 Hello, I welcome you all once again to my channel explore education. I am Dr. Rashmi Singh assistant professor department of education SS Khanna girls to the college University of Allahabad and Nowadays, I am discussing issues and topics over Educational philosophy in which I have already discussed idealism naturalism and this time I'm going to discuss pragmatism that is Pre-Ogenabad or Viharabad. The lecture will be in bilingual mode and it must be useful for you all. So, let's start Pragmatism, we are talking about Shakshik Darshan in which we have talked about nature and Adarsh, and today we will talk about Pre-Ogenabad somewhere in the name of Viharabad and you will find it very interesting to listen to philosophy and recent So, what is pragmatism? School of philosophy is dominant in the United States in the first quarter of the 20th century Based on the principle that the usefulness, workability, and practicability. See, so many things have happened that this is a philosophy. School of philosophy is a sign of Darshan. It has been dominant in the United States, when did it happen, in the first quarter of the 20th century. The first one-fourth of the 20th century started in the 19th Something and based on the principle, the usefulness is based on the principle, the most important thing that work should be done, work should be done for us, workability, work should be worth for us, and for us it must be practical, it is not just theoretical, it is not about our work, it is about our workability and our practical use of ideas The same idea that is useful, workable and practical, the same policy, the same proposal, are the criteria of the merit That is, some idea, policy or proposal's merit will be based on whether it is useful or not, whether it is workable or not, whether it is practical or not It stresses the priority of action over doctrine, experience over fixed principles and it holds that ideas borrow their meanings from their consequences and their truths from their verification Fixed principles are not useful, experience is useful And how it has borrowed and borrowed, that the meanings from their consequences, that is, the results that are coming out are more important How will you find out that its verification, if it is verified, then it is truth Thus, ideas are essentially instruments and plans of action So, what are the thoughts according to them? It is essentially instruments and plans of action, which can be worked on So, what do we understand by combining them, and one more thing is that it came into the opposition of idealism What did idealism say? It talks about the end of the life, it talks about extreme goodness, it does all this But it doesn't tell anything about the idealism for the life of a person who is dying every day If it came into the opposition, then pragmatism doesn't talk about the end of the life It says that no, we have to live for it, it is a philosophy, it is for it So, what was it for to live? It is usefulness, bulkability and practicability I understand So, what is the good idea for them? Which is beneficial for us, which is useful for us, which is useful for us The word pragmatism is derived from the Greek word pragma Pragma means action and affair This means that the Greek historian Polybius called his writings pragmatic Meaning thereby that they were intended to be instructive and useful to his readers In other words, it is written in the United States But the Greek historian never used it, never used the word pragmatism When he wanted to write it, it was useful for readers As the American psychologist and leading pragmatist William James Remargue The term is derived from the same word pragma The action from which the words practice and practical come It means that William James, Peers and D.V. So, it is written in the United States, but it is derived from the Greek word pragma Polybius never wrote it in his writings William James said that it is the same pragma that started with action and affair But it is also practical and practical It means that it is useful for us to practice And then Charles, Peers and other pioneering pragmatists also say That may have been the first to use the word to designate a specific philosophical doctrine This was the first time that pragmatism was used as a philosophical doctrine So, what is the knowledge based on experiences, true, genuine and worthy of accusation? They say that the knowledge based on our experiences is the truth And the genuine is the worth and the value for us Since the phenomena are constantly changing So, knowledge and truth must change accordingly There is no eternal value for them There is no truth There is no truth They are saying that the phenomena keep changing That is why knowledge keeps changing Truth is not the truth Knowledge is not the truth As things are changing Knowledge is changing Truth is changing Why? Because workability It is possible for us to be workable tomorrow So, they are saying that the truth is the same The same thing is right Because workability is changing That is why truth is changing That is why aims are changing That is why knowledge is changing The knowledge which is helpful in solving present-day problems is most preferred The knowledge that has helped us to solve today's problem That is the best for us It is possible that if we solve our problem tomorrow That will be bad Then what knowledge will be good for us That will solve tomorrow's problem Pragmatism does not believe in standard permanent and internal values They are saying that the human being who always lives And does not believe in standard permanent and internal values According to this philosophy Values derived from the human condition He is saying that how the origin of the values is With our countries Sorry Because man is a part of the society So the consequences of his actions are either good or bad According to their results He is saying that because man is a society So whatever he does The consequences of his actions Whatever he does Whether the consequences are good or bad It depends on the result If the result is good or bad They are doing this If the consequences are worthwhile Then the value of the action is true He is saying that if the consequences are right If your work is good If you have time Then you should consider it good Thus value in ethics and aesthetics According to the relative circumstances of the situation As it arises The ultimate value does not exist He is saying that because your face Which is your aesthetic sense Which is the beautiful soul Which is the face Which is relative It may be good for us Or it may not be good for you It is not that it will be good for everyone Because everyone's views are changing Useability is different The values are also changing That is why no value does not exist According to the religion Which is absolute Which is ultimate Which is eternal So what are the principles On which his philosophy is based Truth is ever changing Truth is formed by its result That is the result of the consequences If the consequences are good If the consequences are bad If the consequences are bad That is why D.V. Sahab has worked on social input That is why And he is a leading pragmatist That is why he is strong on social and democratic values He is the enemy of ideals and values He has the emphasis on the principle of utility That is why the principle of useability Is most important Man is the power of importance Man is the measure of all things Man is the one who forgives everyone Importance of present and future It is not about the ultimate end Today is our life It is only about that Reality in making And faith in flexibility It is not rigid They always have to change According to the change They have to change the values, truth, knowledge That is why they believe in flexibility What does pragmatism say about education It says that it is a practical And utilitarian school of philosophy So it influenced the education How they are saying that Make the activity a basis They prefer self-activity in the context Of cooperative activity You must know that the students of Devi Are Kilpatrick and Kilpatrick have made A project method And the project method is Cooperation based activity That is why they are saying That the foundation of education Is to make it an activity Or if it is a cooperative activity Then there should be a concept of self-activity That is not that we are not doing anything We are doing it together There should be education That is the aptitude of a child According to the current situation According to yoga Individual must be respected And education should be planned To cater to his inclinations and capacities They are saying that individual difference Is being taken care of And education should be taken care of Of every child's inclinations and capacities But individual development Must take place in social context Social context They are saying that Individual development Must take place in social context It should not take place in social context It should not take place in social context The aim of education according to Pragmatism is to teach one How to think so that one can adjust To an ever-changing society They are saying that education Is only enough to teach the child That they can adjust According to the current situation The children should not be asked To determine their goals There is no goal in this Why not? Because the person is measuring Why not? Because for every person What is their worth What is good for them That is why you cannot make a decision Because the person will decide What is good for them And that will be their goal They should determine their goals According to their needs and interests The learning of experiences Between the teacher and the taught They are saying that Educational development Is a social development Where students and teachers Share experiences What should be the curriculum D.B. in his book Democracy and Education Is very important In his famous book D.B. in his book The first is making and doing The third is organizing What is making and doing You should do activities and projects According to the child's experience Why did he take the second level curriculum D.B. said that There are two educational resources What does this do? Helps in enlarging the scope And significance of the child's Temporal and spatial experience From the immediate home And school environments To that of the larger community world We get the opportunity to do one thing With the larger community That is why we should teach the child And in organized subjects That you should teach the child In organized subjects And according to them The curriculum should be broad Diversified There should be a process, content There should be practice, activity There should be usability Everything should be in accordance To the pragmatism Everything should be part of the curriculum The most important word Of pragmatism is the use We should have a purpose Teacher There was no need for teacher in naturalism There was only teacher in idealism But what pragmatism is Either you make the teacher Just a spectator Like in naturalism Either you make him as idealism Or what you do Teacher is not a dictator or task master You are organizing a lot of group activities So the teacher should be the leader What he can do To stimulate the child To get his solution Teachers ought not to try and pour information And knowledge into the pupils Because what pupil learns depends upon His own personal needs, interests and problems He is also focusing on the individual difference So he says Don't pour the child Don't pour the child Instead let him learn According to the problems The teacher is a resource person Who guides rather than direct learning The teacher says Be like a resource person Who guides the child Don't direct the child Guides rather than direct Show the child the learning Don't direct Guide the child But don't tell the child That the child will follow What should be the discipline According to the pragmatism It does not believe in the traditional Maxim work while you work And play while you play Instead Rather it advocates a discipline That can be maintained through play as well They are saying Be like a work discipline How will it be They are saying Rather they believe in the purposeful Co-operative activities carried on In a free and happy environment It is a free environment We have not left it open We have made a bond on it Naturalism has left it open Idealism is not moving at all But this is a cooperative Free and happy environment They believe in the discipline Control comes from the cooperative context Of shared activities Which involves working with the fellow mates They are saying where will this discipline come from That we have to work together We have to work together Merits or demerits Many good methods Have been given to us by pragmatism Like project method Importance of child Activity based on activity Value in applied life Which is applicable That is the value for us Social and democratic education Progressive and optimistic attitude American education It is also called progressive education Everyone has talked about progressive education But there are many demerits In pragmatism Why? Because it is not about spiritualism This is the end of the life It should be our last breath We should not talk about it There is a lot of emphasis on individual difference There is no aim of education Why? Because it says That every day, every need will change Every day will change The good for you is your aim Such things are very materialistic bias And not accepting truth Excepting truth should be permanent Truth should not be permanent Because in consequence Truth will be decided If the consequence is right If the consequence is wrong So it is not wrong But overall this is a very interesting philosophy But because you have to tell the sin In more than 10-15 minutes You will get bored You will not listen So to give a twist The most important thing Is our use Our use is permanent It should be useful for us That is the use That is their truth That is the goodness So I have completed this one too Okay Maybe the last slide Is missing No problem at all Okay So I have completed this one Pragmatism too Don't forget to like and subscribe My channel Explore Education I have done from my set