 I should say, I've only been at Eli, and I'll tell you what I'm going to basically tell you what Eli is as an organization, the range of the source and science and supports and encourage people are interested and like the time. Yeah, as I said, I'm going to tell you a little bit about what Eli is. It's a distributed infrastructure for the three sites, one in Czech Republic, one hungry and one in Romania. It's fundamentally surrounded based on offering some of the most powerful or high performance lasers in the world. I'm just going to start off this audience doesn't remind us what a laser is the foundation is established by by our time about 100 years ago. It's a practical operating laser produced by my field of alignment in 1960. And since then, there has been an inexorable improvement in the performance places via the intensity, pulse characteristic way when I'm on the left hand side. So included a little graph of the evolution of the intensity what's the square centimeter of lasers over the years, and you'll see that they sort of plateaued in the 70s and 80s and then at the end of the 80s, there was a sharp uptick. And since then there has been a very significant continued increase in the in the intensity of lasers and the reason for that, the start of that change significantly increase intensity is because of the invention of the technical church pulse amplification. And in a nutshell, one of the things that limited how powerful laser build was the ability of the various components plays to withstand incredibly high intensities of the trick was to take an initial pulse, stretching out spectrally. So the intent that the maximum intensity was much lower, amplify that, and then recompress it, bring it back back again to a much narrower spectral range. And that was a technique based on radar technology and a brilliant French science based in Saint-Germain with his then PhD student, Donald Strickland invented that technique where he was so desperate. I met Gerald about three weeks ago, so desperate, you know, they felt this was such a brilliant but such an obvious idea that they just wanted to get it published as quickly as possible. So, in general, I'm not particularly hydrated, but that that publication essentially led to the awarded Nobel Prize in physics, I think, 2017. So technically, that's the sort of the foundation of the technology on which these very high intensity lasers have been built. And that was also the modification, and that was to combine the secret application scheme with the, the addition of it could be the introduction of additional high intensity laser pots, and so go optical parametric, CPA, allow the CK method to be boost. Now, that's the technical origin, but the sort of the, the concept of Eli as an organization also came from Murud, because what he could see the potential of the use of very high intensity lasers over a much wider range of science. And even leaving it as the preserve of one or two very specialized lab what Murud said is, let's set up a facility to try to make this, this, this technology available to scientists beyond laser experts. I came back from the US to Europe, about 20 years ago, and he started to try to persuade people, the community, the research councils and so forth to fund an initiative to build an institute and the original concept was an institute in France. To make this technology available for I'll come back to how it was founded and so forth, but this audience doesn't be any particular introduction to some of the quantities involved but we'll be talking mostly about lasers whose pulse length is about 10 seconds, that's how that's the time in 10 seconds and so far, light travels through my promise. So it's, it's clearly an extremely short period of time. It's far less time than the average vibrational period of a bond in molecules. So, you might anticipate it allows you to freeze motion to image molecular motion. And you also come across one of the things that sort of lasers are we talking about are generally what we call petawatts class laser and given the idea about power, the total global power production capacity for electricity is only one percent of the petawatt. The entire power of the sun shining on the earth is is is looking more than 100 petawatts. But of course, you're delivering that power in an extremely short period of time. One petawatt delivered 10 seconds is only 10 joules, the energy associated with the lifting 10 kilos by one meter. And one thing that's critical for the technology is not only do we offer lasers are very powerful, very intense, whose pulse length is very short to capture fast events, but also that those pulses are can be repeated can be delivered at a high repetition rate, so that the energy we want to ultimately build devices that are powered by lasers with a moderate power, you need to be delivering that laser pulse very frequently. So we talk about lasers that can have records over over 100,000. For example, and we tend to think of a tradition of these five power lasers were things that delivered a shot a minute, sometimes a shot an hour. If you're going to make this technology viable so you can, for example, use it to drive secondary sources of the pines electric neutrons. You need the average power was to be up to as well so you need all those three things to come together. And I should say when it comes to the technology what's fascinating is, while, while the uptick was was the consequence of these very elegant developments, what's happened since actually is really just pure engineering. This now becomes a problem in cooling down the components get super hot when you pump all that, all that energy through. So very clever engineering is now allowing us to extract the full potential of these things. And then those lasers now I'm going to illustrate this in a lot more detail are applied over quite a wide range of problems. So we can use the laser beams themselves. Very fast laser beams directly to probe structure dynamics in materials and biological systems. I'll try and illustrate the fact that you can use this very high intensity lasers as sources of beams, beams of irons protons and heavier irons for example, electrons. And then those electron, those accelerated electron beams themselves can also be used as as extra and photon source. Powerful, powerful laser beams can also be used to explore the properties of matter under extreme conditions so we can use these powerful lasers to generate plasmas for example study plasma, and that's very timely moment may have been the result from the national mission facility in the states, just for Christmas, where the first nuclear few laser driven nuclear fusion reaction was reported, but actually ended up in the next game of energy, once calibrated against the energy of the laser beam of course lasers are not fantastic efficient. So the overall efficiency from the power of the wall was still not an energy gain, but it was a very significant step forward in demonstrating that laser driven techniques made one day basis of fusion energy. And what we also find is that matter starts to behave in very counterintuitive ways at these five lighting temperatures. So in that graph of intensity versus year. The significant point I can't show it can I, it's 10 to the 24 watts per centimeter. There's a prediction that if you shine light at 20 to 24 watts per centimeter into a vacuum, you'll create machine that matter. And we're almost in touching distance on the sort of the precursor of those effects. We're back to all this might be the way from that particular point. But as you approach that limit. The properties of the vacuum start to change and you see very nonlinear. physical phenomena, which themselves might be. And then finally, one of the things that he like does is also develop the technology itself. And, you know, as you said, Trevor, I've gone through working in usual facilities to sync a trunk facilities. It was remarkable how, how much more quickly the pace of technological development is in a synchron compared to a neutral facility. And we could have a discussion about when the last real development in neutron technology was. I would say when you go from synchrons to lasers, there's also a very significant step up in the speed at which the technologies developing driven directly by industrial education. It's really interesting, really clear between, between industry and the institutes that exploit this technology. So you often find this service are alongside a cluster of small medium sized companies because they're developing up to the developments that develop in the lasers, and they want to work alongside people to exploit. So that that incentive, that idea from that idea from the incentive to provide a very high and latest facility open to all. Originally conceived of France, ended up actually funding three different centers. So at the time, it was a great appetite to try to support scientific development labs in central New Zealand. In the end, the European Commission favored the use of what they call structural funds funds used to develop infrastructure in central and eastern countries. Now normally this is the sort of funding that goes to bridges and tunnels and transport and so forth, dams, whatever, remarkably, Czech Republic, Hungary and Romania decided to put a very significant amount of funding into basic research. And that was the, the, the origin of setting up three facilities now so in Seged, which is here, Budapest is 200 kilometers from Budapest. Budapest is too rich to receive structural funds have put somewhere else in Hungary. Seged happens to have arguably the strongest university in Hungary, quite close to the Serbian border, and they have a tradition in laser science. In Donnie Brezhane, which is just outside Prague again is too rich to receive structural funds. So just outside the bypass. The beam lines facility established. And then the third facility is in Magrovoly, which is just outside Bucharest in Romania and that is traditionally a new physics institute. And then, you know, when the Soviet Union was funding these countries to build nuclear weapons. This was a real center of excellence in in Romania. And since that time, they've been finding other reasons to develop new physics. So the third facility has an emphasis. So first facility has an emphasis on ultra short lasers and ultra short measurements. The second one is all about high intensity. And the third facility brings together what's a world unique combination of high intensity lasers but also a tunable high energy, high intensity gamma source, which should tune nuclear energy states and then with the lasers. So the three site distributed infrastructure. Since then, two of those sites have come together and what's called NERICs. Yes. Okay, thank you. So, you know, there are advantages in following Eric, you know, you get all sorts of legal benefits tax benefits and so forth. I would actually say more significantly by bringing the Czech and Hungarian centers together as one organization. You also put them under the same umbrella as two organizations that really have strong motivation to work together to collaborate and to develop the technology complementary ways. So the Eric so far has got four members to the host countries Czech Republic of Hungary, Italy, and Lithuania, Lithuania instead because of great tradition was a science it was Lithuanian to the optical development of CPA. Did I say Italy and Lithuania? Yes I did. And then we have as observers but they have only a little bit longer to decide whether or not they're actually going to play or not. We have Germany and, obviously, Germany log area and had Brexit not happened, the UK would probably be up there as well but sadly they're outside. So those who consider this working together as a single entity, we have managed to direct our weeks. I don't know if you've ever heard of that, but it can't be long because I hear the name. That's right, so he left Sweden for Prague and Czech Republic five or six years ago. Okay, so a little bit about the science, what do we, what do we do? Well, one of the things we do is we use all the short lasers to look at fast processes and the technology fast process has been developing again in leaps and bounds over the years. So, I was going to say 100 years ago every time I see this, you know, it's actually 50 years ago, there's the famous imaging of the horse in full flight through a series of cameras that sequentially triggered allowing movies, pictures, films to be made, a sort of millisecond time resolution. And of course it would commonplace 10 to 20 years, 20 or 30 years ago in your traditional SRR to have a mechanical device in it, which would allow you to take millisecond pictures. That was then, technology was developed through the use of replaced by a tronics and flash, allowing images to be taken as a micro to nanosecond time scale. And then much more recently, Hoffman as well, led the development of 10 to second laser technology started to that allowed us, particularly those of us as chemists who are interested in chemical reactions to start to to to to look at image molecules on times the sort of time scales. The lab wanted to pre-stand for the action so 10 seconds of saving, you know, of the order of magnitude period of oscillation. We're trying to offer now in starting to offer integrity of Hungary is time scales that are up to 1000 times faster than that going beyond 10 seconds now, well faster than 10 seconds. So the challenge that allows you to do is to go from looking at, so I really see the spot, certainly I know exactly where I'm going to sit. So it's effect is that it takes since probing time scales of bombs broken. As we go faster, so we can start to see the movement of electrons, the movement of electrons in solids and manostructure solids, and then it's shorter time scales and faster process is still the movement of electrons in in the process of chemical reactions or electrons in actions as they excitedly various topics. And now places itself firmly the very high end of the range of techniques in terms of looking at extremely short processes. And how does it do that. Well, the drive lasers themselves, you know, the moments of the state of the art technically is lasers whose pulse length over the order of 10 seconds. So how do you produce a probe, which allows you to look orders of magnitude faster than 10 seconds. And the way that you do that. This was called high on my generation usually in gas and I think you get the animation to run. There we go. And this tries to illustrate how femtosecond laser pulses can produce at a second life. So you come in and bear with me here I think the drive laser is represented by red, red. Good. Okay, so the drive laser beam goes into a chamber where you have a gas jet. And as the high intensity laser goes into the gas jet, it ionizes the gas and jet helium, it could be a variety of gases. This is just here. So you have the individual atoms subjected to very short, very high intense and sorry this is the most slowest animation. So it's going to take a minute to, you could sort of just. But the point is what this is supposed to demonstrate, I'm going to do it more dynamically is that under the very high electromagnetic field to get the ionization, the electron or multiple electrons and separated from the atom of the veins. And then recombine, and that recombination process gives rise to a higher energy and very high intensity, shorter pulse of life. So that's, that's the essential basis of the original femtosecond drive laser, creating much shorter light pulses generally have a higher energy. And then this process is driven in a coherent fashion, so those individual pulses out together. So what you get out the other end of gas jet is a second beam, which is generally higher in energy so you might have an infrared drive laser and you get an ultraviolet or vacuum ultraviolet pulse out of it, which has a much shorter time scale, running as it were in parallel with drive laser so you have a part in the red and blue and then through a variety of optical devices. And you can separate those two pulses out, you can you can apply a delay, a control delay in time, obviously the after second pulse, compared to the, to the original femtosecond drive or vice versa. So what you now have here is a means of producing two layers of beams from one with a control delay and it's the basis essentially pump pro technique, but pump pro techniques with a patro second controllable at a second, sorry, an at a second initial stimulation with a delay that can also be of the order of extra seconds. So that, that's, that's essentially the origin of the technical basis of what are the techniques that we provide. And of course, you know, I imagine many of you are chemists here. I'm sure most people in the room appreciate that this can provide a very powerful way of stimulating molecular change, and then interrogating what the changes. So you come out with a stimulating probe. You knock the system out of equilibrium you excited to take the bond or electronic transition, and then your second pulse comes along, and that performs a form of spectroscopy on it so it could be an infrared pulse that is is tuned to look at the particular in the material with control time delay. So the cartoon here is simply the pump coming in and exciting some kind of molecular transformation and then the probe spectroscopic probe looking at a characteristic feature that is that arises as a consequence of the transformation. So that any arbitrary delay more or less can be fun. So you can build up a map of the relates the the exit patient center with a structural change that ensues. So basically combined with, with other techniques again it's rather simple cartoon here but it's meant to illustrate that if you combine in combination for example my spec. You can not only get the spectral information, what is the molecular fingerprint of the species of excited, but also how it might fragment. So the recent experiment supported in, in, in, in Alps in Hungary is looking at the way in which I can't go back and on the glasses and that's what it is. So essentially molecular reaction which the pump drives a fragmentation reaction, and we can follow that fragmentation reaction both through the, the infrared fingerprint and also the fragments that come off. So the other thing that can be done is pushing the energy of the secondary beings reduce this high harm generation up into the x-ray region, you can also start to generate pulses of light. Generally the soft x-ray we're not talking about very many kilobots. Yeah, you have other ways of producing 10 kilos of x-rays. We're also allowing us to set up pump probe measurements where, where the probe now could be a soft x-ray beam, so you can stimulate a change in say a nanoparticle or an electric, molecular cluster, and then follow the change in structure of that through x-ray refraction as a function of time at very fast time step. So looking at this particular case, a case of R2, where the proof of concept is starting to be demonstrating now, looking at change in this case cluster structure through the way in which the x-ray refraction changes at sort of a femtosecond time step. So direct use of the, the beams to look at dynamics and structure. This is the second area and it's probably the one that's once we've really got the facility running. I should say we're only really a year into full user operations. It's really early days yet. We offered, we're a more second user call, we offered 10 instruments, not best user call, we offered 34 and our second user call, and many more on our next. And I think one real growth area is the use of high intensity lasers now to provide secondary sources of particle beams and light. Now look at two cases. First of all, it's, it's the generation of electron beams. By the, by, by, by shining lasers onto plasmas. And this is the place of possible weight field acceleration. So again, in cartoon form, you take a high intensity laser. You shine into your gas too. As you saw in the previous, the first of the cartoons, you can ionize gas. The blue. And then what you find is that as the laser propagates through the blue, leaving behind it in its wake electrons and further behind the heavier ions, the electrons tend to get pulled along in the wake of the electromagnetic pulse. The consequence of shining a pulse of intensity laser into a gas to be ionized is a generation of very quickly propagating being of electrons separated from guns. And that's significant because the electric field gradients that you get with these really high intensity fields are far greater, about a thousand times greater than the field gradients to get in traditional RF based accelerators. So traditional RF based accelerators, the source of power, the linac in, in, in feeds into the booster and feet into the synchro of max four, they tend to have maximum field grade about 100 millivolts megavoltron megavoltron. And beyond that, you get dielectric breakdowns are limited to the technology. And that means, of course, that these devices tend to be tens of meters or you want to get up to gigavolt energies, they tend to be almost kilometers long. This technique isn't infancy, but it's common in leaps and bounds in the last few years. And we start to get reproducible electric field gradients of about 100 gigavolts. So in principle, one could put an entire linac or device, the sort of device that would inject electrons into a synchrotron ring in it in just a few minutes. So we really are talking about tabletop advances, not yet very stable. But the principle of technology is incredibly powerful. And we're starting to see stable devices coming out of this based on this principle. So there's way for your acceleration. It's going to be the basis of some of the new B lines at life. You might imagine. In the long term, there are very practical applications. As Karina used to work, top left there. As I said, we need an axle of 10s of meters. We have storage and storage rooms with insertion boxes again, meters in size. It is, it starts to become practical to generate high intensity x-rays much smaller than laser driven devices. And typically, you can imagine driving and producing photons at around about 25 kilovolts region, very, very small, coherent sources of low divergence and pulses, which are now actually much shorter than we'd be. The case in all synchrons are typically of the order of 10 seconds long and increasingly practical as bright devices. So, if you compare commercial x-ray devices here, so on the right hand side, a 2-hour sample of the micro CT device of the mouse embryo. On the left, there's probably about five-year-old data out of the Central Laser Facility of the other Latin-UK Central Laser driving now one of these next generation beta-tron sources. We're getting results comparable to commercial micro CT devices. If you look forward, the calculations of sorts of beta-tron sources should be able to produce and they're actually starting to build right now should reduce the scan time by about four orders of magnitude. So we're starting to see these are sort of early results from laser driven beta-trons. This is the picture map we've got in the CNRS, and if you look forward to the likely scan time of the same resolution, we predict about four orders of magnitude from these laser driven x-ray sources. So really very much now cutting edge of what we can do with synchrons. So as you can do with these electron beams rather quickly, a lot of interest from in relation to medical applications to add to some extent now clinical applications. So hospitals tend to be very, very demanding of new technology, wanting to really know that it's tried and tested and understood. But electron beam therapy is starting to be accepted, at least on a trial basis, by some of the hospitals that some of the leading laser driven electron beam sources. The graph on the left-hand side sort of illustrates the sort of qualities you're looking for in the electron beam. And here the trick is to is to deliver an electron beam dose through multiple beams, all conversion on the same point. A high dose to the region or to a rate of it, whilst minimizing the dose to the surrounding tissue. So you want relatively penetrating beams, which have a high ratio of depositing energy in the region of interest compared to the tissue through which it propagates. And high energy electrons really do seem to occupy the sweetest spot of all in this diagram. So early applications of high energy electron beams for therapy are starting to look very promising. And those electron beams are also starting to be used in very high speed electron microscopy. So electron microscopy we tend to think of as quasi-static technique, but they're starting to look feasible to develop sub nanosecond electron microscopy techniques based on laser treatment sources. So that's electron beams. We can also generate very intense beams of ions. And that is direct behind the laser pulse onto a thin solid targets of a foil of a variety of positions. And what you get out on the other side of the foil is a mixture of electrons and ions. And through a variety of techniques, you can separate out behind produce ion beams with very, very high accelerated gradients. Again, it's very similar to what I made with the Betrotron sources. Laser-driven ion sources can be made far more compact than we normally the case in high-energy and partial physics. And again, there are a lot of applications of proton beams and heavier ion beams. And that's NIF result, the ignition, the fusion result relies on laser-driven accelerated protons, which are then used to trigger new confusion reaction. Another application is to use, it's a technique not unlike what you have in a special source where you direct a high-energy proton beam onto a heavy metal target. You can do something very, very similar with laser-driven protons, but in a very much more compact sense. So rather than this being tens or even hundreds of meters long, the distance between the proton source and the proton target is typically a few centimeters. So you have ultimately the ability to produce, so that the total laser-on-plux of these is many orders of magnitude, about four orders of magnitude, below a relatively weak spallation source. But it's focused into a nanosecond pulse. So this allows you to, and actually there's an awful lot of ground that you can make up in terms of helping me, this is really early days yet, in terms of making this technology viable. But there's a foundation for potential, very high intensity, very short p-pulse neutrons, it's extremely interesting. The moment in SEGED, as the high-rate lasers come on stream, and as the average energy comes on stream, so you can imagine really quite useful average fluxes in neutrons. So that will be applied in fast, I should say, these are neutrons, which are, they tend to be megabolt neutrons rather than millibolt neutrons. So they're neutrons that can be used primarily for imaging and for neutron physics. In principle, you could moderate them, you could take them down to thermal neutrons, which is known as the primary, and the primary is using as neutrons as fast neutron imaging, or in a variety of nuclear technologies. And then when you go to heavier ions, there's a huge interest in taking heavier ions such as carbon ions, and then using them as basis again of ion beam therapy. Is there even better than the electrons and photons at delivering a dose precisely where you want it to? That almost the tunability of delivering a dose to a rather specific use of the body is particularly good for relatively heavy ions. So one of the things that we've been using perhaps all three ULI centres is relatively high intensity ion beams with the aim eventually of setting up hadron therapy. At the moment, there isn't any hadron therapy in all of Central and Eastern Europe, so there's also a huge, and you can see the distribution of hadron therapy centres throughout Europe, and there's an absolute void here. And these tend to be techniques that people need to travel to a regular basis. So it's, it's, there's a real need to have these distributed geographically so they can serve the populations in those countries. And then finally, with radiobiology with iron beams, something that's been emerging recently and you probably have a lot more about this than me. The effectiveness of iron being and actually other being therapies appears for reasons that are completely not understood to be far stronger if they're delivered as very short high intensity doses, as opposed to the same dose spread over time. So this flash therapy appears to be statistically very significantly more effectively for reasons that no one really understands. I don't know if you've come across this travel. But in the last year, it's sort of, it's an experimental observation at the moment, no one has any really real ideas to why it's I mean there are the speculation theory is no real technical insight into why flash therapy appears to be far more effective to solve a source of answer problems. And then finally, I'll check on this briefly for this audience. The high intensity laser beams are start you've been used to generate matter in extreme conditions and study that matter. So in the context of fusion technology. There's a huge amount of interest after those results for Christmas, but also trying to understand in general classes, even traditional fusion energy back at one fusion requires us to better understand how plasmas behave and how they can be controlled. And lasers play a real role in generating and exploring the process. And then finally, as I said, when you go to very extreme electric fields, you start to generate matter and antimatter out of the vacuum. And in a run up to that, a couple of the borders back to their intensity beings, you start to see distortions of the vacuum, such that the, the optical properties of the vacuum can to some extent be controlled might be the basis of optical devices for ladies themselves manipulating the vacuum, altering its refractive index in a controlled way and using that as a means of. Let's roll. So, I'll touch briefly on the three centers themselves so this is essentially the journey just outside. So this is the Eli beam lines. So this focus here is very much on the high intensity side. So there's a lot of plasma physics. There's now. We're starting to bring on streaming secondary sources of x-rays and several articles, but also using high intensity lasers to probe matter. So this is basically one of the examples of that. Here's the site. This is primarily offices, then technical centers here. And alongside sorry to stray off. We have the High Lakes lab, which is a technology development center. So this is, this is very much an industry and tech transfer center. And there's a very strongly local Charles University Prague, but increasingly has become more international. It'll become more. As you said, we've got about 350 people working at 30,000 square meters budget of 50 million. And it's organized in three layers. We have four laser drive systems in the middle. And then we get those lasers are directed into a bunch of experiment balls. And then we do a whole range of experiments. So we started off with an in-house construction, so called L1 laser. It's not the world's most powerful laser, but it allowed the local team who were not all laser experts, to actually develop the skills. And they could then go on and develop higher end lasers. This year we just brought on stream. Every system built with Lawrence Livermore, but again, a lot of local expertise. And this will ultimately be a petawatt class laser that operated at 10 hertz. So petawatt at 10 hertz will be world leading when it works. And we'll be there in about two years. And then we're a little bit further behind the other two laser systems. The hour four came on limited. And the L2, I can't tell you when it can be ready because it's a cutting edge. I think one of the lessons here is that if everything works on day one, you're probably not trying hard enough to be edgy about it. So this is, so as a laser facility, it's not like the same trauma you switched on Tuesday morning at 10, and it comes on 99% of the time. It's the kind of a sort of you'll switch it off and three quarters of the time it'll be up halfway through the day. And the real challenge for us and offered is user facility is either to manage expectations or to really understand what the most unreliable system and I think maybe in five years time. Maybe in 10 years time, it'll, it'll be approaching something like the reliability of a signature on but we don't know exactly how we're going to get in it. So three three laser systems operational feeding into three laser balls. I'm going to be through all the stats we can look at later but these are among the world's highest power lasers. The L1 system power is one repeats into a collection of instrumentation. And so this is a room of having a 30 meters by almost 20. And in that we have a whole set of what we call end stations, which take the rate laser beams from them produce the secondary sources and then the second resources are used in a variety way. I'll just give you one example. In among that we are developing and we will soon have ready for users plasma x-ray source and tunable between three and four kilovolts. But the point is that it will run. It's a nanosecond time scale. So at the moment we're just Trevor, this is for you. Yeah, we've got structure license. The point is that when this comes on the street, we'll be able to measure structures at sub peak a second time scale and do that in conjunction with pump for a measurement. So looking at structure stroboscopically. You can see the peak a second time slices as you come. I don't UV light infrared light. I'm going to process and make this as a reliable sub peak a second x-ray diffraction source. We just brought onto the use program, a tunable. And I'm going to do the ETS of the lasers are driving right on beams whose energy can be controlled, which we focus. And then they can be used either to deliver on beams, potentially therapy deliver on beams implantation studies. So putting irons at the center conductors for example. And so performing these radio biology experiments and a lot of what we put into so understanding therapy, you also have to better understand the radio biology. There's a lot of research kicking off into the effect of the radiation on biological systems. So we have a zebrafish lab, among other things, everyone seems to have zebrafish. We've got a particularly effective one in the second, and we can we can fly the zebrafish in an hour from second to, to, to don. Because they have to have a local airport. Also recently, plasma physics platform has been brought on so we use the lasers now to generate study for a variety of diagnostics, a variety. And then just coming on stream in the next round, we will have two electron beam stations. One is electrons. Electron beams which are used for irradiation. And then the other be mine will be electrons that are then used in conjunction with the insertion device as the basis of a little fellow. So we will be building and exploiting a fell laser driven fell probably about two years and exploring again how you can push this technology of fells but this time. This is a very, very compact source at a fraction, I should say at a fraction of cost. And then in second, you know, the emphasis here is on ultra short laser not short measurements. So this is the second science center. It's in principle has millions of lasers and then stations but actually the way that breaks down is that on the left hand side, we are bringing on stream a number of drive lasers. And then feed into a number of secondary sources to generate yet shorter policies of different energies, and then in combination with drive laser and second resources, you can provide a group you can measure the offer a variety of techniques. So here the emphasis is very much on pump pro chemistry and physics combination drive lasers, secondary sources and stations, but also the methodology so a lot of detector technology and I won't go exhausted through the slides, but just to say the the workhorse was a sort of almost off the shelf mid infrared laser, a modest power operating three microns, but in combination there was a really quite interesting in stations. And so devices to look at the lack of fragmentation, essentially mass spec so that once you've initiated the reaction be very quickly see what fragments that come up it, and then most recently, we are starting to offer a range of devices that are an order of magnitude, and then sorry. Three orders of magnitude, high intensity. Initial workhorse in combination as I said with chemical diagnostics and nano estimate and P to look at the changing electronic structure of surfaces surface physics now. The laser is a pump. As I said, next year we should be offering really high rate rate, high average energy lasers are essentially the most powerful world to look at these systems keeping with some programs that is the signal you get is generally very weak so you have to you have to accumulate all the statistics, which is why having a hundred, a hundred kilohertz system really allows you to look with much better statistics. And then finally, not part of the Eric, but came on stream last year. This is the nuclear physics facility mega area Romania. That now has the highest power laser in the world of this type of 10.4 petawatt laser just started operating at Easter. And these people will be able to study matter of the most extreme conditions on the planet for about two years they're probably going to have the world about two years. They don't yet have all the end stations running. So the real work here is to actually get the, the, the chambers in which you do your science up and running with the diagnostics. So, so as I said, we're leaving places, but it isn't. And then finally, and then use a facility we are open to, we have no access for twice a year. There's traditional excellent space access, which is based on that forum will be imagined. And there is a lot of pressure on us also to develop programs, admission based programs to actually have coordinated programs in thematic areas. You know, it could be energy, it could be therapy, it could be biomedical imaging, we're not yet sure what these would be, and we're open to industry. We've just gone through our second peer review call. We've been working with people like Karina to develop the whole support infrastructure for the user office. So our first user call is very much Excel spreadsheets because we only had about 40. But in anticipation that we will be inundated. We've actually started to really professionalized process and that second is called was the first actually had a physical peer review panel present. So, so we had about 100 proposals, allocating over 30 instruments, six subject based panels, the lion's share in science at the moment, we probably can't read it, but atomic molecular logical physics and chemistry surface and material science, but as we bring on the high intensity loads, and these are fed by the low intensity, the lower intensity loads as the high intensity latest chemistry, what we start and see is people wanting to use a part of acceleration, the lines to start with plasma physics, and to start to look at some exotic states of matter, what's called relativistic and ultra relativistic interactions here, what happens to matter when you accelerate to that underneath your friends, and you might be interested, countries that applied being time. This is probably the most significant. So this is, if you look at everything applied in the last call. And ask the question what is the nationality of their institute, we don't know what nationality, we don't know what passport they have but we know what nationality is. Interestingly, the highest amount of countries, the highest amount of five countries of countries which don't pay any from it. I mean that's not true, it really does pay, but not very much, but the states around the world don't. Sweden's actually quite healthy and it's quite healthy because you have very strong active second laser science in London. So, mostly, most of these people come from London. You know, it's early days statistics are small numbers, but we're starting to see interesting trends. And it's quite nice that there actually a lot of me we have 300 people involved. And then finally, in terms of collaborations. Very international, one or two countries that haven't yet collaborated being through membership or through code funded projects. Very international terms of staff, we've got almost 600 staff. Yes, the majority of Central Europe, but actually some very significant engagement, particularly from Italy, which has a particularly strong active second science community. And finally, should you be interested in learning more about petawoc based science or petawoc laser science or active second based laser science. We have a very short summer school at the end of August, to which everyone is welcome to subscribe I think now back 300 people last time 100 of whom were physically there to give people introduction to the techniques and the applications. That's it.