 Welcome everyone. It's really nice to be here in Denmark My name is Daniel Humphrey work in Sweden at the Technical Research Institute of Sweden called SPA and This contribution is prepared together with my colleague David Lange Who also works at SPA and and This presentation will be a bit less scientific than the previous one Will be more speculative. I would say it's simply because Simply because a lot of things are based on Recent project where we just signed a grant agreement with the European Union so a lot of things are based on what we would like to do and the description of the taken from the proposal so there's a lot of potential in this I would say and We talk a little bit about critical infrastructure, what is that and How why structure has monitoring is important there and they talk about the resilience Concepts which I know that a lot of people don't like this word in the a Lot of people who worked with Structure robustness and I would also like to to see how these things robustness and resilience relate to each other and then We I will talk about how structural health monitoring can improve The resilience of critical infrastructure. It's just I Cannot see the slides okay so the definition of Critical infrastructure is that These are assets that are essential for Maintaining vital social functions for health safety security Economic well-being and so on this could include the water distribution systems energy distribution systems transportation systems communication systems or whatever and The disruption of critical infrastructure would of course cause Significant impact on these functions So these systems are usually very complex and they are exposed to various type of hazards and The consequences of failure are as I said very Could be very sever and in a top of it they are Quite often interconnected I can show you an example here Like this So this is the horizon bridge, but this will be a living lab in our project. We will analyze this bridge from Several aspects among other critical infrastructure and the yeah, this is very close to here Copenhagen Perhaps many of you are not so many but at least those who came from Sweden probably cross this bridge This is not not only a bridge. Of course. This is a transportation link Which has a function for railway and the highway as well, but also just recently learned that it carries Telecommunication cables to to From the mainland to Scandinavia. So if something happens, it's not just like you cannot Cross the horizon Sound but that could be telecommunication problems in Finland For example, and this consists a bridge, but also a tunnel so It's a very very very complex system and The airport in Copenhagen is very close to the bridge, which is the the six six largest Transportation hub in Europe as I know as far as I know Yeah So you cannot really look at the bridge as an individual asset. You always have to look at the the context But there are several examples like this And here is an illustration from a paper. I will have a lot of references in this talk pictures taken from From the literature how other people consider these issues Still I cannot see this So as you can see here, there are engineering components like the bridge itself or the tunnel or the road In the Eurasian case, for example, there are natural components We can see that the hazards for example a natural components of this More broader system Organizational components You can think about the authorities involved in an emergency situation for example that could be Considered at different levels local level regional level Here it's even two countries Would be affected in the Eurasian case or national or international level and The operation level could mean the different the stakeholders like infrastructure owners or Low enforcement unit fire departments and so on In a case of a major disaster for example and Why am I talking about residents? So why are we going to look at resilience in our projects? It's simply because Policies tends to shift to resilience rather than protection of this critical infrastructure simply because of safety of these assets Of course cannot be ensured by all means. It will be too expensive. So what? Critical infrastructure resilient means it means the ability of the system of the critical infrastructure to mitigate hazards contained effects of disasters and Also includes a recovery after Major incidents and then how to reallocate resources. So all these questions should be addressed somehow and Actually, we have another project at a space or we're leading coordinating another project Which looks at the cascading effects of critical infrastructure in emergency situations So to See different things on the screen Yeah, it's stuck So this was the this is a picture from my colleague David He he invented this green and and the yellow Patches which I will try to explain we had a lot of discussions. It was quite hard to understand for us his colleagues what he is talking about so I hope that I can Can give you a brief Over you about it That the left hand side shows the normal function of a system and everything is good. Then you have a constant performance of the system The normal capacity and I mean minimum capacity We think that is The baseline criteria comes from from the community or the society so to say and the in the case of a major incident then you will lose functionality and then this difficult this various system contributing to the resilience of the the community and To the critical infrastructure within the community. They will somehow Patch together to provide an overall resilience But then you will have some overlaps in the systems and to be efficient It's it is important to remove these overlaps But in order to do that you have to have methods to evaluate different concepts and different organizations or different Asset managers or designers they they use different methods which sometimes are not compatible So so we would like to to look at these issues and of course Structure helps monitor and could be seen seen as one element contributing to the resilience of the critical infrastructure so Some general concepts are given in the literature this term resilience or the resonance concepts originate from ecological Scientists and then You could define engineering resilience and ecological resonance and there are quite significant differences the first one or engineering resilience has a focus on returning to the equilibrium state of a system and could be characterized by stability efficiency constancy and predictability and The main purpose is to to provide a controlled failed safe performance and optimized performance on the other hand ecological resilience Reflects to To a dynamic environment when you might somehow balance at the edge of the Equilibrium and then your system could flip to other equilibrium states then This is more about adaptation to a changing environment And then if you look at critical infrastructures simply because they are they are consisting not only the physical asset but some Other elements which could which involves humans then you should somehow find a balance between these two concepts, otherwise you can Your structure could be Vulnerable to Unforeseen events for example So this is difficult this is important to look at both aspects here Here you see a framework Developed by the multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research. So this This is this comes from earthquake engineering They define different dimensions of resilience one is called technical technological dimensions dimension which Relates to the physical asset itself and how it can resist damage then our organizational Resilience dimension is how to manage the organizations that are responsible for the critical infrastructure and also social and economic dimensions and you can see in this picture that the the social and economical resilience dimensions relate more to the community whereas the technological and organizational parts are more related to Asset itself and you see that if you have more critical infrastructures, they are interconnected and these concepts Will then interact So what they did they have developed this framework Which we Also use in our project And then based on this You could define a so-called resilience triangle Which means that in case of an event You will have a loss of functionality or performance and then the question is how quickly you can recover and also How robust is your system to To tolerate Damage so what they said that The the strategy is to To decrease the area of this triangle and go back to normal as soon as possible that Then you have two four attributes of the system which is called robustness redundancy and reasons resourcefulness and rapidity robustness could be measured in this dropback of the function how much it drops back in the case of an event and Rapidity Reflects to the slope of this Recovery curve so to say it's it's a very straightforward and easy concept, but Then You can further develop it or first I would Say that if you look at this triangle then the so the the robustness is Is on the the vertical axis and horizontal axis is rapidity and then How the resourcefulness could be improved that then you need more dimensions So the first one shows that if you have if you then add more Resources to your system then you can improve this Resilience and decrease the triangle and the redundancy he reflects to find alternative solutions in case of the urgent bridge For example, you can take the ferry at Helsingborg if you Want to reach Copenhagen from Sweden for example, and then there are Extensions of this a concept since We're not only talking about earthquakes when you have a sudden loss of performers You can have some more small curves and you can have Aging or degradation which is shown in the second picture then There exists even more advanced concepts of this some probabilistic modeling and Looking at different type of failures F1 means your brittle failure to a ductile fairer and F3 is a grace graceful failure and then a different recovery option You have then how does it relate to? How does it relate to? Structure robustness then we came up with an extension of Structure robustness framework She's presented here and that will be described in a paper more in detail so what we are after is how this concept of resilience which is Established by This earthquake engineering community and also Looking at your my resilience concept. How can it relate to or structure robustness concept? Which was developed by a previous cost action and GCS adopted it So we have some ideas. That's that's not the final version of it actually Then that it is easy to recognize that Structure house monitoring can contribute to Improve resilience because I can skip this slide Because the critical infrastructure have has to be functional during the time of crisis so For example emergency teams should have access to time-sensitive data and Rapid evocation methods should be Established Provided by information from structural monitoring system the communication coordination Integration of import information is very important By looking at this resilience concept you can see how the different aspects the robustness redundancy and Resultsfulness and rapidity could be improved by the structure house monitoring at the different stages of Disaster management before the incident and During the incident and after the incident so it's not only a maintenance strategy as Michael also mentioned this could be valuable information for first responders and Should be even coordinated at the higher level not only the asset managers, but to coordinate the response and recovery actions during and after the incidents and also to Avoid cascading effects valuable information could be obtained from a very Advanced and well developed structures monitoring system and what Other researchers also suggest that should be integrated with other systems Of course, then we have we will have create problems on how to manage this data so I think I Round out of time, but we have there are some scenarios that are investigated in terms of this critical resilience triangle Structurals monitoring can improve The performance of the system so I think if you want to read more learn more than you can read our paper