 Further talking about the importance of institutional review board, its authority, and what they can do and what they cannot do, we are going to discuss that in bit more detail. Institutional review boards review the research proposals and their data to ensure that they agree that local and international ethic guidelines are being incorporated. IRP boards have their meetings on a schedule times. Either they have meetings once a year or a twice a year, or they meet up quarterly according to the amount of the researches they seek, proposals they seek each year. If they are too much, then maybe they have more meetings otherwise their frequency will be biannual or annual. So you know that it's a complete process and it has certain regulations. It's not like any student of psychology can go and they just say that I need an IRP review permission and kindly grant me your permission. They can't just give you a permission in a day or two because it's not possible for them to hold IRP board each day. So it has some regulations and certain members who approve it, we will talk on those dynamics so that students of psychology may be able to understand that when they will be reaching at their research stage, what ethical principle they should be having in their mind or IRP approval and the idea of understanding its process and dynamics is from the beginning. Reliable and independent committees are essential to ensure high ethical standards in scientific community. Different research bodies are located locally and internationally that update research ethics profiles and they all need to be in the mind of the researcher who is going to apply for an IRP board for the permission to conduct research. As there are different domains other than psychology to research, it can be medical, it can be research on fisheries, it can also be research on life on land. So for those researchers there are certain bodies from which you have to take permission other than just looking at the basic APA code of ethics. So we are talking about that that a researcher should know that the local committees or international committees are very important. Main responsibility of IRP is to protect participants involved in study and also consider possible risk to community and environment. Now the other check is IRP board. Now IRP board is again going to review that is it going to create any risk to community and population or is it not? If research is not at all risk-free then IRP board is going to give the permission very easily. But if there are some such stakes involved that let's say hospital administration is seeing conflict with their policy or university administration is seeing conflict with their policy or any law enforcing agency. So there they can take the stance and they may modify the research design slightly or they may ask to revise one or two questions in your protocol. Most journals do not publish any research results unless approved by IRP and they may withdraw the published articles that exhibit any ethical problems. Now this is very important to understand that why we have to go through the screen test of IRP because when you go to different publication houses like Elsevier, like Springer, like Taylor and Francis so all good journals have the first question which they ask to you that provide your IRP number. The letter which contains approval form institutional review board has a certain number and it says that this research has been given approval to be conducted in this institution and the weight of that letter is an advantage that if IRP has approved then it means that the participants and the research has all the ethical considerations being met and this principle investigator has tackled all the ethical issues very well when IRP has given it permission. So that is a kind of certificate to you that yes now you can go for research and now you can publish your research in some good journals as well. Now authority of the institutional review board is approve or disapprove research. It's not important to approve at times the IRP board just simply disapprove the researchers giving you an example. So you can say it's 10 to 3 like you know 7 to 3 is a ratio out of 10. So it's very competitive, it's very challenging and you have to put a lot of effort to frame the all ethical design so that your research can be approved. Modify research. Observe and verify changes. At any stage of your research if it is being found that the research ethics are not being followed which are being claimed they can even terminate the research. Then observe consent process and research procedures at how you are going to take concern from the participants and what research procedures are being used. So this is the things which IRP continuously looks into. Then members of an institutional review board mostly includes member with both scientific and non-scientific expertise. Scientific members keep the logic we can easily understand that why they are the part of it but why the non-scientific to ensure that social, legal and cultural considerations and scientific validity of the study design must be evaluated by all the relevant experts in the field. Then there are several situations where researchers and review board must work together. For instance, identify risk and benefit of the study. But during that IRP discussion and meeting the board members can identify then recognizing any financial and personal interest that may affect the research. Then evaluating recruitment process or any incentives for the participants. Assessing the procedures and methods of informed consent. Ensuring that all the research activities are recorded and reported in a responsible and objective manner. This is very important that they see that the objectivity of the research must be sustained. Then guaranteeing confidentiality which is very essential and privacy for the participants or full transparency about data sharing if confidentiality is not possible. So you know all the issues related to data sharing all the issues related to the confidentiality and privacy of the participants is also the responsibility of IRP board to review and to check and then give authority to the principal investigators to conduct research in their respective organizations or institutions.