 Hyllawn. Thank you so much for raging this. Ynawwch yng Nghaerfyd. Hwyl I'n f시� kızgwch rwy'n sh pause ti'n f quoiw go Rutthotte mae'r ddoth,!!! Y c annot ar West Ddemon a fam ychwydwch yn 14$ ac mae'r cyfan ar wahanol maes, A traf **이다** a y rhaid i ddefnewn yma ar i reliabilityonol? Fe fyrdi'r syniad wedi bod ychydig wedi'u ddod o'r Loed Fyroedau. Gallwn y gwirol yng Nghymru iddo yn lawr, ond roi'r gwaith a oedd y gwirol y gallwn y maes a bod yn cael ei ddiweddell, ond mae'n dosrwynt iawn iawn. A fydd italiano yn rhoi allanol o'r maes a llwyddo i'w unrhyw bwysgynogau, ond mae'r ffaith mae'n ddau nad oed yn rhoi'r gwirol. Mae'r hawdd rheidwyr gyda'r fan o'r iawn, y hawdd rheidwyr yn ei ddeudai pan mae eisiau roedden yn cael ei wybod o'r gwmryd hwnnw. Mae'r hawdd rheidwyr yn cael ei ddeudio'r fan o'r iawn. Mae'r hawdd hwnnw wedi ei umedd yn ffasio a oedd ymryd beth oedd i'r mawr. Rwyf yn cynnwys gweld y mawr neu yn ôl i ddeudio eu mawr neu'n nid. Ac yna maen nhw'n dod yn ymweld y gwaith bach, oherwydd mae yna y lam o'ch nifer ynghyrch chi'n gobio fally mae'r hyn yn ei wnes i'r gwaith. Mae y ffordd o flaen o'r llun yn y maen nhw yw hwn yn ym gweithio'n engra ar ôl o'r gweithio'n engra i'w gwneud. Ie, oherwydd mae'r gofio i'n gofio'n grau i'w gwneud a'r wneud i'n cael ei bod yn rhaid mewn gweld. Ac mae'r gwneud felly mae'r ddaeth yn maen nhw'n cyffredinol cynnig ar hyn. Felly, mae'n cael cartograffau, cartograffau yw'r maes dystodol, oherwydd mae'r populatio sy'n cael ei dystodol arall. Felly, mae'n cartograff euro, ffb ddechrau, mae'n gweithio'r gweithio'r gweithio'r gweithio'r gweithio'r gweithio'r gweithio. Mae'n gweithio'r gweithio'r Daug Gwaith ag deilu. Felly, mae'n gweithio'r gweithio'r Gwaith deillig i chi, di-fodol. Felly mae'n gweithio'r gweithio'r gweithio'r gweithio. Efallai mae'r gweithio'r gweithio heloethau ac curiwyr yn diolch yn cael hynny. can see the europe is dominated by cities, and certain countries are seguro dominated by their cities which turned into circles. We don't fix the shapes and shapes and margins naturally. This can cause a portion of things if you're getting bored at any point in this talk. Log on to Wild Mapper and have a look at the shape of Nigeria, I'll just leave it at that. I can ask you questions later if you want to know what happens in Nigeria. The colouring there, I'm not used to not doing this indirectly, but there will be recorders, I won't ask you to guess. It's coloured by a rainbow colour scheme at Heartopfers Hate. The colouring is by when the country first entered the European Union or European community ..a'r ddyn nhw'n cael ei llwythio a'r Ddyn nhw'n cael ei ddwylltyn mewn gwledd wedi'i gweithio. Felly mae'n cael ei ddyn nhw'n cael ei wneud. Mae'r mhwyfyn yn ddweud yn 2004. Fy fyddo ni'n gweld i'n meddwl'r man. Mae'n meddwl wedi'n meddwl yng nghael Mhwng. Mae'n meddwl i'r meddwl gyda'n ddiolch yn meddwl cyfnodol. Mae'n meddwl yng Nghymru, mae'n meddwl am yr unig yn y ddyn nhw, yn Manchester. He has chosen to pitch these students, Mark's Club Dad. Mark Newman managed to solve the equations for producing the collect card maps. Extremely annoying because Jobfers had been trying since 1974 to do this when he failed. Anyway, that's what Mark did and Mark was beginning to get inundated with requests, right about 2004, to produce maps. Woliwch, i ni weithio, a Mark yn ei ddod i ddweud i chi gwaith o rwyaf sy'n meddwl hwn yn ni'n meddwl yma, drwy'r fit iawn, ac ylawni hwn wedi bod cymdeithasol ei gwaith ar ei hynn, a rwy'n bro], mae'n gweithio'n meddwl i'r cydaf yma, rwy'n gweithio'n meddwl i'r llun이ad. Ac mae'r addysgu'n gweithio'n meddwl ar feithio'n meddwl i'n meddwl, a oedd yn beginnwch A the thing about the way things work nowadays is you can do work together we've never physically meeting anybody. Anna got to meat mark but at the very first time she met him she put up all over him in a little Earth and she just came off her plane to the United States. The project handled by no funding. The lesss Hindi you have the more you tend to produce the more fun you have the more reports you have to fill in the lesss you tend to produce in months periods. I'm trying to give you some things to ask questions about later. That map there is the world-sized a few years ago, before 2008, by those countries making a profit from financial exports. You can idea that Britain was doing quite well from financial exports. Let's go back to Europe again. Why would you want to draw these kind of maps? If you don't draw a map like this, if you draw a normal map of Europe, there aren't any people in it. A normal map of Europe is a map of fields and mountains and remote areas, with tiny dots for where people live. Here's the map of Europe stretched out and now we've shaded it and it's shaded according to a portion of people in each area who were born in a different country to the one in which they're now living. So for much of Europe, it's that pale yellow colour. Less than 5% of people in effect are immigrants, if you want to use that word for people living in a country that weren't born in. Most of Britain is immigrant-free. All those yellow areas of Britain are the any immigrants. Rather like Eastern Europe, not very many immigrants. London, over 20% of the population are central of London, is immigrants, and you also get to see by the size how important that is in terms of people. Now it looks impressive, but Switzerland's just as impressive. Switzerland's a weird kind of sausage shape. The more stretched out you are as a place, the more migrants you'll get. Paris doing okay, but the real place for immigrants is down in Spain. Loads of immigrants, very elderly. Lots of them are about to come home and they can't pay for their healthcare privately. It's going to be fun when they arrive. Why would we produce maps like this? It's trying to show what the normal pattern of something is across Europe. That is where the immigrants are. Mainly towards the core, apart from the old expats from Britain who head towards the south, mainly in cities. This gets more geeky now. Here's the south of England. All of those lines, the very faint lines, are lines of latitude and longitude. And they're all curved because everybody gets the same amount of space. But even though they're all curved, they're all meeting exactly 90 degrees. It's conformal. That's the clever thing. And there is a single solution that is the correct population. You may be thinking, why would you use a map like that? The other thing is election graphics. But you could actually just use that map if you wanted to get them out. We could put the mode network on that map. All the modes would connect properly. But you wouldn't have to have a babygator's edge. In effect, you could just use that to try between places. If you put the mode network on that map, what you discover is the place of the fewest roads is London. On that map. London actually has the fewest roads per person. All the square routes would be people who want to get really weird variants. Which is why the roads in London are full of cars. If you put railway lines on that map, you discover that they're beautifully evenly distributed. If you put trauma centres on that map, places you'll get sent if you have a serious head injury tonight, if you decide to go to the pub and don't look. If you draw a dock for each trauma centre and you're a government policymaker, you can then decide which one you're going to close because of the cups. Which isn't very nice. But it's the more sensible way of doing it. In other words, or if you're test codes and you're interested in where you're going to site your test codes. You can either believe the consultants really tell you they're brilliant at GIS but you just have to believe them. Or you can plot test code stalls on that kind of map. For the University of Oxford, we produce a similar map, but only of kids who get A, A, A at A level. So we can look at who are the ones that we think we're incapable of educating people who don't get Bs because we're not very good. So we draw the map of who gets A, A, A in above. And then we discover there's loads of places where kids get A, A, A and they don't want to come to Oxford. But it takes out the underlying distributions that everybody says, have you taken into account that. There's two Brexit maps. They're exciting if you draw this kind of map because most maps, I've drawn thousands, tens of thousands of maps have written like this. They almost all did the same. The poor areas are poor, no education. When it's lower, people died earlier, so on, so on, so on. This map is very different, this map is very different. This pattern is very different. What you can see for a start is that the vast majority of England and Wales was leaf, shallow leaf, but leaf. The remain isn't just concentrated in places like London, Oxford and Cambridge, Bristol, Cardiff, but it's much higher there. So you only get 48% of the remain because the remain is so high. In the mainly places. But you have to start with a map like that. It's pointless otherwise. There's our old map. Why did we use to have maps like that? For those who don't know, one of the initial reasons is to draw a compass line on that map. And there's a straight line and you go back the way you're going. But there were also subtle psychological reasons why that map carried on being used right up into the 50s and 60s. And I think it's in the early 70s. That map makes Russia look really, really big. And if you want people to think Russia's big, that's the kind of map you might use. World Population Cardigan. This is a common population. About 7.4 billion. We could try and do it for all the people who've ever lived. It's a bit hard for them to work that one out. And then it arrows on the map are estimates of when people first moved around the world for various places. So it's the beginnings of attempt to draw a map of the greatness of humanity. You can create 3D cardamoms where your first dimension is time. And each of your lives is a little worm that goes through time, each having equal length. So a baby who dies on their first birthday has the same length as somebody who is 90, say. All these kind of things are possible. Or you can draw a travel time map where you change the surface so that the distance on it is how long it takes to get there. The travel time map of UK is large for London because there's a lot of people. But in the morning London is a mountain because it's hard to get in. But it's a mountain of caves going into it which is the intercity railroads. A tight road off the top which is city airport. Nobody's done that. The number of things that are still to be drawn are extremely high. People have proved it can be done. And if you were to do this and it's not that hard it's just a bit hard to explain to your friends, neighbours or relations what exactly is you're doing when you go home at Christmas. But if you do this kind of thing people are very, very interested in things which are visual. That's the root of a single ship. It was the world's largest ship a couple of years ago with Carl Lee. I wrote a book called geography and we had seven maps of this and I'm showing you these very, very quickly. Just giving you an idea of where the ship went around how many people. The lines on the maps of the world major roads, submarine cables are drawn in the sea and so on and so on. I'm used to these maps now so I see humanity as a single set of 7.4 billion people. It's much less frightening if you begin to see it like that. If you're sick of people this is the map of where you have to go to get first away from people. This is drawn by Ben Henig and he did it in a very, very calculated way. It actually takes into account going round hills and things but anyway Greenland's the answer. In the UK that's where you need to go to get away from people. Here's the world without oceans and seas in it which is very different. Looks like a map of Monday. The centre of the world is in India and it moves there for a year but kind of get an idea. And suddenly the UK is no longer in the centre of the world map at the exact height you look at when you're looking for ice. There's no accident that we drew the world maps of the UK in a bag in the middle, etc. Suddenly the UK is a rather miserable little block on the edge of Peninsular that really shouldn't be called a continent because it's just West Asia. It's very different. Crops, if you want to know where your wet for cereal comes from that's how we feed ourselves. Organics lovely but most people would starve. And the speed up. The Earth at Night. You've seen this picture before the conventional picture and you think you're looking at a picture that shows you where people are. You look at this picture and of course there are people everywhere. Absolutely evenly spread out. So exactly the same data suddenly no longer tells you where their people are. It tells you where their people stupid enough to shine light up into the sky. Exactly the same data utterly changes the message. In the areas that are dark they still have electricity now in most of those areas. It just don't shine it up into the sky. That's enormous cost. Rainfall and we can animate it. You can make the map the size of the rainfall. One looks like it's got a heartbeat as a mob zooms in the river on the planet. I can no longer make these maps. If you're good at computing now the bad news is you won't be good when you get to my age. It is a young person thing. Ben Henig. There's a young Ben and an old Ben and there's Tina and Middle Ben. Henig, Ben does what a mapper. That's Afghanistan. President Trump has that little map up in his office to bomb of all the men. In America men means right wing bigots. That's what the colour is for. So Trump has his right wing bigger map up saying look America we're all wet and right wing bigots. That's Mark Newman's map of the vote. And of course the blue did have a majority because more people voted Democrat. But it kind of shows you the pattern and it's visible, it's weird. It's almost organic. It's almost like a creature. That's middle America. Stretched out around the cities. Absolutely petrified of what goes on in the cities. As I said they can have a motive effect. This is data from some time ago about who's currently suffering with HIV and what the world distribution is. After you've got over the first impression of the map have a look at India. As well as how many people in India have HIV and we tend not to think about it much. And finally lastly hopefully it's time. The computer programs that do these are changing all the time. The latest one to have done by Michael Gassner and some of his colleagues that are published in the PNAS only a few months ago. Michael Gassner was the PhD student at Mark Newman. He was the grandchild of Newman who did the computer. And what PhD students tend to do is to embarrass their supervisors by doing things much better. And what Michael Gassner has done is produce an algorithm which works at 10 to 20 times faster. Once it works 10 to 20 times faster you can do these things in real time on screen. As you can go between normal map, population map, same election or whatever you want. Altus all the time. What it does is it stretches your mind. It makes you think in different ways. It's hard to prove this. I'm asserting it at you. But it's really interesting to see. I think, I'm going to do this on, has anybody ever heard of the thin effect? Can I add on the thin effect? Okay the thin effect is the measure that IQ keeps on going up. IQ is a sin measure. But it tells you basically about people's ability to do logic tests or when they're schooled how to do them. But what the thin found was that decade after decade IQ on average goes up remarkably. Such that the majority of them from the 1950s would be considered imbecils today. And it isn't because they were imbecils in the 1950s. What has happened is that through schooling and screens people have become more and more used to abstract thinking and to graphics. So you could do this kind of thing now, particularly with young people, which you couldn't do in the past. This is Kensington and Chelsea. Those dots are all somebody who died between 2010 and 2014 I think. And the final one is showing you that the mortality rate at North Kensington is 20 to 30% above the average long before Redfield Tower. Don't buy a set of people based in Mushroom in America. So that's a whistle-stop tool of what is Wogmapper, what is Cartagrams, what can be done with them. There's still an enormous amount to do. It's, I think, still one of the most exciting areas of research. And the kind of thing which we probably need to see more of is looking at clustomy. Because if you draw dots on that map save every child who's stopped in search by the police. You should get an even pattern to stop and search. And when you don't, it's not because the police are more likely to stop and search people when there are more power blocks is because the police are simply more likely to stop and search people there. That's my 20 minutes. Thank you ever so much.