 Dear students, in this module we are going to discuss a very important aspect of the role of socialization. It's a very classical debate between the nature versus nurture. What is important for the human socialization? Is it something that has to do with our inheritance, with our biological factor or is it the society that makes us human beings? Human refers to the process of learning culture norms, values and beliefs. The debate between nature and nurture focuses on the extent to which biology and genetics versus socialization shape the human behavior and development. In this debate, there is a lot of people's interest in the field of sociology and sociobiology. What are the aspects of the human socialization process that exist in nature or in nature? And what are the aspects that we can say exclusively that are part of the human socialization process? For example, twin studies are often used to help understand the relative contribution of nature versus nurture to human development, like identical twins who share the 100% of genetic material can be compared to fraternal twins who share only 50% of their genetic material but are still raised together in the same environment. So, it's very interesting that twins are identical and share 100% of genetics. Despite this, in their behavior, in their attitudes, in their practices, you get a lot of differences. Their interest can be different, their emotional expressions can be different and even their biological features can be different. Then we see that how this becomes an area of interest within the context of Pakistan. So, in Pakistan, nature versus nurture is important to understand that we can develop a sociological gaze about it. To that particular lens that how, where biology affects or where socialization affects. Why is it important? Because in our society, typically, on the top of many people, it is labeled that this he or she acquired this habit because of the biological factors. And that becomes very interesting and rather questionable that whether that really has to do something to do with the biology or it's a part of sociological or socialization aspect. The debate between nature and nurture is ongoing and has implications for understanding the human behavior and development. It's a never-ending debate. Some of the claims are being validated and verified by the proponents of nurture. The others are validated by the proponents of nature. So, socialization is our dynamic and ongoing process that also continues throughout the lifespan. So, as it is said that this socialization process goes on and on. There are many changes in it. It's not that the human behavior is constant. Once you learn something, you can't unlearn it or relearn it. Since it's a dynamic process, it's very interesting to focus on the socialization process while understanding the human behavior. So, socialization can be intentional or unintentional and it occurs throughout the variety of mechanisms including family, peer group, education and media. However, it doesn't mean that the nature or biological factors have nothing to do with the human beings. These are also important because human beings are endowed with the capacity to think and having emotions and learning certain skills which are absent in other species. So, it's a mosaic of these two aspects like nature and nurture that makes us human beings.