 Hello everyone, welcome back to another session in Dentistry and more. So we are continuing our age estimation or person identification methods in forensic dentistry. So last two sessions were the dental age estimation through radiographical method and morphological method. The radiographic method was the Vigian method and the Gustavson method of dental age estimation which is a morphological as well as a histological method. Now we have the role of palatal Ruge in person identification. So more than age estimation, this palatal Ruge pattern is used in person identification in a crime scene or a mass disaster. So next sessions will be about the role of third molars in dental age estimation, then the use of dental DNA in forensic dentistry and the histological method of dental age estimation. These all are very important topics for the exam because one or other questions will be definitely asked for your exam because the compulsory question will be there from forensic dentistry. So we will start with the palatal Ruge. So palatal Ruge, they are the ridges on the anterior part of the palatal mucosa on each side of the mid-palatal rafae behind the incisive papillae. So it is a useful method of identification in indented individuals. So the Ruge pattern on the dead people's maxilla or maxillary denture can be compared to the old dentures because these Ruge, palatal Ruge area, they are well protected by lips, cheeks, tongue, buckle pad of fat and teeth in incident of fire and high impact trauma because it is well protected by these structures and it can resist decomposition to an extent and it is very unique just like our fingerprint and seldom change happens with the shape as the age grows and it reappears after trauma or surgical procedures. So that are the peculiarities of palatal Ruge pattern. So we can classify the palatal Ruge according to light cell, it classified the palatal Ruge as primary Ruge where we have more than 5mm, secondary Ruge 3-5mm, fragmentary Ruge 2-3mm and Ruge which is less than 2mm will not be taken into consideration. So how do we make an analysis of this Ruge pattern? So as per Thomas and Van Wick, they trace Ruge patterns from dentures on to clear acetate and then superimpose these tracings on photographs or blaster models. So they transfer it to clear acetate and then superimpose these tracing on photographs of blaster models. Next group of scientists that is Limson and Julian, they analyzed Ruge pattern by a computer software and they obtained around 97% of accuracy whereas Othani and co-workers they suggest high accuracy can be obtained using straight forward visual comparison from dentures. So Limson and Julian suggested software but the Othani and co-workers they suggested direct visual comparison. So these are the patterns of palatal Ruge, they can be curved, they can be wavy, they can be straight and undermined and this entire process is known as Rugo Scopi. Sometimes the question will be like this, that is Rugo Scopi. This is nothing but identification using palatal Ruge. So in order to establish person's identity, we can use a palatal Ruge which is known as Rugo Scopi. So what exactly we are doing is we are checking the palatal Ruge and its position, its length, its shape, its direction and its unification to establish or to identify a person. So the advantages are one thing is the law cost and it does not require any complex instruments and racial group identification is possible and sex determination is quite easy with Rugo Scopi. And palatal Ruge did not change as a result of growth which remains stable until the oral mucosa at the death and the disadvantages are the changes that occurs from with the orthodontic treatments, extraction, aging, dentures and extreme finger sucking in infancy may hamper the identification process. And we always need anti-motum data to compare with this post-motum data. So only if we have this anti-motum data, this is useful. And finally, the palatal Ruge pattern is unique to human beings as is finger prints. So its use in forensic identification is fairly justified. So analysis of this palatal Ruge pattern combined with other method is an important alternative and complementary technique for human identification and providing a significant contribution in cases of criminal investigation. So that's all about palatal Ruge and its role in person identification that is forensic dentistry. So next session will be about the role of thermolars in dental age estimation. So hope you understood with very small topic, I will come up with that topic in the industry. Thank you.