelial attachment. And our results with the label cells, as you can see from the figure, show that cells were able to attach and proliferate on these surfaces, which was a proof-of-concept show that in-suit epithelialization is doable. And our current work is focused on doing this in vivo to see whether we can obtain a fully differentiated epithelial layer with a long-term functioning titanium implant. And we hope to publish our results only soon. Thank you for listening and I hope our research will help you in your own ideas.