 So, we have a few more minutes to address this issue. I can see a few hands being raised and so let me, I have three on that side of the room. So I have a lady in white just ahead of me, Mr. Pogam just behind him, and a lady in red, my side and a gentleman with whom I don't see very well, also on the extreme late, right? So please, madam, let's do that. Daniel Khatib, I want to ask, there is one issue that was not high. Thank you for the speaker, wonderful, wonderful, wonderful interventions. I have one issue that none of you has touched, maybe lightly you touched about, is food security in area of conflict. And I want to give you Syria, for example. Syria in Madaya, which was under siege, children were dying because they have no access to food. We're 10 minutes away in Zabadani, the farmer were throwing the vegetables and the fruit because they didn't have way to sell them. And now, for example, in Syria, we have every six months the renewal of Babelhau, which is the only crossing, which is, and we don't know, maybe after in, you know, in February, the Russian will say, no, we don't want to renew it. So, I mean, there is a lot of issue and I work a lot of issue of resilience. And this is where comes the sustainable agriculture, where sustainable agriculture, which is diversifies and needs minimum maintenance and can increase the resilience of local community. Can anyone of the speakers give me, for example, like in Syria, how can we, and is there, I mean, does, for example, food organization, you and food, do they think about that promoting sustainable agriculture in these areas and areas of conflict where there is no freedom of movement of goods and people. Thank you very much. Thank you so much. As for the other panels, we're going to take all the questions. So that you can very freely react. Mr. Pogam, thank you very much. Thank you very much. The question, the comment, the first, is that the problem that was given, from the point of view, is a classic of theory of games, that is, all countries on the market, on the right to protect their resources and their their populations by closing their exports. But no country has the interest to do it, because if we cut off the trade, we have serious problems. And we have encountered this at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, and we have encountered this at the beginning of the food crisis. How does the international system react? I would say, in progress, but it has to do better. It does not react badly in the sense that we have had three or four multilateral results that have allowed a functioning of the system. The first, the trade ministers are committed to moderating in the use of restrictions on exports. And this moderation is not total, but it is translated into the effect by a decrease in the number of measures that we have observed at the OMC. We had 78 at the beginning of the crisis in February. There are more than 50, it is not satisfying, but it is more balanced. Secondly, they have eliminated all restrictions on exports on the purchase of the World Food Program, which is one of the elements of important intervention. Thirdly, the UN General Secretary of the United Nations has obtained this agreement on the extraction, the securization of the release of wheat and other grains from the Black Sea. Fourthly, the FMI has put in place, on the FAO proposal, I think, an ease of financing imports for countries in terms of tension on the balance of payments. So we have something, we had a collective reaction which is earlier, which goes in the direction of circulation. The results in terms of tension on the prices, I am talking about the control of Maxime Autorero, are rather better. Six months ago, we were above the last, today we are only 20%. And so we have to continue. And this is the question that I would like to address to the panel. What are the priorities that you identified for six months to a year to maintain this co-operation dynamic that will allow us to continue to contribute to this food crisis? Obviously, we are going to do it at the level of the OMC on transparency and maintaining the opening of the markets as long as we can do it, we all have to contribute. Thank you. Thank you very much, Jean-Marie. A small note from Balpas, I am surprised, finally, to be honest, that none of us has mentioned the World Food Programme which is supposed to be the organization that ensures the ultimate security line in terms of security. The red lady is next to her. Yes, hello. I am Kerry Alfredi Hardy, and the question I have is several of the panelists have mentioned, of course, the necessity for increasing food production while reducing environmental impact. And we have to couple that with evidence-based policy making with regards to new breeding technologies and genetically modified organisms, as well as towards phytosanitary products. And so if the panel could also address how you can reconcile that with some of the decisions that have been made in other places around the world that do not address, for example, the question of climate impact in Africa and things like banana wilt and not being allowed to use those new and innovative agricultural processes and products. Thank you. Very hot issue. Thank you so much. And last but not least, Mike Stream, right. Thank you. Thank you for the density of the presentation of the panel. The question of food security in Africa in general, in Africa in the West, in a particular way in the Sahara, is very worrying. You have talked about it. We have talked about the question of the first critical matter. But there is a prejudicial question that we have to address. The question of the fight against terrorism. Because what is happening on the ground? When the terrorists arrive with their weapons and their metriarchs, they seize the details of the students and they have them as they want. In the areas of agriculture, they prevent the occupants of land, and they say in 48 hours they will be at home. This causes a wave of internal displacement. I visited many times of internal displacement. It is an important humanitarian crisis that is preparing itself. It may be in West Africa, in the Sahara today, but after the war with Ukraine. I think we will have the same thing in Europe. We have to fix absolutely the prejudicial question of the fight against terrorism. Thank you very much. Thank you on this very important project, on a particularly critical region today. I see that I have a question from Philippe Chalma, and then we will stop there because, unfortunately, to give a few minutes to each of the panelists. Philippe, briefly, if you will. Very briefly. I think what is important was a distinction between agriculture and food policy, and it seems to me that it is at the heart of all the issues, especially African. Agriculture, I want them to help them, to learn new technologies, the best help we can offer them, is the guarantee, stable and renewable price. It was, remember, by the way, the model of a region that for a long time was dependent on food, which was called Europe. And we had the common agricultural policy. The problem is that at the time, European consumers could pay. The problem in most of the affected countries today is that consumers do not have the means to pay, which is not very helpful to finance, and on the contrary, the problem of governments, often elected more or less democratically, is to maintain low food prices in urban areas, those that can make revolutions. And, to my knowledge, there is only one country that has resolved the duality of agricultural policy, food policy, it is India. And no one talks about it, but Indian agricultural policy, the guarantee prices are sufficiently high, Indian food policy, the prices to consumers are sufficiently low. So how can we, and how can you imagine, get out of that? And when, I don't know if it's Pierre who said, people have to get rid of themselves, couldn't we still imagine financing real agricultural policies? Because when the prices are low, farmers don't make any revolutions, but when the price of food is high, we have fines of the end. Thank you, Philippe, and of course this explains the arrival of India on the market of agricultural exports. And it also explains the policies of non-protection, which Pierre mentioned earlier, agricultural production in Africa, sometimes subventionnment to imports that we see in our countries. So we have two minutes for each intervenant, sorry, I will react to the questions he wishes, in the order he wishes, it is their choice privilege. And if it goes well, I will perhaps start by, Madame le Ministre, I'll start with you, Minister, to give any reaction you would like to those questions. Okay, I'll start first with the first question that we got. This again comes to partnerships. I'm going to give you an example of some things that the UAE has done, and this was also in collaboration with the FAO and Massimo as well as also today. We did, for example, projects with Liberia. So this was UAE, Liberia and the FAO, and we helped Liberian women in adopting to some technologies and providing them with some solar panels to be able to farm in their communities. What you say is so important, because we want to make sure that people can also ensure that they're being able to produce where they are and not create this movement that's really accentuating again the difficulties that we're in. So what's really important is that even we're looking at innovations, we need to look at, so vertical farming is extreme high-capix costs, but there are low-tech things that can be done, and this is where research and development comes in. We have, for example, the International Center for Biosaline Agriculture, known as ICBA. ICBA is here in the UAE now since 22 years. The UAE is also a donor to ICBA, and they are looking at low-tech solutions for marginal environments. So what can be done in marginal environments to produce crops, to produce fodder for livestock, et cetera, and this knowledge is then being taken to the developing countries and to those in conflict areas where we need to help them. As you may know, UAE is also one of the top countries in the world when it comes to ODA, when it comes to humanitarian work. We work very closely with the World Food Program. What we do realize often, of course, there are, you need to classify a certain immediate need. When they need food, they need food, but when you're looking at medium to long-term, you need to look at what technologies, what tools can you give these communities so that they can grow, they can make money, and they can start developing their economies or their mini-economies. It's so important because when you see conflict areas, it really comes down to mostly food. When people don't know where their next meal is going to be, this is dangerous. And so it's really important that we give them that peace of mind that you will always have food, here you go, this is how you can grow it, these are the tools you have, it will support you. And what's important is the youth here as well, to get them excited about this as well, to get them to think around how they can make money from this and have a future in this as well. So I cannot say more than yes, more needs to be done in this. I can only talk about what we do in the UAE, what other countries are doing. I cannot talk on their behalf, but yes, more needs to be done in sharing technologies and innovation where the low-tech, medium-tech, high-tech to help countries or communities that are in conflict areas all the way up to even developing or developed countries, they have food deserts, they have food insecurity areas, even those need to be supported as well. And then, just remembering some of the questions, I know we had about India as well. Again, I cannot talk on behalf of other countries, but with the UAE in India, the gentleman here in the front, we have, for example, we've created the UAE-India corridor. Why? Because we also realize India is a huge food producer, but the UAE is a great hub with a great network to be able to deliver food to the world. We have storage systems, we have the logistics infrastructure, so we need to create more of these food corridors to be able to bring food to the places in need. So with that, I'll stop there. Thanks, Minister. Mr. Krishnamurti, please. Yes, I think we have to say it out loud that conflict and war is the imminent and most severe threat to food insecurity. Conflict and war is not a normal situation. We have to do it, to tackle it. The first is to abolish the conflict and the war itself. But if we have to do something with it, and again, humanitarian program is, I think, very important, and things that have been said by the Excellency Ministers, small but real in the field, helping them with their own situations. I think that is the only way. On the organizations, I think that is why the global governance is becoming very important. If we look around in the world, the world food program, they are very good, but they are for humanitarian, not for trade, not for building business. FAO, probably they are very strong in production side, some of the consumptions, but not the trade. The WTO, they handle some of the trade issues, but they are taking too long in their deliberations, dispute settlement and so forth. So probably we need to have, again, it has been mentioned again and again in this conference, a global food governance. I don't know what, and I don't know what in what form, maybe something that, you know, enlarging that has been done by UI, just do the real things and not only in the level of policies, scaling up what has been an example, a very good example, and that is something that we need in the world. GMO, I think that's one of key issues related to the technologies, and we learn a lot in the last 30, 40 years, and there are countries that are already embracing it, and some countries are still against it, and that is, I think, more on a political science arena to have the discussions. But I think, to be very honest, the reality is that genetic technology is one of the key to solve many problems that we face in food security. Last but not least, to come with the model, I think that is something very interesting, but we need also to be very careful, because as the Excellency Minister said, every country, every territory have their own challenges, and so they need to have their own model. And if we recognize that, and I think we will see and have given appreciation to many models of the world in many countries. Thanks very much, Pierre. Merci. I would like to share what he said about the importance of new technologies, and we find in the agricultural field the same type of debate that we have in many other areas, whether energy or others, on the acceptance of technical progress and its implications. I think that nothing can replace the social debate on these issues, and I share as an engineer the conviction that technical progress has a major role to play, it is not unique, it is not a miracle solution, but simply in the different approaches to study. But we have to convince the rest of the population, and so it needs a totally open debate on the nature of technical progress, its implications, that we treat the issues as they are. On conflicts too, I share what my neighbour said, and I think that if I come back to the criteria mentioned by the minister, on the elements of the source of a successful agricultural policy, the conflicted countries are not areas in which we can easily plan or set up a good governance, which means that in the interim period, we have little other choice than to think about humanity. And maybe, beyond the help of humanity, the help we can call grassroots, that is to say the help of small size to individual farmers, because there is still innovation, there is still the capacity to react at this level, we still need to be able to intervene at this level. I will end with the remark of Philippe Chemin. First of all, I never wanted to say that we had to let people deviate by themselves, not at all. What I wanted to say is that we must not pretend to bring solutions to their place, but to give them the means to find solutions, including financial means. Yes, it is a major collective responsibility. On the other hand, I share what he said about the role of prices or the role of agricultural insurance, because it is the same type of idea, and I think that there is really a bulwark for innovation. We are still thinking about agricultural insurance with all the problems that are behind it, which is the capacity of people and farmers to accept to make sure before the risk occurs. Few people are able to do that. That is why in our developing countries, insurance is often mandatory. On the other hand, we could imagine some private public partnerships in which the banks, the finances and the reimbursement will only be asked in case of favorable evolution of nature. These questions are very few to be studied today. Once again, it is a bulwark for financial innovation. I think that there are really possibilities for innovation that are quite major, but yes, agricultural policy consists of protecting producers, because agriculture is a deeply uncertain activity subject to uncontrollable state of affairs, and so the market alone does not answer the question. Sorry, Mr. Torreo-Colin. You have not the exact final word, as we shall see, but please go ahead. No, that's okay. Let me answer some of the questions directly. First, if we look at the key drivers of food insecurity historically. First is conflict. Now we are at the war because of the war in Ukraine. Second is slowdowns and downpours, which COVID-19 plays through it. Third is climate and climate variability, but that's today. But the combination of them are the ones that create the biggest challenge. Now to improve resilience to those, we need to have at least three elements. One is early warning tools with predictive power that we can help companies to alert them. Absorption capacity. And here is the toolbox that Marianne was talking. We need a toolbox that can adjust to situations that we know will happen. Most of the companies have been there historically. So we need to have that set of toolbox that will allow these producers to shrink and expand, depending on the challenges they will face. And then we need to reduce inequalities to be able to build back better. But in this context, if we look at what is happening today in the children, we have a food import bill that has increased to $2 trillion. That's an increase in $180 billion. And the 62 most vulnerable countries are paying $25 billion more for their food because of prices and because of exchange rates. And ring the bell. Where is the exchange rate problem coming? From mistakes from the north. So we need to be careful here because they have to increase interest rate because they supply too much food. That's affecting the exchange rate. That's increasing the import bill substantially. The same is happening with inputs. A huge increase in the cost of inputs. And again, on fertilizers. And that will have a consequence on seeds. Third, I think it's important the issue of trade. It's central, the issue of trade. But we have specialized agencies working on trade. And it's not a simple issue. It's a very complex issue. But we need to bring more evidence and transparency. And that's what Amis does to assure that we facilitate the mobility of goods. But if we don't move goods today, we will have a problem. But it's not only global trade. It's also intra-regional trade. How we accelerate the African trade mechanism so that it's also accelerated. Today, most of the fertilizers in Africa produced by Rangote plant in Nigeria, 95.5% are ready to South America, not to Africa. So Africa doesn't have a problem of source of fertilizers. Most of them are going out of Africa because of trade problems within Africa and logistical and access issues also. So let me just finalize on something which I think is important. Solutions has to be led by countries and by regions where there is economies of scale. Africa is a good example of institutionality with the Qatar framework. I think what UAE has done is great. But it needs to be led by countries. We cannot impose more institutionality over it. I think that will be a huge mistake. We have to make agencies accountable. And that's what will make them work properly in the roles that they have today. But complicating more, the global system will be a mistake on my view. And I think we need to let countries and regions to accelerate and help them with technical capacities and information and technologies. That's where innovation and technology is central. And I think the question of technology is important and we cannot run from it. We need new technologies, not only digital, but also new biotechnologies, the gene editing and so on and so forward. But we need to bring evidence and solutions and to bring information so that countries can make better decisions. Thank you. Thank you very much, Dr. O'Colin, especially for making this very important link that we did not mention between interest rates, exchange rates, cost of imports, which is playing a huge role in the current situation. I have been told that our prestigious friend Lionel Zansou had asked for the floor, which I didn't notice, so I apologize for that. And so if you wish, before we close our workshop, please, Lionel, you have the floor for what you had to share with us. The most intense phenomena of malnutrition, subnutrition and food insecurity concerns the African continent. I just wanted to remind you of a number of simple parameters. Mr. President, you said at one point that the funding for public health in development had dropped a lot on agricultural issues. And it is true that there was a time when in Mexico, in India, in Indonesia, in China, there was a very important investment in green revolutions. This has actually decreased a lot after the 1980s. And the financial dimension is important beyond the public health of development. One of the things that, in my experience with the government, has struck me the most is to turn to the national director of the central bank and ask him for the allocation of credit to the economy. A country where 50% of the active population is employed in agriculture. And where agriculture represents 28% of the GDP. And in that, we are quite close to the subsaharian average. What is the allocation of credit to the economy that goes to agriculture? The answer is 2%. So there is a phenomenon of being public in development, but much more important, a phenomenon of our financial systems. However, it is found that agriculture, and I am talking about the control of the F.A.O. economic chief, is one of the sectors with the highest energy and water at the coefficient of capital. This is the content of the relatively low value of the finished product before transformation. So it is the most capitalistic activity, unlike the intuition that it is not the transformation industry. And as it is also the main in Africa, consumers of energy and water, which are the other hyper-capitalistic sectors, the problem, despite all, of the financing of agriculture to ensure food security, which is absolutely not treated in the same way in Asia, in the same way in Latin America, there is still an African specificity on the need for capital, clean funds and credit. We have said very impressive things about the agriculture of emirats. And you have made the illusion of agriculture without soil, vertical agriculture to Kenya, and in fact, we can actually greatly increase the space that we can mobilize to reduce food insecurity. But it is first of all capital. And in the area of arid or semi-arid, in the emirat ecosystems, we have exactly the same space, the same ecosystem, we do not have at all the same capital. That is to say, we are totally in a situation where the financing is key. I wanted to say that, it is an element of local color, but I think that because we are a little Asian and a little European in this panel, we are not in the same space, and a little European in this panel, the capital did not exist. Unfortunately, this is the most capitalistic activity of all. Thank you. Thank you very much Lionel for these precious remarks and quite exact. And without extending our debates, I would say that to re-bond the question that Jean-Marie asked, in a general way, this mobilization around the production, as well as the consumption of agricultural matter, and the elevation of its priority in public debate, and without a doubt one of the contributions that could make the OMC in a particularly useful way in a moment where we need to change priorities. Ladies and gentlemen, dear friends, I think you will make sure that my colleagues in the panel have done a tremendous job, but also the room, which has contributed a lot. And before I ask you to applaud them, I would also like to thank you for asking to address a more particular address to Mrs. Moéry, who has not only brilliantly contributed to our panel, and helped to change dimensions, but will also have the heavy burden of driving the path of the Arab Emirates to the climate conference at the next COP. And I think we will have a very good chance for this major event that will need their leadership. So I ask you to applaud them, unfortunately.