 I am here to discuss with you on topic transportation sector, part of infrastructure. Learning outcomes of today's session, at the end of the session students will be able to explain status of development of transportation sector in India. Introduction Dear students, you know transportation sector is important sub sector of infrastructure and again there are sub sectors of transportation like roads and ground transportation is there, airports are there, ports are there, railways are there. Let us see these sub sectors one by one. Let us go to roads or highways. Now what is the status? Central road sector under this India has got 4 million kilometers of roads nowadays. Nation or India has got 4 million kilometer of road and still the number is increasing. Roads carry 61 percent of rate and 85 percent of passenger traffic remember. This is the huge load on roads and we are spending 18,000 crores annually on roads. This number or this amount is increasing day by day, which are our flagship projects golden quadrilateral GQ national highways. So this is a project of national highways, this is our flagship project going on. North main ramp, NHDP phase 1, then north, south, east, west corridor, NHDP phase 2. So these projects are complete, almost complete and the works for new highways is going on. Then what are the key players in national highways, which are the key players NHAI National Highway Authority of India, a key player which is backed by government of India remember this organization NHAI this looks after development of national highways in India. Then Morse Ministry of Surface Road Transportation and Highways. This is also a government ministry which looks after development of roads. Then key programs NHDP national highways development program is conducted in seven stages right and central road fund comes for this NHDP is the development program which is undertaken by government of India. Now what is proposed in national highways, see lot of work is going on and for instance four laning of 7900 kilometer NSCW corridor, then two laning of 20,000 kilometer NHDP phase 4 of highways with only one lane, then six laning of 6500 kilometers of four lane GQ. All these are the developments taking place, lot of money is going to be spent on roads remember NHDP 2,20,000 crore to be invested by 2012, they have invested that means 10th plan under 10th plan 60,000 crore were invested under 11th plan 1,80,000 crores were invested. See such a huge investment is there in highways and roads. Now rate of development of roads in India it was in 2010 only 12 kilometers per day. Now it has accelerated remember it is in 2018,19 it was 30 kilometers per day, our target is 40 kilometers highways to be constructed per day, nowadays the rate is 38 kilometers remember, nowadays we have reached 38 kilometer construction of roads per day such a huge rate is there. Then NH AI given more independence to select and implement projects in order to aid speedy development of infrastructure. See now some reforms are there which government time to time gives so that this sector can develop itself. So NH AI has given some independence to the authorities so as to develop infrastructure. 100% FDI is permitted, remember for this sector. Then 100% income tax exemption for a period of 10 years such a concession is given. Tolling proposed to reduce operational costs on toll roads. Then planning for expressways is undertaken. So many reforms time to time are taken by government so that this particular sector flourishes. Now let us see again some provisions which are given rural roads which is large part of India about 40% are not connected by roads remember rural roads about 40% are not yet connected by roads they are to be connected. Now several plans to do so in 11th fire plan 1.7 to 2 lakh unconnected habitations are connected in the 11th plan Pradhan Mantri,Gram Sadak Yojana and the lot of work is going on in this sector. Rural infrastructural development fund is set up to provide funds for rural road developments remember. Then what are the issues challenges in front of this particular development of roads? First is acquisition of land remember acquisition of land is the challenge or issue which this sector is facing then this involves the political will to acquire land then time consuming process is there this is time consuming process which leads to delays acquisition of land etc. Then environmental and societal concerns regarding displacement of people deforestation these also are hurdles in this particular sector. NGOs and special interest groups often raise these issues and this leads to delays. Then exact tariff that should be charged according to varying categories of consumers is a difficult decision that must be made this is also one more hurdle and in addition there are always risks that by adding a toll charge the ridership on the road might decrease leading to an infeasible project. So these are the hurdles or issues which are faced by this particular sector. Now let us go to port sector a large increase in port handling capacity is planned by our country more ports have been and are to be added they will be added. Now increase in container terminals to the tune of Indian rupees 10,000 crores is planned remember JNPT that is Jawarlal Nehru port test is planning to spend 3,000 crore in expanding the capacity since the plan is to attract a large volume of maritime traffic the objectives in the port sector are to increase capacity of the existing ports and to add new ports in order to decrease turn around time of ships and to increase productivity. So this is the status of port sector again port sector is focusing on private sector participation remember model concession agreement is being prepared for this fees will be collected on a licensing and revenue sharing. Model TAMP that is tariff authority for major ports is the regulator in the sector and does a good job for specifying the tariffs. Plans are up put to improve road and rail connectivity to the ports thereby reducing transportation costs on goods and making the ports sector more attractive remember. Plans are being made to corporatize ports to increase operational efficiency. This will lead to independence from a central authority like port trust of India. So these are some of the measures being taken by government of India. Now let us go to railways sector which are the some of the key interventions of railways session increasing the utilization of existing capacity boogies by cutting cost fares etc tying up with private players to run trains offering volume based discount to boost sales developing owned land and generating profits computerizing operations lower passenger prices right these are the key interventions in this particular sector. Here we can see some of the highlights see Cochrane railway project is the major railway project after independence okay independence of our country. Now rail reforms on the annual a new investment about 60,000 crore in current plan for a dedicated Mumbai Delhi freight corridor then other dedicated corridors may come up soon. Private participation is being sought in track laying, freight maintenance etc. Plans are being formulated to bring in world class train and stations and that are to be built in our country right which will be at par with the standards of the foreign countries. Now let us see or compare our infrastructure with that of China. See everywhere China is ahead of us but we are developing nation we are trying to make up with the gap and these are the comparative values. Now let us stop a while here dear friends here are two review questions answer them neatly. Answer of the first question is D right all of these answer of the second question is C 38 kilometer road of rate of road construction in India these are the references for today's session. Thank you.