 Und ich möchte Rüdiger Weiß, der Professor von Berlin, und er wollte so beinahnt werden. Und Sustainable Blockchains ist das Thema, das er talked about. Und der Subtitel des Talks ist, ganz weit oben auftaucht, ist, nachhaltig Blockchains, digital und dreckig. Sustainable Blockchains, instead of digital and dirty. Also vielen Dank. Thank you. One remark, this headline was not chosen by me, but by the German foreign broadcasting station Deutsche Welle. Someone kind of teased me by saying that if you Google digital and dirty, you'll find this interview in Deutschlandfunk. And that is just one from the bizarre features of the blockchain world. And like other topics where people have a strong emotional attachment, there is a kind of funny situation where all the people that had a scientific approach to the issue and weigh up the pros and cons, they are then invited by the pro and con people to panels, one after the other. And they may then be facing attacks for the opinions they bring forward. But as a scientist, a computer scientist, you should keep calm and understand the technology. And that is surprisingly simple when it comes to blockchain. And that's why I started my first slide by saying simple and old. A blockchain is a chain list of blocks with hash pointers. And that is one of the most simple structures that you can learn in one of the first semesters in computer science as a really introductory example. And that is quite interesting. One thing that can be explained in just a few minutes of a lecture by mixing a few other influences and by mixing it with some other influences, it became very interesting technologies. But as computer scientists, let's approach it and think how you can establish a secure ledger note-taking. And that has been a topic that's been debated in computer science for a number of years. One of the defining papers that's always quoted is from 1990. How to timestamp a digital document. In the Hacker-Szene, there are some interesting experiments. One is by Ross Anderson from 1996. Even more, I had to smile when an old, very old Hacker, he was already old when I came into the scene in 1990, that's Lutz Donnerhacker. He also produced an eternal log file. And that must have had a strong influence because the standard URL that I have quoted here is old assets, that's how it starts. And that's been around for decades and even the people that ran this have always regarded this as an old issue, an old burden. The surprise then was that Bitcoin developed so strongly later. So what happened with Bitcoin? From literally nothing, suddenly there was a currency system that if you look at these usual exchange forums and try to approach, still there is a three digit billions of currency units strength that Bitcoin has. And of course a lot of criticism has been raised about the energy consumption of that technology and one of the decisions that led to the decentralization of the system. And the software quality is a bit grueling, if you look at it as a hacker, of course with your judgment is kind of strong, tends to be. And what I would summarize my comments as would be please do it again properly. And the interesting thing is that some simple, some small decisions at the bit level had strong social and economic implications in this currency system. Now let's try to order the problems to some extent and as the first and most important issue I would raise data protection. Bitcoin is a system where a public transaction letter exists and it's distributed worldwide, so everything is open. And by definition things that are written into that cannot be deleted. So for all eternity in a sense that you will have to define data protection sensibly, of course, but it's all public, open, it cannot be deleted, there's no right to be forgotten. And if you look at, if you would make up a data protection nightmare, then Bitcoin is quite an interesting candidate. Now the people that defend the system say well there are pseudonyms and about that I have to say well that is kind of deceiving as a sense of security. The pseudonyms are the last line of defense really and to some extent in some aspects it is a deceptive kind of descent. I've just noted one item here. It can be attacked with simple graph theory and even perhaps in quotes artificial intelligence to add another buzzword. So, you could look at the whole transaction data and see if, and if I'm a bit eccentric the whole Bitcoin transaction still fit into Ram of my computer, so if you look at the whole thing I'm not looking exactly, but they grow at a somewhat mild rate. You can almost have it all in Ram and then run certain algorithms on it. Another question then is how long will this stay legal? Even the use of pseudonyms is doubted in many areas in the world. Right, now concerning data protection it is problematic and another interesting aspect is to really consider what the philosophy behind it is and that is quite interesting because of course Bitcoin comes from a libertarian mindset and there are people that are called crypto-anarchists or capitalism-anarchists it's quite interesting what mixtures of political ideologies there are these days and the debate whether these people are more happy with or without a state in particular without a strong state that is one of the oldest philosophical debates and that is a very interesting debate as well which to sharpen one's mind one really should get into and try and understand the different positions and make up one's mind about their own position but we are all hackers therefore we tend to say philosophy is all nice and good but we have to produce something to attack some real problems and the interesting thing is in the question whether it is good if a state does not exist anymore what do we do in areas where there is no functioning state where there is no banking a reliable banking where there is no state or social control about who can actually join the game and that is an interesting point that simply got raised by a simple question asking I am rather clear in my mind that an interesting from a computer scientific point of view what's interesting is that there are computers communicating here and the question then is who is allowed to use these computers and is therefore and that is quite strongly linked to the question of access as a whole and that is a debate where I at one point thought well it might be surprising to some people but the spread of mobile phones is about one per person on the planet at the moment but when it comes to bank accounts that is much less accessible so it is an interesting scenario where the possession of a phone however simple doesn't have to be that smart SMS messaging might be enough where that gives you an opportunity of access and that from a hackers point of view was led to the thought well yes discrimination free everybody can use it and this hacker ideal is not just abstract it's not just important in an abstract sense because there are enough countries where for example women cannot open a bank account without a male relation giving consent or something so is this free of discrimination but there is an interesting dynamic then too because also children gain access and that can lead us to the debate oh great now children have this freedom yes but you can get the situation where people that want to have run businesses then try to capture children and empty their accounts so we have a ringtone subscriptions which happened in Kenya these nice abstract issues does it make sense to give children access to bank accounts that is not an academic debate we have had developments that even the Kenyan government had to take note of still this is a technology that in principle allows access to anyone in my view zwar auch verlangt it needs to be shaped and should be shaped so this discrimination free property that people, creatures of all kinds can have the key to an account that is a small but not unimportant game changer in this area now if you consider that even a non-smartphone gives people access then at a very abstract level you can say that possibly with blockchain and digital trust structures you can build structures that have very few requirements in the analog world and can be used and that means that there are some interesting possibilities that I would like to get into in this talk maybe at the end of the talk a few words on the things that I want to talk about in this talk I talk about how we can take an existing system and some reduce some environmentally damaging aspects and I want also to discuss another system that has different mechanics and I already talked about some things at the last congress about using more intelligent mining algorithms and there were proof of stake or proof of work systems that had no energy consumption for the mining of the coins and both things are being researched and I already talked about this at the last congress and from a hacker's perspective we have considered that we have the technologies but what do we actually create with it and if you look at the bank systems there is not really an academic discussion if you take M-Pesa which started in Kenya which was a cooperation with Vodafone in many areas and I guess it was received very positively so we can see that there have been some positive developments in these projects but we still have to think critically about these projects and even in these cases the government is actually not opposed to these things and even just these three things have selected here a bit drastic so even in the poorest countries of the world there are in Kenya the most poorest actually have to 66% so they still have to pay transfer fees which are considerable old mafia movies you know there was mafia fees for staying protected against the mafia und so this is so you have to pay quite a lot of fees for these things and at the same time you have major wins and I am old enough where where there was no bad connotation of so viel Hausziehen dann ist das grob unanständig and it is simply not acceptable if the poor have to pay fees of that amount of that on that scale and if people that just transfer fees of that amount have to pay the most that is simply not acceptable that is rather indecent even so that is an issue where you can argue yes even small amounts cause effort but if you have 27% profit and if you are in a poor country and you are having sense maybe just out of the goodness of your heart you could waive those fees and that is an appeal that people should not operate this services just to optimize profit and I have also extended my talk at short notice by adding this concerning data protection in May 2019 there was the so what is data protection we have now the issue that these personal data are with private companies and of course we will say what private companies have the secret services have as well but then there is issue number 2 what the secret services have so what happened because in May 11.5 million records of users were offered on the black market the interesting thing now in this was 11.5 million is impressive enough but if you look closely these are just the most valuable data sets these 11.5 million are not just names and all kinds of private and security relevant data this was done professionally these are people that run gambling services and betting services and there are lists saying what kind of transactions these people had made so as I said if you register betting company according to the laws of the German state of Schleswig-Holstein then you have some interesting opportunities there is not a cynical remark it's just an analysis of how things work so if these 11.5 million are just data which is the elite kind of the data then let's just assume that these are not the only data that have gone astray and maybe much cheaper the other 30 million could be bought because they are just peanuts so the old dilemma if data are created the private businesses will sell it secret services will have it but good or bad news, however you want to see it these data can then find their way through some kind of channels and not all hackers in the world just dream about having badly paid academia positions or run nice illumination in camps there are people that want to make money out of these activities and you have to assume that there are people with skills that can get at the data and the usual hacker saying well yeah, data will always be hacked sorry, no, with EMPIESA we've just seen it in May just a few months ago so again, the remark if you do not have data protection friendly constructions, then the data will be gone and it goes astray and I doubt whether society is mature enough to deal with the uncovering of all kinds of data without severe disruptions coming as a result now, since we are at that point of course then that leads us to something that is even more interesting some people in my surroundings got quite enraged about this capitalists are now capturing taking over emancipatory technologies well yes, as it always happens and the situation of course is what has to be told to the capitalists these movements do come from a narco-capitalist area so that kind of weakens the whole point anyway but now let's approach it from a scientific neutral point of view Markets have a tendency to become aware of technologies and try to make a profit out of those not a surprising thing to say and if there are ideas to run this all democratically without banks, without services these service companies will still look and see what they can use und das ist ein Lieber, was sehr interessant ist ist, wenn man sich einen Schritt zurückmacht das ist wirklich ein Angriff auf einer der größten wertvollen Firmen in der Welt von einer der größten wertvollen Firmen in der Welt auf Facebook zu finanziellen Services sie bauen eine neue Klinie in der schönen Lande in Switzerland sie sind von einem Pult von Kurzen und es gibt Spieler in der Klub die Klinie der Klub kostet 10 Millionen und dann die haben gesagt die haben gesagt, wenn sie Facebook haben wenn sie ein 2-Billion-Akount auf Facebook haben und nur 1% der User um das zu vergleichen mit der Größe der größten deutschen Banken die internationalen Banken, ihr könnt sehen, wo das geht wieder wieder die Debatte über Dateprotektion ob es State- oder Privat-Aktur Facebook mit ihren Daten ihr könnt sagen, dass das das Wichtigste der ganzen Welt ist Facebook wird die Daten haben sie werden sie aufsetzen, sie haben die Klinien wir haben bei M-Pesa gesehen so, wir haben in dem Fall von M-Pesa gesehen, das Vodafone ist nicht ein kleiner oder medium Enterprise ich habe es nicht bewältigt, aber Entschuldigung wenn es, wenn es 11,5 Millionen premium Datasets gibt, dann ist es ziemlich ungewöhnlich, dass nicht alle der Daten, die die Daten ausgebildet haben ich würde nicht sagen, dass M-Pesa nur die premium Datasets sehen ich will es gar nicht wissen ich will es gar nicht wissen, aber was die Erklärung der Erklärung zu dieser Bedeutung könnte der Population unsetteln zu beantworten, ein former German Interior Minister Thomas de Mezié jetzt noch ein Problem das ich gerne adden würde aber in der Hacker-Camp Hacker-Camp ist ein guter Ort um diese Punkte in die Debatte zu throwen wiederum diese Protokolle verbreiten weil die die Frage der Energiekonsumtion vielleicht solved was ich in meinem letzten Congress Talk in diesem Fall pointe aber was ich sagen würde ich habe zwei Ideen und das ist und ich habe versucht die infrastrukturfreie Mining mit regenerativen Power-Sources und es gibt einiges die Protokolle die sind freundlich gegen Solar- und Windpower und man sollte vielleicht auch ein Dream um die Idee der finanzierten Cloud-Service zu haben um die Block-Chain zu produzieren um die Arbeitskokolle zu verwenden wenn man Länder mit Problemen in den Banking-Systems Problems in der Computerindustrie, Computerinfrastruktur nicht verbinden natürlich das ist nicht das Hackerspirit Hackers just build something in a weekend and build a miner and then just throw it into the desert and suddenly the whole world becomes nice and comfortable but still a few thoughts and maybe even calculations should be made to that end now let's look at regenerative Power-Sources regenerative energies and mining interestingly has a constant power consumption there are far less fluctuation of course they do exist but much less fluctuation even over a longer time scale than the energy consumption of a modern social economy and to that regard the options for regenerative energy sources which always supply a certain base need is there for them to be used the option is there because this really works with a constant power consumption and that is a property that solar and wind power have as well solar and wind power have strongly fluctuating power generation and people that in my early days found nuclear power interesting they thought it's going to be so cheap that you don't even have to have power meters anymore which not wasn't quite realistic but I'm still smiling if you then let the engineers play around a bit then truly we did have the situation that power wasn't just free but even had a negative price because as I said situation is that we may have too much power in the grid sometimes and the idea then is to maybe use the excess power directly for mining the second issue is maybe a bit of a course analysis but in some places there are suitable for power generation mostly in places where you tend not to want to live because there are storms there there is too much sun and therefore it's quite interesting to say well maybe there are places that have a lot of sunlight and we can directly use that power that might be interesting maybe but then how do we transport and store this energy that is very very expensive and if you then as a hacker look at the situation and say hang on how much infrastructure do we need for mining what properties does this infrastructure have and the interesting thing if you analyze the mining system the interesting thing is that some properties are not so apparent one property is that it is friendly for mining pools if you describe bitcoin mining then you keep saying that these are lottery tickets and you have to calculate some random numbers but well the law of large numbers that comes into play if you have a system like bitcoin which is friendly for mining in pools then you do not have to wait and hope for some random lucky event you can use mining results and have them delivered and continue from them alright so let's approach the idea of solar mining mesh networks what requirements to participate in bitcoin mining I'll now use bitcoin as the leading currency use it as a placeholder for all the others since bitcoin allows this the situation is much better than you might think and that gets us back to the hacker idea in principle you can set up a solar power station in the desert throw it into the desert and as an outside connection you need one satellite connection if GSM exists which in many situations let's take GSM so this very abstract situation you just throw one computer into the hottest desert where there is no life form would like to stay for any extended amount of time establish a satellite link the power for the satellite link we can generate as well and these are things where many people might say well let's calculate if it's going to be worth it production of all this but I would say well yes you understood we have to calculate let's do this let's calculate what is possible and what is not I'm not saying that it can solve the world's problems but this basic idea the fact that we have a situation als Idee gesagt wirklich fits the model I've just set up it's quite imaginable that we build solar mining stations and put them into the desert and connect them to satellites and as I said hackers can dream and for long enough I have been thinking this through to be able to say this is not an absurd idea well, I'm a professor I have the right to have strange ideas but apart from that I do really consider this something that you can think of and on a net political evening of the digital economy project I linked up with someone from the solar generation project he introduced systems where they can have trucks with solar panels that really went to African villages in different African countries and supplied services there and so it's still planning or being discussed how they do the token system but there are people working on it that was quite impressive and I got to know some other people when I was invited to a ministry and I'm a mathematician and there were two numbers that really moved me so the transaction fees are really affecting the poorest of the people and 600 million people have no reliable access to energy or to power and I have to say and if you have the most radical idea is that we give access to power to these people and solar power is something very obvious because of the strong solar radiation and something that I also consider und of course there is no infrastructure in these places right now and if we do it in places where there is few population then you don't really have much reliability and of course you have people who just collect scrap metals and who might scavenge whatever we drop there and and if we and what we want to do is use CO3 free power to do the mining and and and I have to say that and if we only have like a reasonable mining project that gives us more solar power then this is also a win and these are things where I say let's just consider this don't be too pessimistic about the reality yes I know if we do the calculations then it turns out it's not so easy on an economic level but still if there are so many possibilities and opportunities that are unused that will also heat up the planet then if we could divert some of that energy or heat then this is not a bad idea and yes let's have some more ideas if you think about the calculations for the if the builds for the mobile connections you could pay these with the power that you produced and during the day you could produce solar power and during the night you could then take advantage of the money that you've earned and if we make the systems more intelligent then that's something worth thinking about and the other fundamental approach is is that bitcoin involves a lot of efforts to do a lot of calculations based on random numbers and what I found interesting is an alternative which is proof of space and I think in the next couple of weeks and months we will have some more interesting results so for instance there's perma coin which combines distributed storage with payment systems and if you have and for the people who evaluate economic success they they are these people are willing to pay for this so the ICO managed so the ICO for FileCon managed to acquire a three digit millions fundraising and therefore I think that young people can look into it and maybe come up with some good ideas and I want to give you an overview again so you get the consensus by by making the storage space available and if you want to combine consensus with useful social actions then everyone wins and if you combine these things then you become part of this reward system instead of just randomly calculating hashes actually do something worthwhile with the energy and you have more influence on the system just by doing it I don't want to call this a win-win scheme but it would be quite annoyed if people actually called it like this because then the big countries would use more energy than smaller countries and one of the promising things that I've seen is that we use regenerative energies and let's combine these properties and 2. und wie gesagt für die Akademie für die Akademie die sogenannten we should mining schemes also wo wirklich die demokratische Ansatz dass jeder rechner ein we should try and find democratic approaches where each computer has a say and then find approaches that do not have the energy problems and that will create a new currency dynamic now that is the kind of research that I conduct but today I wanted to place the focus onto really hackable ideas and really invite you to maybe take part now to summarize oh I forgot this even stronger requirements of stronger challenges are the privacy challenges I had a talk yesterday about a certain form of economy that could be a building block in certain knowledge protocols now that surely there is an interesting approach for research to conduct some mathematically challenging and useful research so again protecting privacy requires very well thought through mathematical ideas so all mathematicians are invited to take a deeper look and then I said proper cryptography as I said we should consider do we want people with a lot of money enter the system and generate a lot of CO2 which on the other hand would stabilize the currency that may sound horrific but if you approach it cynically you could say that the CO2 generation is quite strongly correlated with the value of the currency so cynically said if you're ready to burn this and that amount of power for Bitcoin then it is worth something to you you shouldn't forget that either the large power consumption does mean that Bitcoin even against state attacks has a certain amount of resistance and resilience and the people that they for hardware for mining bitcoins auf Technologie stand they use a technology in processor building but I'm going to be mean now but technologically they're quite in the middle between Intel and AMD I think they have finer structures than Intel these days so in that regard it's quite interesting and of course also an offense to the mathematics community because mathematicians always searched for prime numbers with interesting properties and a wholly failed brain coin system which had as proof of work searched for prime numbers the fact that this failed so badly even though it found chains of prime numbers with interesting properties and then the scientific community had the fact that this failed is kind of denigrating to the mathematics community because you have people playing with this and producing nicer results than the scientific community had and then it failed but that's not a very rare thing in the cryptographic community now last slide to point out the positive sides die regenerative energies have a number of properties digital currencies have a number of properties that go very well with regenerative power generation that can go very well with grassroot economies and let me say it like this if we build this in countries we should try to get privacy inserted as quickly as possible but in this ear if friends they believe so we have the best darkness that follows they don't except if you you don't want to get it you don't want to get under Jetzt haben wir die Probe auf dem Black Market. Wenn wir etwas ausdrücken, dann bitte die Systeme, die mit GDPR kompatibel sind. Entschuldigung, das war sehr müde. Ich musste einen artistischen Interlekt hier hinsetzen. Aber Joke aside, die GDPR, mit allen gestifteten und manchmal zu exagerativen Kriterien, das hat einen interessanten Beginnpunkt zu geben. Und wiederum, das Schutz der Privilegien in Transaktionen ist nicht ein esoterischer Hobby, für die Leute, die das zeigen wollen, dass sie eine Barbi-Puppen oder andere sammeln. Das ist nicht der Kopf des Rocker-Klubs, dass er eine Barbi-Puppe hat. Nein, das sind sehr sensibile Daten, die auf dem Markt sind. Diese 11,5-Millionen Daten, die man leicht convertieren kann, bis zu Schmerzen, Schmerzen und Schmerzen. Ein sehr einfaches Experiment, das ich auf diese Daten fahre. Wenn du nur für ein paar Stunden denkst, kannst du ein paar Python-Skrips, die ein enormes Amt von Unrest geben können. Und also mein Appel zu Politikern, ist, dass die Gesellschaft nicht genug betrug, um die Schutz der Privilegien zu abschliessen. Wenn ich einen kleinen Strip schreibe, kann ich alle diese Leute, die in Gamling sind, wenn du 11,5-Millionen Menschen denken, und du dann nur 1,001 per Millen, dann respondest du zu Blackmail, das würde viel Geld auch generieren. Die Forschung für nachhaltige Gruptografien. Die Forschung über die kriptografischen Kriptografie. Lass uns über die Forschung schauen. Da gibt es hier ein paar interessante Ideen. Ich habe gesagt, dass die Datenprotektion auf der sehr basen Basis sein sollte. Das ist Arbeit für alle. Die Technologen und die Technologen müssen sich über das Zero-Knowledge denken, und die Computer-Scientisten sollen diese eigenen Protokolls implementieren, und wir müssen alle zusammenarbeiten, reden und versuchen, die Technologie besser zu machen. Vielen Dank. Also eine Punktlandung. Ja, eine perfekte Landung. Rudi, danke dir. Jetzt eine sustained Blockchain, statt digital und dörter. Für Q&A haben wir leider keine Zeit, weil Rudi schon alle seine Zeit hat, aber du weißt, wie er es jetzt aussieht. Er wird einen der Exzits benutzen, weil das der einzige Weg, den er hat, den Tenzen zu verlassen.