 If we go back a few years, really to the mid-20-teens, I'd say all the way until 2019, but certainly 2015, 16, 17, El Salvador was the murder capital of the world. There were more murders in El Salvador's per capita, per hundred thousand, which is the way they measure these things, than any place in the world by far. I mean, it had a huge lead. I mean, we're talking about more people being killed by violence in El Salvador than in Afghanistan or in Pakistan, which have terrorists or more than in Mexico or Brazil that have gangs and have warfare. And there were, again, there were a wide variety, large numbers, large number of places that are very violent in the El Salvador stood out as extraordinary. In 2015, El Salvador motorway peaked at 103 per hundred thousand. That is almost double. I think the, today, if you look at today's list, the U.S. Virgin Island actually has the highest motorway, Jamaica, let's take Jamaica as the highest motorway in the world as of 2020. Yeah, the U.S. Virgin Islands numbers are very old. But as of 2020, Jamaica has the highest motorway per hundred thousand and it's 44.7. So that is half, less than half, of what El Salvador was in 2015. There was a slow decline in motors from 2015 to 2016, 17, 18, 19, actually pretty dramatic when it comes to motorways. It went from 103 in 2015 to really 36 in 2019. And a lot of that, yeah, we'll talk about what caused that. But since then, since then, the rate of change has been, and particularly over the last year, the rate of change has just been phenomenal. That is in 2019, it was 36 that then dropped in 2020 to basically 19.7. But in 2022, motors in El Salvador, the homicide rate in El Salvador per hundred thousand dropped to 7.8. Now, 7.8 makes El Salvador, you know, very close to the United States in terms of safety. You know, it's a little bit more violent than the U.S. as a whole, but you know, less violent than Pennsylvania, less violent than North Carolina, less violent than Georgia or Maryland or Illinois or Tennessee or Alabama or South Carolina or Arkansas. You know, but as violent as Indiana and Michigan. So, you're seeing this dramatic decline in homicide in El Salvador from being double the highest rate in the world to being like a pretty much close to an average state in the United States. Not quite, you know, as low as European countries with significant lower than the U.S. Or even lower countries like Japan. You know what, anybody know what Japan's homicide rate is per hundred thousand? So, if El Salvador was 100, it's now 7.8 U.S. in 2020. So, it spiked up to 6.6. It's probably a little higher today because it's been on an upswing. What do you think Japan is? Jennifer says one, anybody else wanna take a bet? Apollo says 0.1. All right, so one and 0.1. Anybody else under one? All right, so everybody's kinda in the ballpark, but the person is actually the closest is Apollo. It's 0.2, 0.2. So, a quarter of what you're predicting Gale, so Gale says 0.8. So, 0.2, South Korea was 0.6, but I think most recently it's also 0.2. So, Singapore is also around 0.2. You know, pretty amazing. These are the safest places in the world. You know, put aside in place like Monaco that are just tiny. But Singapore, Luxembourg, Senegal is way down there as one of the safest Oman, Macau. Japan is 0.2, Hong Kong is 0.3. So, interesting. Anyway, so let's go back to El Salvador. So, something happened between 2015 and 2019 and something seems to happen between 2019 and 2021 the motor rate was 17.6. But then from 2021 to 2022 and to today, something even more dramatic has happened. And that is what is interesting. So, first let's try to talk a little bit about 2015 to 2019. 2015 to 2019, I would argue. So, let's first talk about why there's so much motor in El Salvador. There's so much motor in El Salvador because El Salvador is basically be dominated by two gangs. You probably all heard about one of the most brutal gangs in all of, maybe the most brutal gang in all of the Americas and that is MS-13. MS-13 is based in El Salvador and it dominates crime in El Salvador but it does have a competitor. Barros, something like that, also with a number. So, basically two gangs dominate in El Salvador. They run everything. Some of it is drugs. El Salvador is on the corridor that brings, particularly cocaine from Colombia up to America. But so a lot of countries, and they haven't been quite as filled with violence as El Salvador has. El Salvador has these two gangs and basically what has happened, these gangs were established in the 1990s and since the 1990s through the 2000s, what has happened is these gangs have basically been able to carve out themselves as their own tax collectors, enforcers, in a sense their own competing governments to the main government that's out there. They make most of their money, not from drugs, but from protection money. They basically collect money from local businesses. It's a very poor country, they can't collect a lot, and of course because it's a very poor country, there's competition for everybody you can collect from so they constantly fight over this and they are constantly slaughtering and killing each other and everybody else and they fill in a vacuum where the state does not exist. The state does collect taxes as well from businesses and individuals. The state has provided in the past nominal policing but only nominal and basically have left the gangs to rule, particularly the poor areas of town, the police have focused on the wealthier areas of town, are protecting the rich and connected and politically connected and basically left the people to fend for themselves. What you have here is real anarchy, alternative private police forces, alternative governance mechanisms and they fight it out. And this fighting, and of course as part of the fight, innocent civilians get killed all the time. And indeed, I would argue that any place in which the state basically retreats from and nominally their laws and nominally there's police force and nominally there are taxes and enforcement. But basically, we retreat from certain neighborhoods, we retreat from certain areas, we retreat from certain places. What you get in those places is a massive increase in crime and violence and gang warfare. And what you get is the creation of gangs. Basically gangs are entities that use force, use force that exert force. They are entities that are trying to establish over their little geographic area a monopoly over the use of force. And given that the monopoly over the use of force that's supposed to be there, the legitimate monopoly over the use of force which is government has stepped out, they fill in the vacuum with alternative, alternatives, right, alternatives for a monopoly over the use of force. And of course there's competition, right, it's markets. It's not markets, but I'm using the anarchist term for it. They're markets, so you get a rise in alternatives who are trying to each provide a means of a monopoly over the use of force and collecting protection money, protection which is what government collects, right? It collects taxes which is supposed to provide you with protection. So what you get in a sense, I should have put anarchism in the title and then I would have got, I think more views we would have got all the anarchists coming. But what you get is competition which is basically competition with guns and you get is violence. And the violence sometimes peaks, peaks, it accelerates the massive levels as it did in 2015 but at the end of the day violence is out of control violence is not in the interest of the gangs. It's constant warfare, people feel threatened. So they once in a while rain in the violence and you get a moderate reduction of violence in 2016, 2017, 2018. Still in 2018 El Salvador has the highest motor rate in the world at 51 per hundred thousand but it is half of what it was at its peak. But that's because gangs are raining it in, it's costly for business to have too much motor and it rains in but it's still, in spite of that costing you business and business in quotes it's still true that violence is out of control. Highest in the world. 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