 Good afternoon ladies and gentlemen. Thank you for being here at the Center for Strategic and International Studies today. My name is Andrew Schwartz and I'm CSIS's Vice President for External Relations and I have the pleasure of introducing this gentleman, Dr. Rob Sabani who is known to many of you for various things that he's done. He's done so many things. But we're here today to talk about Rob's new book and we'll get to that in a minute. Rob is president, as you know, Rob is president and founder of Caspian Energy Consulting. He founded the company in 1991 to specialize in negotiating projects for clients with business interests in the Middle East and the former Soviet Union. Until 2005 he was an adjunct professor at Georgetown where he taught courses on U.S. foreign policy and energy security. There are scores of people who have taken Rob's classes throughout Washington and I often meet many of them. Dr. Sabani is also a frequent contributor to op-ed pages of U.S. newspapers. He's frequently quoted. He's also appeared dozens and dozens and scores of times on domestic, international, television, and radio broadcasts. Besides his professional and academic background, Dr. Sabani sits on the board, or as affiliated with a number of organizations including Mohawk Innovative Technologies and Washington Capital Partners. Rob is also a member of the bipartisan committee on the present danger. But, as I said, Rob is here today to talk about this wonderful book, King Adulah of Saudi Arabia, A Leader of Consequence. The book is so excellent and not just because you can do curls with it. It's a heavyweight book for what's in it and for physically how much it weighs. On the way out, normally we always have somebody at CSIS selling books and you can pick them up, but today through Rob's graciousness he'll be giving away these books back. So please get your copy before you leave. These are wonderful books and I think you'll find inside them is a treasure trove of rare photos, insight and thoughtful research and journalism on just this leader of consequence. And I think with that I'll let Rob tell you more about his great book and following Rob's remarks we'll take a few questions and answers. Thank you so much. Rob? You want to speak from here? You may think I have a different version. It's the same version. If you open up the cover you'll find the green in there. I'm working off this one. It's good to be here today. I want to thank CSIS for putting this event together. I'd like to have a special thanks to my good friend Dr. Fahriboz Gadar who brought this event to CSIS and suggested that we do it here and I thank Fahriboz for taking the initiative. I want to also thank Andrew for your kindness and your remarks and Allison wherever you are. Thank you very much for putting it together. So I thank CSIS and there are a few people I also want to thank. If you like the design and if you like the cover you can thank the folks at Xanthus Design. I cannot proceed without mentioning their kind efforts in designing this and also the myriad myriad of numbers of people that I met in Saudi Arabia whom I talked to and I thank them because this book also is about them. So I wanted to thank them as well. Why did I write this book I suppose? You know everyone asks you know why did I write this book? Let me give you an anecdote of why I wrote this book. It was the 2007 OPEC Summit and I was privileged to be in the hall where all the heads of state were meeting and through the form Hugo Chavez and President Ahmadinejad got up and for half hour each of them were ranting and raving and there came a very critical point where they were shifting the entire debate from using OPEC and the dollar I'm sorry as a basket of currency the dollar and OPEC and moving it to the euro and at that moment King Abdullah very quietly or very firmly basically shut them up and brought the discussion back to where it belonged and it was at that moment that I was listening to that and looking at that that I realized you know what this guy is different this gentleman is different he has done something consequential and so I took it upon myself to write a book and as I got on the plane I decided to do a little more research and I found one of his speeches that he gave in Mecca on the occasion of the organization of Islamic countries and in that speech if you read and it's in my book he talks about a Muslim Renaissance he talks about a new beginning for the Muslim world and once again it reiterated for me reconfirmed for me that King Abdullah is different and he certainly was changing the tone and tenor of the debate within the Muslim world and so I decided to write this because as I started writing it two and a half years ago and as I got into it I really came to the conclusion that what King Abdullah does matters what King Abdullah does matters and that's really the theme of this book whether it's in energy security whether it's fighting Islamic extremists global economic recovery the future of Iraq Afghanistan Yemen what King Abdullah does matters to the world yes the president of the United States president of Russia the president of China but King Abdullah also matters and matters enormously and that's why I decided to write this book now let me just put this in historical context Saudi Arabia has always been an important ally of the United States from that moment when President Roosevelt and King Abdullah Aziz sat on that boat together and forged an alliance Saudi Arabia has always been part and parcel of foreign policy you know US foreign policy but I would venture to say no Saudi leader has ever transformed Saudi Arabia to the extent that King Abdullah has he has done what no other Saudi leader has done before and that's what makes him unique yes Saudi Arabia is the world's central bank of petroleum has the largest reserves Saudi Arabia is home to the two most holiest sites of Islam Saudi Arabia is the heavyweight of the Arab world but what makes it unique and makes it different is who runs Saudi Arabia and it's King Abdullah and let me just run through six things that I think makes King Abdullah so different and I'm gonna go into it very briefly because I'd like to get an interaction and questions and answer the first I believe very important is the dialogue that King Abdullah has started both within Saudi Arabia and outside and I'll get to this in a moment his dialogue projects the second in my opinion the empowering the empowerment of reform-minded individuals and technocrats with vision today are running Saudi Arabia third King Abdullah has took it taken it upon himself to challenge the extremists and their rhetoric and this is unique as well he has the courage and I like to emphasize this he has the courage to stand up to the extremists and use their rhetoric against them fourth Saudi Arabia is in my opinion the leader in the Middle East of the arc of stability versus the arc of instability fostered by Iran the regime in Tehran Ayatollah Khamenei Ahmadinejad and the example of that as I mentioned earlier to you was visual clear at the OPEC summit fifth Saudi Arabia's reforms under King Abdullah have made the system more transparent Saudi Arabia stock exchange today the 10th largest in the world and I would say as a as an American citizen if I had money I wouldn't put it in city bank I put it in Saudi Arabia very simple because I don't trust city bank but I would trust the King of Saudi Arabia more than I would trust city bank because of the reforms that the King Abdullah has instituted in Saudi Arabia and finally sixth and most important or equally important I should say the King has emphasized education and building of universities and schools as houses of wisdom he uses that word and that's very very interesting and liberating he talks about universities as houses of wisdom not just to go in learn something and come out these are from the perspective King Abdullah houses of wisdom and that's very very important and very key so let me just very briefly go through the the six items that I mentioned I was traveling to Taif I don't know how many I'm sure some of you have been to Taif for the young people in the audience I never thought I'd see monkeys but I saw monkeys in Taif but other than that talking to people that came out of the mosque on a Friday I went and talked to people about King Abdullah in Taif I spoke to people in Dhammam in the Eastern Province these were Shia I talked to businessmen and without exception they all said that the King's national dialogue forum has been a godsend and so I would venture to say if I were to come away from this book and King Abdullah the institutionalization the institutionalization of a free dialogue space within Saudi Arabia will be one of the legacies of King Abdullah without doubt the second thing that I think is worth noting is once again the importance of the technocrats that he's put in place people like Prince Faisal at the education ministry people like the ambassador here not from the royal family mind you but a young person through meritocracy rising to become the ambassador of Saudi Arabia in the United States or Noura Al Fais the deputy education minister for the first time it's very interesting the night that this appointment was announced I was in Riyadh and I was in the elevator and a few ladies were on the elevator and they were giddy and all happy and and I said congratulations and they said no it's not don't congratulate us congratulate King Abdullah because without him this would not have been possible so I venture to say that the women of Saudi Arabia are certainly very blessed to have King Abdullah as their leader the third area foreign policy I would venture to say that King Abdullah is indeed the peacemaker when he sees an image of fighting between Hamas and Fatah tears come to his eyes he invites them without telling his foreign minister and invites Hamas and Fatah to come to Mecca and to sit down and work out their differences this is a man who firmly believes in peace this is a man who offered Israel and it's still valid his offer to make peace with Israel in exchange for recognition he is a peacemaker at heart and this is I suppose juxtaposed to the inflammatory rhetoric that one sees coming from Iran while Iran is the arc of instability as I mentioned earlier King Abdullah and Saudi Arabia are certainly the arc of stability in the region the the other factor that I like to talk about is as I said his courageous attempt to fight the extremists what he calls deviance with their rhetoric I remember a story recounted by someone in Saudi Arabia who was privy to a meeting between a group of ulema who went to see the king their complaint that satellites were immoral that satellites were corrupting the mind and it infuriated the king so much that he kicked him out of his office he did not like that kind of language and instead and and let me go back to an important point he can stand up to these extremists because he's a pious person and anywhere in Saudi Arabia that I go that people that I visited the one thing they mentioned about King Abdullah is that he's a pious person and when you're pious and religious you can stand up to people who are ignorant and and I think that's served King Abdullah very very well the other the fifth factor and then the sixth but the fifth factor is once again the enormous transparency that has been brought to the table since King Abdullah on economic reform I was in Jeddah one night speaking with 15 businessmen some time ago they were talking about reverse mergers they were talking about taking private companies public public companies private and I said whoa and investing incidentally millions and millions of dollars and I asked them I said what gives what what's happened and without exception they said we're confident because behind us stands King Abdullah he has brought a level of transparency and reform to the Saudi financial sector financial markets that gives confidence to the private sector and that's what's really driving the private sector in Saudi Arabia or for example a talk with a banker in Saudi Arabia in Jeddah who was saying that since the advent of King Abdullah things have gotten a lot better from a banking perspective so I would say as I venture to say if I were American I would certainly have no hesitation to take my money and and put it in a three-year CD in Saudi Arabia plus you get a better rate of return finally finally and this is once again in my opinion another lasting legacy of King Abdullah is education he is changing Saudi Arabia by institutionalizing education reform whether it is the King Abdullah University for Science and Technology which many now believe is going to be the MIT of the Middle East or whether it's a school around the corner in Taif but what the King is doing is what I mentioned earlier is creating homes and houses of wisdom and that's how he approaches education and and I think this is very very important for the future of Saudi Arabia for the future of the region because what happens in Saudi Arabia matters to the world I'd like to emphasize one other point about King Abdullah and I'll go to question and answers when I spoke to a family outside of McDonald's this was in in Alkhober the family said that they have been the beneficiary of King Abdullah's philanthropy apparently the King gets up from his office and without telling anyone decides to head out to places where he thinks people are in need and he'll surprise the people in that area and if they're not taking care of he'll get angry and he'll get upset but the people who are less fortunate become the beneficiary of his philanthropy a few years ago if you recall we had a world food crisis King Abdullah gave 500 million dollars to the world food organization 500 million dollars his philanthropy has extended to solving world hunger to Lebanon to Haiti recently the King gave 50 million dollars to the victims in Haiti and Palestinian territories but his philanthropy has also come to our neighborhood as well and I'd like to acknowledge want someone in the crowd I don't know Veronica can you stand up for a second Veronica Nolan is from the Urban Alliance her organization has been the beneficiary of King Abdullah Veronica is the mother to and I say this euphemistically but she is the head of Urban Alliance which takes care of underprivileged children in Baltimore and Washington King Abdullah reached out to Veronica and today thanks to the King there are children in the Baltimore Washington area who are the beneficiaries of his philanthropy so whether it's thank you very much so whether it's so whether it's Haiti Lebanon or right here in Baltimore Washington area this is a man who feels for the people feels their pain and yes there are many many issues that remain to be solved in Saudi Arabia no one doubts that what the King is doing is a Herculean task there are still issues that remain to be solved but there is no doubt in my mind that if the president of the United States reaches out to King Abdullah and says I want to be your partner the King will shake his hand in all honesty and they can sit down and solve I'm not saying all the problems but there are certain problems that with partnership with King Abdullah can be resolved and that's why the title of the book King Abdullah leader of consequence I'll leave it for your questions and answer I thank you very much for coming today appreciate you'll be passing microphones around in back and if you could state your name and your organization you're with that would be very helpful right down here in front hi I'm Christy Bonna from USER the US Commission on International Religious Freedom you mentioned that King Abdullah is an initiator of dialogue and certainly he created the Interfaith Dialogue Initiative and which hosted a conference in Madrid in 2008 and Saudi Arabia served on the UN Human Rights Council in 2009 I'm wondering if you could shed some light on to some of the discrepancies between his coordinated efforts to promote these ideals in international fora versus the very slow to manifest realities that they we haven't really seen these changes on the ground domestically what do you think can account for this discrepancy the king is trying to reform Saudi Arabia on multiple levels as I said foreign policy domestic policy economic policy but certainly issue the human religious the fact that today through the national dialogue she has voiced their opinion for example something that probably a few years ago would be a taboo subject so the king from conversations that I've had with his people is aware that there is much more to be done on this issue the king is aware that there are certain religious freedoms that need to be addressed and he's aware of that now having said that he's up against very formidable opponents opponents who are entrenched opponents who use violence and the king wants to institute these reforms without violence this goal is to get to the point of religious tolerance without the violence but his opponents unfortunately and I've seen those opponents I've talked to those opponents I've sat and had tea with those opponents they are very close-minded they're very narrow-minded they will not accept even a shia you know as someone worthy of consideration let alone a Christian let alone a Jew let alone of a high let alone whatever so he's up against formidable opponents but he's moving forward is it at the pace we want no unfortunately not but he's certainly going in that direction does that answer your question if not please I mean I'm sorry go ahead well I you know I believe that he is giving his best shot and and I think it will happen it may not be as fast as we want but you know I'm sure you visited but when I visited Saudi Arabia and not just Saudi Arabia you know when you visit Qatar Kuwait Bahrain and you talk to these extremists they're very adamant in opposing but opposing with violence and that's the unfortunate thing it's very difficult to operate in an environment when your opponent all he wants to do is kill you if you talk about religious freedom or you talk about women's rights so it's very difficult but he's on the right track in my opinion go to a question in the back there Afshin Malabi from the New America Foundation Rob congratulations on on publishing this book and I remember I was with you at that OPEC summit in 2007 in Riyadh and and what was very striking is the kind of the personal relations that the king Abdullah had with the heads of state that that he was dealing with and one of the things I'd like to ask you about you laid out I thought the the policy very well but when you spoke with intimates of the king when you spoke with maybe family members of the king or those who've dealt with him personally what was the sense you got of what he's like as a person what he's like as an individual so I think that would be really interesting particularly given as you know the within the region personality plays such an outsized role in politics well let me let me answer that question by a question and for those of you who read the book I guess it's easy to answer but how many of you know what's king Abdullah's favorite music anybody venture a guess what's his favorite music no well I asked this question from his daughter and his daughter said his favorite music is the sound of rain well made sense this is a man who grew up you know in the desert and the sound of rain is music to his ears so his daughter went on to say that my father is an environmentalist at heart and our discussion went into climate change and went into a discussion of how her father sees earth actually as something God-given and that he feels very strongly about the issue of global warming and climate change and as instructed Ali Naimi the energy minister to look for technologies that would be cutting edge to address the issue of carbon sequestration to address the issue of renewables and so at least on one level there's no doubt that that he from a personal standpoint is an environmentalist now I was speaking to his grandsons and one of the grandsons was telling me a story about how one of the other cousins he didn't mention was you know stop for a traffic violation and he tried to pull off the I'm a prince excuse and when it came back to his grandfather it infuriated his grandfather because this little boy told me that his grandfather has told them that you're like any other normal Saudi just because you have the title Prince doesn't make you any different than anybody else and I and when you meet Prince King Abdullah's family you will really see this because that's exactly how they act when you talk to his daughter when you talk to his granddaughter who's in some the ones that I talked to in their 20s when you talk to his grandchildren you will find the same mindset they do not think themselves as above or better there any there they are represented as they said to me ambassadors of the king and that's how they approach it so the king believes to answer your question in inequality you know he just because you're a prince doesn't make you any different and and he's put that rule down for his family members as well I'd like to ask a question actually rock and I'm shocked that neither of the first two questions were where do you get a CD in Saudi Arabia or how do you get a CD but of all the leaders and throughout the rest of the world who does King Abdullah consider the most important leader of consequence you mean who does King Abdullah consider I would venture to say from one of the few sessions that I had with the king but also his advisors and the people who advise the king that he considers certainly the United States still to be the most important power in the world economically culturally because of our diplomatic heft King Abdullah still considers the United States a significant power and US Saudi relations will always be a very significant element in King Abdullah's foreign policy but the second with China he considers China and the Chinese leaders to be of consequence and you know you talk to his energy minister Mr. Naimi or you talk to his foreign policy team it's very clear that while America has a special place there is no doubt that the emergence of China has a major influence on King Abdullah's thinking and he sees China as a country of consequence whether it's the president of China as a consequential I'm not sure but certainly China is consequential there's there's no doubt about it now of negative consequence I should say are people who the king feels are not acting in the true Muslim tradition and without naming names I can also mention regime in Iran you know he feels they are not acting in the true Muslim way which is to honor the faith to use the faith to build to serve the people and so there are leaders of consequence and then there are leaders of consequence in the negative sense as well so it works both ways for the king my name is Connie Zulam I'm with the American Kurdish information you're on what do you make of a family owning a whole country do you really believe he could be a role model for the massive problems that face the peoples of the Middle East beware of the Greeks bearing gifts is a proverb I wonder if you could comment on his gifts in terms of mattresses that are being built in Southeast Asia well you know the what has happened since the ascension of King Abdullah at least from my perspective and based on my interviews and my talking to people in Saudi Arabia normal Saudis tells me that things are different things are moving in the direction of transparency is it 100% no could there be more yes but certainly under leadership of King Abdullah things are moving the pendulum is moving in the right direction let me let me pause for a second to answer your first question the first issue that you noted you know owning a country as an American citizen I can tell you that if you did some background checks on our members of Congress you will find written on their back you know NAACP maybe or AARP or some other lobbyist or industry you know I think before we criticize other countries at least me personally I would look at the mirror and I would look at my own country and say you know what's wrong with my country before criticizing another country I wrote this book because I firmly believe that the King of Saudi Arabia matters what he's doing is important and what he does affects all of us if King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia on the 2007 OPEC Summit had shook hands with Hugo Chavez and Ahmadinejad and said you know what guys hallelujah let's let's jack up the price to 150 dollars we wouldn't even be at this event because we'd have to drive cars and put gas of six seven dollars a gallon in our car so it does matter it does matter that the King of Saudi Arabia thinks about not just his country but thinks about the consumers of this energy as well that's just one example but I'm not disagreeing with you on the overall premise of your question more can be done and I think the King himself would admit to that Saudis would admit to that but it's come a long way that that's just my perspective and my my my you know the way I see it question over here thoughts on Iran policy once how the international community should deal with Iran specifically how Saudi Arabia should deal with Iran well you know excuse me time and again time and again when I've spoken to the King's close inner circle and his foreign policy team intellectuals but let's just go back to the King okay and his immediate circle time and again they mentioned that Iran is a country with a rich history Iran is a country with a deep culture language and deserving of a better government okay they see hope within Iran within the Iranian people and I think the major disconnect with Washington is that while Washington at least now may feel there's a need for engagement in Saudi Arabia and the circles around the King they look more to the Iranian people they see a nation that has the potential to contribute and contribute positively to the region and that's what they hope to see but can they influence US policy maybe not they're they're looking to us to to make that in make that policy but in terms of let me go back again to the issue of Iran and the nuclear certainly there is consternation in the region I'm saying this because I've met with the whole with most of the leaders in that region Iran is the number one threat from their perspective Iran is a nuclear Iran is very dangerous for them whether you talk to the Bahrainis Kuwaitis Qataris Saudis UAE they're very concerned but I once again they also repeat what King Abdullah's advisors are saying which is the people of Iran have a rich culture in history proven themselves and if this heavy iron fist could be lifted they could contribute and they're looking for the day when the Iranian people and government can contribute positively I don't know if that answers your question follow up please sure I think that Saudi Arabia Qatar Kuwait they all favor dialogue no one is against dialogue absolutely they they want dialogue because they don't want war I can tell you that there is absolutely no appetite for a war with Iran absolutely no appetite but I think that they're putting their emphasis from a policy perspective on where is Washington on the human rights issue where is Washington on helping the Iranian nation because this is a nation with 2,500 years of history it has the potential to contribute positively to the region I you know I won't name the country because you know it was off the record but I've talked to many ministers and heads of state who recall the days before this regime and they would say we could work with this we could work with that you know with that previous government because we there was stability and that was without foreign interference IE the US I don't know if that's does that answer your question there was another question in the back Mark Finley with BP a leader of consequence leaves a lasting legacy so what are your perspectives on you know the degree to which these reforms continue after a dollar well that's a very good question BP is beyond petroleum and and I think the legacy beyond King Abdullah it will be in my opinion the institutionalization of this free zone of exchange of ideas really and hopefully it'll continue beyond the king because for the first time a king has had the courage to open up the political environment the political cultural environment to discuss subjects that were never discussed before corruption is now talked about openly when there were floods in Jeddah and people died the king fired princes fired people are responsible for it he doesn't discriminate you do a bad job you get fired and so I think his lasting legacy would be to open up Saudi Arabia and the discourse to subjects that were taboo and I think that's his lasting legacy beyond that I think the other lasting legacy which would relate to probably your industry would be opening up of a transparent economic zone really I mean if you're BP you go into Saudi Arabia you can work in full transparency you know and if you are a businessman you go into Saudi Arabia you can work in full transparency Saudi Arabia is now the only Arab country that's a member of the G20 Saudi Arabia is the 10th in terms of doing business a ranking by the IFC so those are the two probably in my opinion lasting legacies of King Abdullah that's another institution that King Abdullah has put in place the succession council secretary general of which is a very very learned person Khalid wajri whose father was a mentor to King Abdullah I like to just diverge very quickly very very briefly the elder wajri was the mentor of King Abdullah and the theme that was always discussed between the two men was Arab Enlightenment that there was a period in Arab history you go back to Baghdad Damascus as centers of learning that's the Arab nationalism the King Abdullah believes in a jihad to build planes not a jihad to slam planes into buildings that's the mindset of the King now going back to your question he instituted the succession council and basically instead of an automatic next person becomes the ruler it's going to be decided among a group of people in a fairly transparent way and whoever you know the group votes for votes for gets to be the next King it's novel it's unique but I think from what I understand from talking to mr. to wajri and others is the King wanted to once again institutionalize the succession so that when he one day goes is not around it doesn't become an ad hoc quick succession it is well thought out debated among the family and and to institutionalize this so I think you know from your competitor or partner BP question about institutionalization of the dialogue institutionalization of education I think the succession is the the institutionalization of the succession is also a legacy of the King you know this reminds me of a joke and so you've heard of it heard me say it they asked Henry Kissinger once you know what would happen to the world if instead of John F. Kennedy we keep a cruise ship was assassinated and Kissinger thought about it and said you know I don't know what would have happened to the world but I do know one thing that mr. Onassis will not marry mrs. cruise shop Joe do you have a question back here just right here good afternoon Joseph Frazier zillion technologies sir you seem to have had a opportunity to actually meet the personality of a great leader as a distinguished leader of consequence what did you find to be his greatest motivation to be a better leader and if you could add into that what were the extreme personal effects that 9-11 had in his leadership style and how he wants to go forward I think he saw 9-11 as a moment where his faith was abused he saw 9-11 as a moment where his his faith was hijacked and extremely embarrassed extremely saddened that a group of people would kill so many innocent people using religion has their justification so I think that moment or maybe before that but at least that moment certainly played a key role in the mind of King Abdullah that he wasn't going to allow from that moment on his faith his faith to be taken hostage he wasn't going to allow his faith to be used as a weapon of mass destruction and that's why he took on the challenge of extremism head-on he wasn't going to mince words he calls them deviants and he's challenging them head-on and I think that's what makes him consequential you know he he doesn't mince words when it comes to the extremists and that's why he's held these dialogues with the Pope with Jewish leaders with other religious leaders because he feels that religion has a place only in the heart and not as a tool or a weapon to be used to kill innocent people I don't know if that answers your question or not we had another question right over here we could we get a microphone down in the front Sir could you identify yourself in your organization you know this is a question that I would venture to say you'd have to ask the Saudis but you want my personal opinion I don't think the Saudi Arabia wants a nuclear Iran who would you know when you have a leader Mr. Khomeini Mr. Ahmadinejad who've made very clear by the way incidentally in their speeches in Farsi if you listen to Ahmadinejad you listen to Khomeini in Farsi which I do every Tuesday through the voice of America they are very anti-monarchy they do not like monarchies they believe their anathema to their way of thinking and so you know in Farsi they make themselves very clear they are against monarchies and so I would venture to say in Riyadh in Manama in Doha they'd be very concerned about a nuclear Iran having said that you know it really right now depends on the United States what the United States does in terms of what Iran is doing I have my own personal feelings and opinions of what needs to be done but you're asking about Saudi Arabia the answer is Saudi Arabia would not want to see a nuclear Iran because I think they feel that it would raise tensions and keep in mind there's another point that I'd like to emphasize here King Abdullah sees Saudi Arabia as the custodian of the two holy mosques but the custodian of the world's largest reserves of petroleum this is a commodity that his advisors tell me he thinks belongs to the world okay so he doesn't want a hundred dollar barrel oil or a hundred fifty dollars because he knows it's gonna hurt the consumer now does he want a fair return obviously but the point being he realizes that a nuclear Iran could be a game changer in terms of energy security and that's why he would probably be a post there's another question in the back here yes right congratulations on your different day just as an aside of the subject of success you if they Google Prince to purify some former your style of student and former ambassador he has a piece on how the system works but you Google to purify some are present the youngest son of a team fighter is there is there a final someone else have a question great with that I'd like to thank Dr. Sabani for this presentation today please on the way out there'll be books and Dr. Sabani has agreed to stay and sign them thank you for coming to CSIS and this presentation will also be posted on our website at www.csis.org thanks very much