 Okay, we have, you know, our mascots here, so they're gonna have a session, a photography session now. But in the meanwhile, we would like to welcome you all to this second session for the ones online and also, of course, to all of you that are here present supporting this final conference. We're gonna start saying that the Slido, it's gonna be working also for these sessions. So you can submit your questions at any time in slido.com, the password is S4H, so hashtag S4H in capital letters, or you can scan the code as well. We will answer your questions after each of the presentations and well, now we would like to introduce the moderator of the session. So, Francis, welcome. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Camila and Stefan, we are gonna start our second session where the speakers, they're going to present the current state of science in the topic of gut microbiota, microbiome, and the prevention of non-communicable diseases. We are gonna start with the first, the first session is gonna be given, presented by Fabio Lauria, is here. Fabio is a molecular biologist and nutritional epidemiologist at the National Research Council of Italy. He's working, validating all the personalized nutrition strategies in the stands for health, and I think he has very interesting things to present. Thank you very much, Fabio. Beware of the lesson. Yes. Okay, thank you for the introduction. For the slide. Oh, okay. Okay. Okay, I'm going to talk to you about the rule of nutrition in childhood obesity. First of all, we have to start from the definition of childhood obesity that is a multifactorial condition where excess body fat negatively affect child health. We know that obesity is the most common nutritional disorder among affecting children and adolescents, but obesity is not just a cosmetic concern. It is associated with the other disease in particular with the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, and some type of cancer in adult population. In fact, more than two-thirds of obese children at the age of six, nine here, will be adult with obesity. In Europe, we have a sort of gradient north-south where the prevalence of childhood obesity is higher in the country of the South Europe. In fact, Cyprus, Greece, Spain, and Italy are the high prevalence of overweight and obesity in children. Moreover, there are differences between boys and girls with boys about 31% of obesity and girls at 28%. But there are also countries like on the left of the... Sorry. Okay, in Denmark, Spain, Ireland, where the situation is the opposite. Because of childhood obesity, first of all, diet and sedentary lifestyle. We know that obesity come from an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure. Diet specifically, we refer to the consumption of hypercaloric food, like fast food, snack, but also sweet drinks, like fruit juice or drink. Sedentary lifestyle are associated principally to the time that our children spend in front of a screen, tablet, PC, or television. Sleep deprivation is also important because other than to be associated with increase of body weight is also associated with hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Individual and familial stress are also involved in childhood obesity because many children tend to overate to cope with their individual problem on familial stress. While genetics and gut microbiota will play an important rule that will explain the rule of genetics and gut microbiota in the next presentation. Even if you have to say that, for example, genetic obesity is a very rare condition associated to the melanocortin for receptor gene. For example, and some type of drugs are also associated with gene. What we have to do, first of all, physical exercise because we know that less than 5% of the European children meet the physical activity guideline that foresee 60 minutes of physical activity per day. Avoid stress and, of course, to have an healthy diet. But our children live in an obesogenic environment. They build environment of our cities, of some of our cities, discourage physical activity. In fact, there is a lack of active playground for children, lack of bike paths. In some cases, specifically in suburb, there are scarcity of work side for children. So it is very difficult and dangerous for them to work to school. And so their parents have bring their children by car for go to the school, to the gym. Moreover, there is an increasing number of fast food, specifically fast food targeted for children. And in fact, children love to meet their friends or have their birthday party to the fast food. Another problem is the TV food advertising because we know that this exposure to food marketing has a strong influence on food choice, food preferences, but also on nutrition knowledge of the children. And in turn, our children are very able to influence what they parent buy at the supermarket. And so at the end it's very easy for them to open the pantries in our homes and have all the food they want. And finally also the portion size is another important factor. We know that portion size is increasing in the last days. And this is an interesting paper where scientists try to calculate the relative size of the main dish along the, across the last centuries based on five to depiction of the Jesus Christ Last Supper. And they found that in the last millennium there was a linear increase in food portions. And this is in fact the picture of the modern day because this trend is still ongoing. The genetics I said before play an important role in obesity because our genetics is capable to give different responses to different foods. But we know that our genes, the majority of our genes have the same of our ancestors. And in fact also our biochemistry, our physiology is very similar to the physiology of 10,000 years ago. On the contrary, the advances in food technologies modified in a very fast way the nutritional content and structure of the food. And so it is possible that the collision, the clash of our ancient genome with the nutritional quality of the recently introduced food like for example the ultra-processed food may be one of the causes of the explosion of disease of the Western civilization like for example overweight and obesity. What we have to do, we have come back to healthy diet in particular Mediterranean diet for countries like Mediterranean countries where we have seen there is the high prevalence of overweight and obesity. The diet is very similar to Mediterranean diet is typical of countries of North Europe. And they foresee consumption of seasonal food. In fact, are also sustainable diet, healthy for human health, but also for health of our planet. And in fact, the stands for health, the nutritional advices of stands for health project, stands for health strategies of personalized nutrition as based on the principle of Mediterranean diet. And so concluding, we can say a statement of the WHO. Childhood obesity undermines the physical, social and psychological well-being of children. It is a non-risk factor for adult obesity and non-communicable disease. And so this is an urgent need to act now to improve the health of this generation and the next. Thank you. Fabio, very nice presentation. I don't know if we have questions in the audience. Thank you, Fabio. I just wondered, I was thinking about the Mediterranean countries where you see the higher prevalence of obesity in the children. Is there evidence that there are higher prevalence of childhood diabetes increasing in the lower Mediterranean countries and cardiovascular or poor metabolic health? Is that tracking with obesity in the countries of the Mediterranean? In general, obesity come together with diabetes. And of course, before start, obesity condition, before all the condition associated with obesity come from. And in general, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, come in an adult age. We in the past years, these were conditions typical of the age, older age, but now not in childhood age, but in adult, in young adults, this kind of disease are starting, but not in children. Even if in our epidemiological study found sometimes a predisposition, a sort of high level of this disease associated with the metabolic syndrome that are not the disease of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, but with higher values respect to normal children, normal with children. Any more questions from the room? If not, I have a question, actually. You mentioned the influence of TV advertisements. There are, in fact, Germany is one of the countries that I know discussing to reduce the impact of these TV advertisements. How effective do you see these type of measures? Yes, I think that in effect, there are rules and some cases, guidelines for TV advertising. In some cases, it is avoided for specific TV program dedicated to children to show food advertising, because in the most of the case, are dedicated to high-caloric food to unhealthy food. But we have also considered that not only TV is an exposure to this kind of advertising, also in the internet, social media are an important factor and it is very difficult to have a control on children about these media, these advertising. But the effect of the restriction of the time dedicated to this kind of advertising had a good effect. It is the only way to reduce the effect of this kind of advising on children. Thank you. Any online questions? Okay. Okay, so we're gonna start with Fabio, so we're gonna thank you very much, Fabio. Okay, we're gonna move. You can see it. Okay, okay, okay. Fabio. Sorry, we have an anonymous. Another anonymous. An anonymous was waiting. It's too empty. Yes, also, also. The match protein are also associated with increased risk of developing childhood obesity. And of course, it is important also the quality of protein because protein that come from the legumes, for example, are different from protein for animal. A little about, about Nordic diet. Nordic diet is associated with a low risk of obesity specifically in order that there are a few studies about the association with children. The difference is with the Mediterranean diet is the principal source of oil that in Mediterranean diet is olive oil, while in the Nordic diet is seed oil that is largely used for cooking and backing because an iron is possible to cook at higher temperature than extra virgin olive oil. But both are based on consumption of fruit, vegetables and food rich in protein and in complex sugar.