 So, we are going to be working on auxiliary views, we will be designing or we will be drawing an object that has a plane which is inclined at an angle to both the horizontal and the vertical. And to be able to get the features on this plane, we would be needing an auxiliary view here. So, in a sense this is the horizontal plane, this is a vertical plane. And capturing these planes is not a problem in conventional orthographic views. Capturing this plane, capturing the features on this plane is a little challenging, but we will try to see if we can do that in today's session. So, as you see I am ready with the bounding boxes. So, I will be drawing the subject in the third angle projection. So, this is the bounding box for my front view, this is the bounding box for my top view. So, let me first get these features done and then I will worry about this a little later. So, this distance from here to here is 64 millimeters, I have this distance. And let me use my edge pencil and darken this line. I will be seeing this line and perhaps I will be seeing the vertical line as well. In fact, it is the horizontal line, but at the top I need to be a little careful, because these are arcs. So, I will erase this part always a good idea to be prepared for the drawing. So, I do not have the sketch for this I was trying to capture the object directly on the sheet, but that is ok. So, this arc is of radius 12. So, if I mark the center which is at a distance of 40 from here and this is about 12. So, what I can do is perhaps mark a vertical line which is at 12 from this. I need to draw this little dark and then measure 12 from this right vertical line make this vertical line and measure 40 from here to get this center line right about there. So, I may be mark the center lines to get these arcs I would need to focus on the top view. So looks like I have these lines all right in there. So, maybe I will go ahead and draw this line, but perhaps this line was not required. So, maybe I will just erase this part and the above center line is also not required. So, maybe I will erase this also for some reason I was trying to draw the top view I was a little confused, but usually that should not be the case one should never be confused nevertheless. So, this is my center line and this distance or this thickness is about 12. So, I will measure this thickness 12 from here and perhaps mark or make this horizontal line. So, far so good. Now, this hole or this void cylindrical void is of diameter 14. So, I will make two hidden lines at 7 mm to the left and 7 mm to the right of this center line. I am using my 2 H pencil directly perhaps what I will do is I will go I will project the center line up maybe I should make a slightly darker line. I should be switching to a 2 H pencil and perhaps make two center lines over here in the top view which is where I will be capturing these two holes here perhaps maybe let me project this vertical line also top here. So, these two holes are centrally or symmetrically located. So, let me try to locate these two centers. So, this distance is about 64 millimeters half of that is 32 this is where this is. So, maybe I will just draw a dim line or a thin line and from this line this center is about 20 millimeters to the left and 20 millimeters to the right. So, I will measure 20 millimeters here perhaps there perhaps and using my H pencil I draw the horizontal center line do not need to go too far with that here also the same alright. So, now that I have gotten these two centers first thing I would need to do is perhaps get the inner circles both of which are of diameter 14. So, I will take my circular stencil. So, this is the circle that I would be wanting to draw I will try to locate the center properly and for more accuracy maybe it is a nice idea for me to project these hidden lines up onto the top view good to have these lines all the way down just about there protruding little more, but just about there goes my first circle this is my second circle be another one and then to get the two arcs both of radius 12 it be I can look at a circle of diameter 24 which perhaps is here just make sure this centers alright perhaps I will draw an arc which is tangent to the horizontal line there and the vertical line here and same thing below and once I have these two arcs perhaps I can work with the straight lines and try to get this part of the top view. Now, I need a projection for this which I have right there of course this line is going to be visible this is going to be visible as a rectangle this part is going to be visible. So, I will perhaps draw this using a dark line likewise this part is also going to be visible. So, I will draw dark line from here and two dark vertical lines because these two guys are going to be visible now we have a hole over here which is at a distance of 25 millimeters from this vertex here. So, from this vertex I switch my pencil I measure 25 looks like perhaps I got this height incorrect. So, this should have been 25 plus 16. So, I will probably have to extend this not a problem. So, these are the things that you should not be doing what I am doing using the eraser often. So, 25 plus 16 41 from this vertex here I would expect a straight line there and then let me complete this vertical line and then 25 measure from this vertex right about there. So, that is why my center line lies of course this hole is again of diameter 14. So, 7 millimeters down and 7 millimeters above the center line I mark them and then hidden lines likewise there would be a center line here and then 7 millimeters below and 7 millimeters on top of this again I make hidden lines. So, as far as this plane is concerned and as far as this plane goes I think I have captured both these planes in my front and top views. So, looks like if I draw a horizontal across this object. So, the object is symmetric on the left and on the right. So, may perhaps it is a nice idea for me to extend the center line through and through. So, that I capture the symmetry of the object now comes the challenging part now comes the challenging part to get this feature of the object. Of course, for that we need to draw the auxiliary view or this plane the auxiliary plane it is pretty simple. So, I take my 45, 45 friend 45 degrees and I would need to be a little careful. So, perhaps I can take a quick look at how the object is of course this angle is 45 degrees and we have some distance over here. And there is little penetration over here this distance is about 20 from here to here this distance is about 8 millimeters. So, we need to figure this thing out now perhaps you look carefully this vertex is at the same height as this vertex. So, we can capture this edge first in the front view if I focus in this region perhaps I may have made a mistake over here. So, I should not have had a vertical line here but rather I should have had a horizontal line here. So, may be I should go back to my friend erase this part and make that corresponding correction. Now, from this point rather from this point of 45 degree line downwards should not be that difficult. So, I have my 45, 45 friend. So, I will probably pull my drafter a little down perhaps on to the left little and I will just make little 45 degree line using a 2 H pencil from this point. So, I get this surface done and may be very close to that surface I will draw a hinge line that would separate this auxiliary plane with the front view. This hinge line is going to be you know single dash followed by 2 dashes you know the convention at some distance from this hinge line notice that we do not have much space between the front view and the top view here. So, I would recommend that this distance is not large. So, at some distance from that hinge line you will draw the auxiliary plane. So, for that I need a line which is vertical to this line perhaps I can use this surface of my friend 45, 45 set square switch my pencil and may be draw a projection from here and using this projection start constructing this plane. Now, notice that this distance is about 50 millimeters. So, I can either use this portion or perhaps I can align my drafter to focus on this part of the object. So, I will align my drafter in such a way that my long ruler is parallel to this hinge line and then at may be some distance from this hinge line I measure 50 and perhaps then using my edge pencil draw this edge. Now, this distance is about 25 and this radius is about 25. I will go 25 very nicely from here and perhaps 25 from here and then I will mark this center line because we have a little wide over here of diameter 22 and it is this center line through which this semicircle is also going to be drawn. Of course, this is symmetrically placed. So, this distance from here to here should also be 25 mark this distance over here and mark another center line. So, with this center perhaps nice idea for me to draw the 522 circle first I go back to my stencil this is where my circle is try to align it properly make sure I configure these vertical and horizontal you know those little lines along with the center lines align them properly and then draw the circle. So, far so good and of course, this is of radius 25 I do not have circles bigger than 536 on my stencil. So, for that I need to use a compass get the radius make sure that I meet the other point as well and with a single stroke uniform pressure I draw a semicircle maybe I will go the other way round to get better one more time perhaps and then at this junction maybe I will just use a little touch up. So, I got this feature all right now it is for me to transfer this feature on to the front view and on to the top view. Unfortunately, I do not have much space between my top view and this feature, but that should be it should be affecting my drawing or it should be affecting the accuracy of my drawing just that things are going to get or things are going to look a little congested. First things first let me measure 20 along restoration. So, align my drafter properly and then measure 20 millimeters from here should be using a 2 h pencil for this I already have defined the limit of this feature. So, maybe I will project this down here and then I get the low surface of this plane switching my pencil there I am. So, maybe I will just darken it darken this part of plane perhaps this edge also that will touch up there let me also transfer the center line and the outer portions of the circle. Of course, there will be hidden always in I said project and relate to features in 2 views using these projectors makes things lot more clearer both to the person is drawing and both to the person who is following as well. Of course, here will have another hidden line. So, the question is in my front view complete. So, I have got this feature all right got this horizontal plane I have got this vertical plane all right got this circle here cylindrical void cylindrical void over here and then I have gotten this plane here in the auxiliary view or the auxiliary plane I have got all features all right. And then I have transferred this internal void here on to this plane which is at 45 degrees this is of thickness 20 I have got this boundary as well should also be relating by this projector I have to scratch my head a little because I have a feeling that I have not taken care of this dimension 8 I should have measured 8 from here. So, this would probably lower this edge a little bit instead what I did was I assumed that the height of this point and the height of this point they are the same let me verify and if that is not indeed the case then I have to admit that I have made a little error here. So, well aligning my drafter back if I measure 8 from here. So, this so if I measure 8 from here. So, it looks like there is a minor difference of 1 millimeters here I would not want to erase this part although I admit that I made this mistake I should have measured 8 millimeters from here from this point along this duration. So, this edge should be shifted by 1 millimeter along this duration, but I would not worry about that much instead I would focus more on the top view all right. So, how do I transfer the features in the auxiliary plane and how do I relate these features to those in top view first things first I need to project the features in the front view over here, but before that let me project this part up. So, you would expect a lot of lines being drawn many of them thin many of them thick let me draw this using a 2 edge pencil because eventually I would be expecting some kind of a curve here I like to get that curve from the auxiliary view. And then I will probably have to project this line up the front view rather onto the top view and perhaps this point this point here this point there and remember. So, we have an edge at the bottom of this plane. So, this discontinuity will be shown in the top view as a hidden line. So, let me make that in line to start all right and of course, I have not projected this point up. So, maybe I should do that as well maybe I have done that. So, let me make sure I have projected this point now what like we did in case of auxiliary views I have to measure distances on say this arc here from this inch line and then transfer those distances over here. Now, for that I need to first locate the inch line that would separate the top view from the front view. Now, I know that this point would be lying on this line. So, let me focus on the top edge first. So, this point gets projected to this point in the front view which gets projected to this point in the top view. So, if I measure this distance and then place the inch line correspondingly I should be able to locate the latter. Now, for that this distance turns out to be about 7.5 just about 8 close to 8 millimeters. Now, what I am doing is something that is not supposed to be done. So, once your drafter is configured. So, that your long ruler is aligned to the horizontal it should not be disturbed, but I am following all kinds of wrong practices. So, this distance we figured was about 8 millimeters and once again I am focusing on the top part of this plane in the front view. So, if I measure 8 from here this is where my inch line will be and that is the critical step. Once I am able to locate the inch line the rest is well tedious, but not very difficult to follow. Perhaps it is a nice idea for me to discretize this curve the semicircle into a bunch of points. What I am going to do is I will have to release my ruler and arbitrary draw lines parallel to this line. So, that I get a bunch of or a set of points on this semicircular arc I already have one point here. Maybe I will extend that I need to be careful I should be switching to my 2 H pencil I get 2 points I got 2 points over there and perhaps I can get 2 more points. While I am working on discretizing this outer semicircle I might as well discretize the inner circle as well it is going to be a bunch of lines I need to be quite careful. Let me focus on trying to transfer this circular arc over here and of course, I am working with the top surface and before I do that let me measure and note down these distances. So, that I need not have to you know keep rotating my ruler on the drafter. So, this was about 8 millimeters this is close to this 8 again it is about 7.58 quite close to 8. So, perhaps I should note it down somewhere maybe I will note down over here and then from here to here is about 8.5 which is about 9 from here to here is about 10 millimeters quite lucky getting full numbers getting whole numbers this is about 15 interesting and of course, this is about 33, 32, 33 well I will just make 32.5 for now alright. So, I have gotten these distances from here up to here and let me try to transfer these points over there incidentally I made a little mark on my sheet. So, I will just erase it ensure that my sheet is clean having aligned my drafter back let me project these points on to the surface rather on to this view as I said I have I am going to be having a bunch of lines and I need to be quite careful in choosing them. So, this distance was 8. So, I go up to here this is my projector this is about 8. So, this is what I had used to locate this inch line. So, I have already located this point here correspond to this. Now, let me go back to this point come back here not on the projector. So, maybe I will do that once again I am looking at this point coming down going up this is about 9 millimeters. So, I will make a point here just about 9 yeah. So, very close 8.5 to 9 yeah and then I will look at this point go down I still have to make a projector from here which I will do right away. So, looking at this point going down following it up over here this is about 1 centimeters from the inch line from here perhaps yeah. So, this is where my next point is going to be ideally I should not be indenting my sheet with these points should be just mark. So, this was 8 this was just about close to 8 this was 9 this was 10 this was about 15. So, I go down on to the surface take a vertical projection up and measure 15 from the inch line. So, this is just about there and this distance ideally I should expect this distance to be same as this distance. So, that is or maybe this distance that is check if I have got the center line right. So, this distance was about 32.5 or 33 looks like there is little discrepancy it is 33 from this surface did I measure this right I probably have to go back it looks like I measure this you know what these distances all right. But the measurements that I am taking from this inch lines perhaps not quite correct and I will tell you the reason why just a moment. So, this distance here is about 50 millimeters while this distance is about 64. So, I first probably have to locate the corresponding horizontal line you know which is well I have to locate a corresponding horizontal line over here. So, that this distance is about 50 that was the major mistake that I was making. So, comes to about this point here let me draw a dim horizontal line and then from here also I measure 25 dim horizontal line again having said that did I accurately locate this inch line even if I have not I will probably make this adjustment. So, the inch line this inch line should have been located with respect to this line here, but I will make that adjustment anyways it is going to be a constant that gets added up all right. So, coming back to these features. So, 8 9 10 15 32.5 8 9 10 15 now. So, it is about 8 9 10 15 32.5. So, all right this is close to 7.5 0 8. So, all right this distance just about close to 8 itself just about. So, maybe I will be adding 8 to all the distances and the best way to check that is to measure this and correlate with this. So, this was about 33 32.5 33 and plus 8 should be just close to 40 or 40.5 and if I measure that yeah. So, just kind of turns out to be about 40 41 1 2 3 4 yeah 40.5 seems all right. So, definitely we have a point here and then let me go back. So, from here to here it is about 15 15 plus 8 is. So, 23 to be measured from here. So, I go up to here go up there measure 23 from there. So, this is where my next point is going to be. So, these points are something that I will not need to worry about. So, this distance is about 10 millimeters plus 8 is 18. So, I will write on this projector looks like this is about 1 or 10 millimeters. So, go down come up. So, 1 plus 8 18. So, 18 to be measured from here would be here somewhere seems like all right. So, 1 2 and 3 again these points are to be ignored. Now, this distance is about 9 millimeters go down here. So, these projectors are very close to each other. So, I need to be careful. So, go down follow it up from here it should be 8 plus 9 which is 17 from here. So, 17 from here would be just about there just about there close to. And this was about 8 8 plus 8 16. So, I come down over here write on this projector and from this hinge line it should be about 16 just about there. So, looks like I have gotten these points all right. So, 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 and the 6 point definitely is going to be lying here and on to this surface. So, having done that since we know that this features symmetric about this horizontal line what we can do is we could flip these points over and get the corresponding points on to this side of the figure. Better yet let me draw these projectors having drawn that measure this distance it is about 18 marks point there measure this distance it is about 18. So, measure this distance it is about 23 there somewhere and then measure from here to this point it is about close to 24 just about there then it is about close to 25 just about 25 so just about pretty much there and then of course, I get this point here all right. So, I have gotten this points a bunch of points or a set of points I can join them and get this surface. So, what I will do is I will take a little pause I will ask my friend to switch out the camera for a little while I go up and finish this curve and then I will get back with the drawing in a little while. So, while we were on a break what I did was I drew this smooth curve joining all the points using my French curves over here. So, once I have this curve done what I could do is I could possibly join these two end points and make this edge a solid edge because this is going to be visible. Likewise, this edge will be again a solid edge visible edge stroke pencil. Now, how about this surface but on the bottom edge if you notice these distances that we had measured last time they are going to be the same all we need to do is project these distances up to the vertical projectors. So, what I would do is I would start projecting these points horizontally all of them and later search for the corresponding vertical projectors on which the points on this semicircle would lie on the bottom place just about there. Now, if I look at this point the corresponding projector it is a vertical projector there and of course, this point gets shifted to this point there. If I look at this point the corresponding vertical projectors here this point gets shifted to may be this point there. So, I have a feeling that these shifts are going to be equidistant this point there here vertical projector. So, the third point gets shifted over here fourth point gets shifted here and the fifth point which is very close to this possibly gets shifted over here. Of course, we have this point that possibly gets shifted over here right there is that going to be true is that what is going to be like technically these distances the horizontal projections of this line they should be the same in length let me double check this. So, this point gets shifted here just about all right switching to my 2 H pencil this point which was lying here gets shifted here. So, I need to be extra careful be extra careful. So, this is my point here this point lies here on the vertical gets shifted from here up to here this one lies here this point gets shifted here and eventually this point the fifth one gets shifted very close to this. So, looks like this is my new surface likewise I can draw horizontal projectors from these points need to be a little careful. So, if I draw horizontal projector here should be marking this point here should be lying the same vertical projector this point should be lying on this projector here third one mark this already this probably would like there fourth one would lie very close over there and of course, it will merge with this horizontal H right there. Now, if you are looking at the top view then the corresponding curve in the bottom or on the bottom surface that would be lying below this feature here. So, consequently that would be hidden. So, this this curve will be hidden and shown using dashed lines let me try to show it live and let me also try to demonstrate how I use the French curve. Of course, the curve is not going to be accurate it is going to be approximate. So, I try to match as many points as possible on the curve at least 4 if you have a not more and this takes a little bit of time. So, perhaps 1 2 3 and 4 and then I am going to be drawing hidden or dashed lines through this. I will flip it over because surface is symmetric or this curve is symmetric and then I will draw the hidden or dashed curve lines to pass through this points. And then over here I will simply try to merge the rest of the line with the horizontal edge. So, while I am standing I might as well you know finalize these horizontal lines. So, this part is unnecessarily thick I should be using more multiple strokes of pencils, but nevertheless it is a good demonstration of what not to do. Now, trying to capture this circular feature over here what do you expect this circular feature to look like in top view would be circular or would be electrical. And how many ellipses if they are ellipses are to be there which one will be solid and which one will be hidden. Clearly this circle over here will possibly be electrical and the circle in the top view is going to be or the corresponding ellipse is going to be shown using solid. And the elliptical void or elliptical feature here on this bottom surface is going to be shown using dashed or hidden lines. First let me try to get the corresponding points on this circular arc for that I need to align my drafter appropriately properly and measure distances. So, just to make sure that this alignment is done only once I am going to be measuring all the distances. So, distance from here to the hinge line from this point to the hinge line is about 21 I just note down there coming back to the second projector it is about 22 just about close to 22 coming to the third from the hinge line it is about 25 coming to the fourth it is about 30 close to 32, 33, 32.5 you know very much like what we have for this distance. So, these distances I probably had initially taken the wrong position or the incorrect position the hinge line, but anyways I mean this distance is going to be added to the corresponding distances that I have just recorded to get these points. Let me align my drafter back and very carefully very very carefully noticing that there are too many projection lines try to record or try to locate these points on to the top view of my drawing. So, starting from this point so this point is here I follow this projector up right there and from this hinge line it is 21 plus 8 which is 29. So, I measure 29 along this projector. So, this point is going to be lying on the center line here not there 29 from the hinge line here let me use a different colored pencil. So, that these marks they become lot easier to see 21 plus 8 29 possibly going to be there let me resort back to my 2 h pencil my blue pencil is not working properly. So, 29 from the hinge line on this projector is about there and then this distance is about 22 plus 8 30 lies on this projector I follow this projector up here and then I measure 30 from the hinge line which is just going to be there and then this point is distance 25 from this hinge line. So, from here it is going to be 25 plus 8 which is 33 third point comes down over here and goes up and measuring 33 from this hinge line will perhaps giving this point here. So, 1 2 3 and locating this point well 1 2 3 and locating this point this point is at 32.5 32.5 from this hinge line 32.5 plus 8 from this 40.5 close to 41 this point lies here I take my projector up looks like my drafter is not lying properly. So, may be I will realignment drafter. So, I take I follow this projector up and from this hinge line I measure 40.5 it is about just on this center line which is what is expected. So, 4 points and you know this feature is expected to be symmetric about this horizontal line. So, may be what I could do is I could measure these distances and flip these points on the other side as well it is pretty much like mirror symmetry. So, this is close to 8 millimeters I measure 8 millimeters on this side I have to realign my drafter again my verticals are not coming properly make sure my horizontal is also ok. So, looks like it is a it is ok. So, this point lies there itself all right this is about 8 from the center line. So, 8 from the center line here this is distance about 11 from the center line just about 11 from the center line 11 from the center line on the other side this one close to 11.5 12 same over there just about there. And of course, I am trying to make this elliptical void on the top face. So, I have got a set of points may be what I can do is I can get the other set by making horizontal projections from these. So, let me make horizontal projections this already there do not need to worry about that how do I get the rest of these points on the top part. Now, if these lines are symmetric I should be expecting this distance to be the same as this distance this one to be same as this and so on. So, perhaps it is a nice idea for me to take my 30 60 or any other vertical or rectilinear ruler you know just kind of make sure that these points are indeed symmetrically placed which I guess they are. So, I do not need to worry about that I will simply transfer these points to the corresponding vertical projectors. Now, this point lies on this projector I need to project it up things are getting mess here things are getting a little more confusing and this point has to be lying. So, this point has to be lying at the same distance as this point. So, perhaps this one should be marked here how about this one. So, if I look at this projector comes down follow it up over there once again possibly my vertical alignment is not proper yeah fold up there and perhaps I will get this point right there and then with regard to this point which lies on this projector and therefore, this projector up this point has to be lying here and correspondingly if I figure out the intersection between the verticals and the horizontals here. So, this point gets flipped to this point this point gets flipped to possibly this point and I already have this point there. So, looks like I have a nice elliptical feature shaping up and of course, this feature over here on the top face will be a solid visible feature. Let me see if I can demonstrate the user French curves and try to plot these points try to connect these points properly. This is going to be time consuming perhaps I can use the inner part it looks like I have gotten this alright pretty much no may be I missed it. Of course, this is not going to be accurate, but it is going to be good enough for me to connect these points by perhaps I can do a little touch up likewise over here may be I was trying to avoid free hand drawing, but looks like probably have to do that anyways and then this part here as I said this part here as I said it is not going to be accurate, but good enough for us to work with perhaps this may be little touch up. What remains is the same feature on the bottom surface and for that I need to use tricks which are very similar to those which I had used to shift this curve you know leftwards. I will probably have to use the same thing to shift this over feature leftwards. I already have the horizontal projectors and what do I do? So, I need to I know that these distances are there pretty much recorded. Let me first worry about this point this point gets shifted perhaps from here to here. So, I am looking at this vertical projector and this is where my point is going to be. This point this one here coming down going up. So, this point gets shifted possibly here likewise this point gets shifted here. Now, third one from here up to here second one third one is over here alright. So, third one is over here now this was the second one looks like I am confused. So, let me go back. So, from here to here going up from here to here going up I got this point from here to here going up I got these two points from here to here. So, alright. So, I should be getting these points here and here good enough and this point from here to here going up I will have the vertical projector and I should be getting these points right there. So, far so good how about these guys they get shifted accordingly from here well I do not have the corresponding projectors for that. So, I need to switch to my two edge pencils and draw a few more projectors. But one looks like I am going in on to this region of my top view no fret and then I am going further in having done that. Now, if I look at this point goes down identify look at the vertical projector and this point should be getting shifted over here likewise this point is getting shifted you know over there. Now, if I look at this point follow this projector and go up further well I should be expecting a point here and another point there and this one I should be expecting a point getting shifted from here to here or may be from here to here. So, again this is pretty much like oval in shape. So, this part is going to be solid it is going to be visible and the rest is going to be hidden it is not going to be visible. So, perhaps I can use my French curves back and just try to capture the visible part if I can it looks like it is going to be an arc it looks like I have been able to do that. So, just draw a visible arc and the rest perhaps I can do a free hand again not advisable, but well let me do this anyways. So, this kind of completes my top view does it let us take a look I got all features represented over here in the top view corresponding this vertical block tapered block whatever this feature represented over here this horizontal plane represented pre well here and here auxiliary plane I got the true shape of the feature here on the auxiliary plane transferred all the projections over here got this void of diameter 22 correct over here. And then projected all the features over there got this curve all right corresponding this top face this would be solid the same curve on the bottom face will get shifted leftward I will be behind. So, will be hidden the circular feature when projected onto the top view will look like an oval. So, here this oval will be visible and here again this oval gets shifted leftward a part of it is visible and the rest of this oval will be invisible. So, looks like I am through with this example will worry about the next one in a short while.