 fluctuates always as trademarks. Words? Yes. Beaf, yeah. Closer with people. Refunctional analysis and treatment of bizarre vocalizations in an adult. It's schizophrenia. There you all have fun. By Wilder, Masuda, O'Connor, and the irony of all of this is that I can't pronounce this last name. Bahum, Bahum, Bahum. If you're watching this, Bahum, or Bahum, whoever you are, Melinda, please correct us in the comments down below. This is one of these really awesome bizarre vocalizations in people with schizophrenia. Literally, things like, Marsupials scare me. Bah, watch out for the elephants. Like, weird. Like, just completely bizarre vocalizations. So they treated them. They were successful. They used a reversal design. Sometimes the articles speak for themselves and interpretation of the article could ruin the darn thing. This is one of those awesome articles like that. Printed in the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis. I want you to know it's a really short one. One, two, three, and two-thirds pages. Done. So science doesn't have to be long-winded like me. It can be short, like, and should be, and functional, which we'll talk about FCT in another video. Anyway, 2001, for our channel, we're getting up there in years now. So they did a functional assessment on the vocalizations and basic functional analysis on the vocalizations and basically found that attention seemed to be influencing the bizarre vocalizations. Or at least, maybe possibly maintaining or having a role in that. So they wanted to mess with it and get under control. So they did a reversal design. But first, of course, you have to do the whole defining this. Define the bizarre vocalizations as random and unrelated to the content. Give me examples. I go swimming in September because it's spring. I drink beer when he goes swimming. No, that's related shit. What would be unrelated to that? Bahamas. Right? You get the idea, folks. Like, it's just bizarre stuff, stuff that's unrelated to the context. Now, this particular person had specific ones that they did things like Bruce Lee. And he talked Bruce Lee. What else did he talk about? He talked about the FBI. Oh, the FBI. Yeah. Because they're always watching. Anyway, so they had a class series of these responses that were like that. So they put it on extinction and reinforced alternative responses. What was the alternative response? It was anything that was appropriate, which was literally defined as anything that wasn't bizarre. So there was a lot of flexibility with this particular experiment, if you will, or this treatment. But they were highly successful. They reduced the data reversal, right? So you got the baseline and they had the problem. You had the bizarre vocalizations were up. They reduced those down to almost nothing when they were in the treatment phase. At the same time, the appropriate vocalizations went up. And then they flipped everything, right? So genuine reversal. So it completely flipped and went back to the bizarre vocalizations being up there and appropriate ones being down. And then they ended, of course, on the DRA plus extinction thing and ended up really well. Like data is absolutely amazing. There's like no variation in it, which makes you wonder how perfect it really is. So but anyway, what's the point? Well, it extends evidence from the 1950s and the 1970s that at least some of schizophrenic behavior has some sort of social component to it and that you might be able to reinforce some of these behaviors. Now, I thought it was interesting that even in 01 that they were focusing on a DRA alternative here, they weren't just punishing their vocalizations at all. They were reinforcing appropriate ones and the other one and then the other one's time for any phenomenon extinction. Surprise, surprise, which it's a form of, I guess in an interesting sense, it's a form of FCT, which again, we keep talking functional communication training, which we might talk about in another video might. We will all even be wearing the same clothes. Anyway, so yeah, so that's it. I don't know what else to say. This is one of those really quick articles. So it's awesome. It's really cool. And look at the other literature on schizophrenia from the 70s and even the late 50s. There was some cool stuff on actual hallucinations or reporting to hallucinations. There's some other stuff out there too. So keep that in mind. ABA isn't just focused on one narrow area. It has broad implications and schizophrenia is one of those implications. So but it's not going to treat alone. This kid was on medication all the time too. Anyway, that's it. See you. Bye. Purple