 One specific energy that is kind of interesting because people put it in renewable and non-renewable, non-carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide related energy, and you probably could guess that and that is nuclear energy. Nuclear energy, for sure, it's not renewable, right? Once the fission process, it has a lifetime and once that lifetime is gone, it's gone. For example, the age of life, age of Earth, we have gone down to a very small amount of nuclear material that is available. Uranium, right? Uranium 235 and 238. Uranium 235 is very little. Maybe 0.7% or less than that. And what we needed was the Uranium 235. Uranium 238 is a lot. We also have it here in Dera Ismail Khan. So the needs that are very little, we have to remove them and then concentrate them. So we run centrifuge for that. We put centrifuge on the glasses and so on. So we isolate the 235 from that. But how do we run centrifuge? It's a very energy-intensive process. We run it with electricity. Where does electricity come from? From burning oil or coal. So what has happened? It has not happened that nuclear energy from carbon dioxide does not come out. Certainly when it is working in the reactor, there is no introduction of carbon dioxide in it. But apart from that, there are a lot of problems in its purification. A lot of carbon dioxide comes out. And apart from that, the biggest problem is that what should be done about the nuclear waste? The first reactor was made in 1948-49. After that, they have no solution. What should be done about the nuclear waste? So we will talk about whether it is feasible. If they calculate the levelized cost of electricity, then the nuclear energy becomes very low. So in many places, nuclear energy has been completely abandoned. Now that is because the price of oil has increased a lot these days. So again, there is a little interest in it. But otherwise, it is almost an inaccessible source of energy. There are a lot of disasters that you must have read. Chernobyl, Fukushima, Trimal Island. And its cost, the economic principle, you know that benefit times the cost of accidents like this. Cost of accidents like this, if it becomes reasonable, then the benefits doesn't matter how much benefit. Because human lives are involved. So we will talk about that. So till now, as we have talked about the fuel, now let's talk about its consumption, where it is used. As I said earlier, in transportation, we have more than 1 billion vehicles. Now we need oil for all of them. Okay, there are vehicles that run from electricity, but where does that electricity come from? Electricity is made of oil or gas or coal. So eventually, they are burning non-renewable fossil fuel. So we will have to see what is the future. How, how do we get 1.5 billion cars? How can we feed it? So for that, we should model something that is feasible going into the future. As I have written here, penny saved is a penny earned. The most basic things are to go ahead. That is to increase the efficiency of every process. There is a solar cell, the efficiency of solar cells is 15 to 20%. That means that all the solar cells that are read, can convert 20% of the solar cells into electricity. Your vehicle runs on 19% of the solar cells. That means that you put in 1 gallon, and 20% of that gallon is used to run the car. So 80% of the solar cells will run in the air as a pollution. So what is the way to do that? So this energy conservation efficiency. And other things like insulation. How do we keep it in the house? Maybe there is not so much of a problem in Lahore or Pakistan. But the cold places, there is a lot of insulation there. Not all of it, but a large portion of the energy that is used to heat up the house, goes out. So that is very important. We will talk about where the leakage is. In the house. And where we can do things like this, to save some energy. This is not a big topic for us. But it is a big topic for the world. Air pollution, you must be aware of it. When it comes to December, there is a thing called the air quality index in Lahore. We will talk about it in detail, how to evaluate the air quality index. It is a very simple economic tool that can give you an idea of how good it is or how bad it is. So the air quality index of 50 to 100 is okay. 50 to 100 is okay. 100 to 100, it spoils everyone's throat. In fact, the elderly, the young kids, it can be fatal. We have the same case in Lahore and near Delhi. The air quality index goes up to 800 in winter. 800. Imagine that. So there is a big thing that we have to understand the air pollution and why is the air pollution. So why doesn't it happen? It happens in summers. In summers, everything goes up. In winters, everything goes up. The pump stops. It is called temperature inversion. We will talk about how temperature inversion happens. There is no natural process that will remove all the pollution from the earth. Then we will have to see how much energy is coming into the earth and how much energy is going out of the earth. There is a lot of energy coming from the sun. It doesn't reach the world by 50%. It reflects something, absorbs something. There are some other things. So it comes here by 50%. If it keeps coming by 50%, then the earth will become so hot that it won't be able to live. This means that the energy that comes out also goes out. So the balance of coming and going is called earth albedo. So we will explain it in detail how much benefit and loss the earth has from albedo and how it can be controlled. It is not able to control it. But the energy coming out of the earth and the carbon dioxide layer can't go out. The earth temperature increases. So therefore we talk about sea level rising because the ice section in the north starts melting because the temperature is too high. So therefore the sea level rises and that causes all kinds of problems in the whole world, also in Pakistan. There are places in Karachi that are very susceptible to sea level rises. And you must have heard from some other people how many floods are coming these days. So all these games are for air pollution. And they are not just a game of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, particularly methane. And we have so many cattle, cows and goats. All the real sources of methane are cows and goats. So what will we do for those sources? So we will talk about what are the issues and how we can go around the problem. The last part of this is the most important part. The reason for defining all these energies is that somehow we have to understand the global effects of this energy use. So carbon dioxide is the biggest gas that is called ozone. And ozone is something that comes from the sun. In the sun's rays, it comes from UVA, UVB, UVC or light or heat. These are five things. So we can use light and heat. But UVA and UVC have so much more energy that if it is on our skin, it causes cancer. So in Pakistan, there is certainly an issue of skin cancer. But the skin that is light has a lot of issues for them. So that is all for ozone. It was such a big problem that all the people in the world sat down and solved it. And it was solved. It was almost solved. One of the big things about this example is that we can solve it. We will talk about the ozone problem in depth and what was done to solve that problem. But then the major part of that last section, we will spend on carbon dioxide. What is the situation right now? People used to say that if there are 350 parts per million of carbon dioxide, it will be difficult to survive. Nowadays, it has reached about 450. So that is why we have to worry about this a little bit. So I will talk a lot more about carbon dioxide in the last section.