 Yes, hi. Good evening, everybody. Thanks for having me here on the call. So I think I need Susan's help now with pulling that presentation up. Okay, there we are. Good. So those are the points I want to walk you through today. Your quick objectives of the study, again, then the station development, the websites that were created, and then most of the time will be dedicated towards showing you some of the data that we've been gathering. Next slide, please. Okay, so Dr. Turner already nicely summarized this. There are several objectives covered by these programs. The first one is to monitor greenhouse gases released from the footprint of the city with a goal to assess the city's path towards sustainability. The second point was to monitor primary oil and gas emissions and then to provide these data and interpretations to the public and as well to the research community, industry partners, and so forth. Next slide, please. And we are monitoring quite an array of different atmospheric variables. Most of these are atmospheric gases and I've listed them here again. So these include carbon dioxide, methane, a whole series of volatile organic compounds, so abbreviated as VOCs. And we'll see several of those further down. Then we're monitoring nitrogen oxides, we're monitoring ozone, also particulate matter or aerosols, and then meteorological variables, and then the sites also have webcams. And all of these measurements are conducted automated, continuous, and year round at very high time resolutions, so managed to one hour time resolutions. Next slide, please. This is an overview of the timetable of the progress we've made. The first phase was identifying sites, designing the website, identifying the type of buildings and structures we needed. It took quite a while for the buildings to go into place and then be provided with power and internet. Then the first location at the airport became available for us to move in in September and we pretty much got everything up and running within a few weeks. And ever since the systems have been producing data. The second site at the Union Reservoir, the building became available in December. It took us about six weeks to get all systems up and running, and ever since both sites have been reporting data continuously. Next slide, please. Again, this is where the sites are located, and I need to familiarize you with the abbreviations we're using here. LMA stands for Longmont Municipal Airport. You'll see that down in the presentations a lot. And that site is located on the southeast corner of the airport where there's asterisks. Oh yeah, thank you for pointing this out. So it's been the fenced area of the airport. And it turned out to be a really nice location. We like that it's nicely protected and guarded. And the next slide then I think shows again the infrastructure. It's a trailer and measurement tower right next to that. You saw that already. The tower accommodates the meteorological sensors, inlets for the gas measurements. And then on the left you see the instrumentations inside the shelter, which in this case monitors for ozone, methane, carbon dioxide, and then computers, communication systems, data logging. And so forth. Next slide, please. And moving on to the Union Reservoir. So we're right there where the star is put on the map. It's within the park area. And again, what's nice, it's a gated area. So the park staff are keeping an eye on it. So it's in the southwest corner of the Union Reservoir. And here the abbreviation we're using is LUR for Longmont Union Reservoir. Next slide, please. And again, that shows the building itself. So this is a hard permanent structure put in place. Again, with a tower right next to it. And on the right side you can see the reservoir in the background. This gives you an idea about the distance to the water edge, which is about 20, 30 meters or something like that. Next slide. There's a much higher number of instruments in this facility, since we're doing the farmer measurements here. Air results are being sampled from the left side that shows the aerosol equipment. That's a sampling stack that goes straight through the roof of the building. And then again, a tower with meteorological sensors, gas inlets. And then the center picture shows the instrumentation. And here we're monitoring ozone, nitrogen oxides, VOCs, methane, CO2, and again, equipment for communication, data logging and so forth. Next slide, please. Okay, so those two sites here with a double red circle, those are the two Longmont sites. And what I'd like to point out is that there's actually no part of a regional network and what makes this really valuable and what adds high value is that we have these comparison opportunities. Since we're doing simultaneous monitoring now in two sites in Broomfield, as well as the border reservoirs in the upper left corner. And we've learned a lot about what's happening in Longmont by comparing these observations. And I'll show you a lot of these type of comparisons. And it's also, of course, nice, this is all under one roof. So this allows us to build these with very consistent measurements for these comparisons. Next slide, please. And then we designed websites and some of you may have seen this by now. This is the site dedicated for the Longmont air quality observations. And it has seven tabs that you can see at the top. They are the webcam images from the two sites. They're updated every 30 minutes. Then there are tables that show the meteorological data, the current data, the past eight hours, the maximum over the last 24 hours. And there are tables that report the chemical measurements. And then at the bottom is the same for the Union Reservoir. Next slide, please. Besides that site, we also, just over the last month, generated a sister site, so to speak, that then provides these observations from all these other sites that I just showed on the map, site by site in one set of graphs. So this shows the methane, the ozone and nitric oxide data. There's ways more of these plots on the same website, but you can see with the color traces, then how the data from the Longmont site, so that's LMA and LUR, compared to the observations being made at the same time in these other locations, which gives you an idea of how you experience high levels, low levels, average levels and so forth. Next slide, please. So we are currently managing websites from these three different monitoring programs in Longmont, in Broomfield and at Boda County. And they're all shown here just with some screenshots. And what I'm listing here also are the visits, and the site visits where we have counters, visit counters on these sites. And what I find remarkable is that actually right now, Longmont has taken the first place. It's the busiest site, gets the most visits of all these other sites. I mean, they're all pretty busy and being well-recognized. But just over the last two months, we've gotten 2,000 visits on the Longmont sites, about 1,000 a month, 30 a day, roughly like that on average. Next one, please. And then we just generated this site, which is a data analysis tool. This is just a screenshot to give you an idea of what you can do here. You can select in the left panel, the sites that you want to investigate. And then on the right side, you can select the variable that you want to plot. Then you have a time window. You can select the start date and the end date, and then just click go. And then it will generate graphs with these data, all plotted together. And in the following, I will now show you many, many graphs that were generated with this tool. So let's move forward to the next slide. Okay. So let me walk you now through some of the data examples, data we've gathered so far. And I want to start out with ozone. Again, ozone, it's of quite some concern in this region. Since we are in a non-natainment area for the ambient ozone standard. And it's a secondary pollutant. So again, it's not emitted directly, but it's formed in the atmosphere during the day. And you need sunlight for that. It's a photochemical reaction with atmospheric precursors of nitrogen, oxides and VOCs. And given the dependence on lights, you get more of that in the summer when you have more light and longer days. And ozone is a strong oxidant and it impacts your respiratory system. So elderly children, people with respiratory illnesses are even more so affected than the average person. In the bottom, you can see the data from February through just a few days ago, ozone from the two monitoring sites here in Longmont. And you can see we've exceeded the, this ambient national air quality standard on quite a number of occasions. And I will explain that a little bit more. So let's move on to the next slide, please. This is now zooming into one of these records. This is three days of ozone data. And again, what you see here are the data from the four sites that currently report ozone. And you can see it goes up and down up and down every day. The lows are at night. The highs are in the early afternoon. And again, the dotted line is the standard. And just a few days ago on the 21st, you can see that ozone at all of these sites exceeded the standard. And you see how similar ozone behaves at these different sites. So ozone, it's a regional pollutant. It takes a while for it to build up. It moves around during the time. So it's not like, you know, if you look at the border or a street corner where there's much more ozone than a block away, it's a regional pollutant. And we all experienced very similar levels here. However, on average, the highest level we've seen so far at the Boda Reservoir and at Longmont Airport, you can see that here as well. That's where the ozone peaked on the 21st. So let's keep going to the next slide. What's important to understand is that the health standard is defined as the eight hour moving average. So when you get ozone readings that pop above the 70 ppb threshold, it doesn't mean that you violate the standard because this event may be rather short. So in the top graph, you see these spikes that go over the dotted line, which is the standard. And then the smoother line and it's enlarged in the bottom graph. That's the eight hour average standard. It's the eight hour moving standard. And you can see that during this time window in June, there were two days where the standard was actually exceeded. So this is a real exceedance of the standard. Whereas, you know, you may have short term spikes over the line that would not be considered an exceedance of the standard. But still we put this line in the graphs to give you an anchor point where the standard is in relation to the current ozone level. Next slide, please. I want to also show you a very interesting situation we had to help you understand what's driving ozone in this region. So this was, not just a couple of weeks ago, early July, three days of data. And you see ozone goes up, goes down, goes up. But why? What's happening here on the 10th? What happened on the 10th? Ozone goes up as usual during the morning and then why? It took a nosedive right around noon, bottomed out, you know, and it was heading ways high to exceed the standard that day, but then it collapsed. So let's take the next slide. And that shows you nicely the value of just the meteorological observations. What I have here now in the second and third graph are the wind speed and the wind direction measurement from that same period and that blue line then shows you what happened during this episode when ozone dropped. You can see what happened. Well, it got really windy. The winds, you know, there was pretty mild, moderate, one, two meters per second. That's the second graph. And then, whoa, right around noon, winds got really, really strong. And now look at the bottom graph. The winds shifted. So it was easterly winds and very abruptly they shifted to the west and then they flipped back to the east, right? Yes, thanks for the cursor help. Perfect, yes. So, you know, this is actually really interesting because, you know, we sometimes hear opinions out there stating that, you know, ozone is due to background or high ozone background and ozone moving in from outside of the state. You know, as, but you can see here as the winds move west and transport comes straight over the mountain. You know, ozone drops down to 50, 55, you know, we're in a much cleaner ozone environment and then ozone shift back to the east. You get flow from east of the city and bang, it goes way up again and it exceeds the standard on that day. It shows you how sensitive our ozone conditions are to the transport conditions at any particular time of day. Next slide, please. Okay, so ozone summary, what have you learned about ozone? So, ozone is monitored at both the airport and the reservoir. So far this season we had had four days with exceedance of the national ambient ozone air quality standard. The exceedances at the airport have been slightly higher than at the Union Reservoir and most times there's higher ozone in easterly winds than in westerly transport. So let's move on to the next species. And that's methane. This shows the methane results. And so again, methane, what's the deal with methane? So methane is a very strong climate gas. It's the second strongest warming force causing global warming and it has quite a variety of sources. They're indicated in these pictures up there. So in the region here where we are, it appears that, you know, oil and gas is really the dominant sources, dominant source, contributing source from methane. At the bottom, now you see the graph of the methane data and it shows methane for the reservoir, for the airport, also in Boulder. And then later this spring, ozone came on light in Broomfield and that's the green data. So you can see it goes up and down, up and down, up and down, lots and lots of spikes. And you see a lot, a lot of purple. And purple is purple spikes are higher than what the spikes we see at the airport and what we see at the reservoir. And if you go to the next slide, I think I have that blown up there. So there you see now maybe some 20 days or so. And you see, you know, it's the bottom of the data as always the same, because there's a background in methane that's very uniform across the globe, but then on top of the background, you see these spikes. And they're very short. You know, they're just a few minutes, half an hour or something. And you can see most of the spikes are in purple. So at the Union Reservoir, we see a far higher frequency and higher resulting concentrations in methane than at any of the other sites. Next slide, please. This is a comparison of the six months of data between the Boat of Reservoir, the airport and the Union Reservoir. And you can see the green box whisker plots where the middle line is the median, the box is from 25 to 75 percentile. And the top of that whisker, that's the 95 percentile. So you can see every month of that period, Union Reservoir had the highest methane, both in the median, both in the extreme values, the Longmont Airport, the worst in between, and the Boat of Reservoir, the blue data had the lowest methane overall. And then the next slide, you know, shows the likely explanation for that, which is the proximity to the oil and gas development. So all these dots and they are on the map, oil and gas wells. And you can see the Union Reservoir is the closest, the airport, possibly the second, the second closest and the Boat of Reservoir is about the furthest away. And that nicely correlates with these distribution and the methane data we are seeing. So next slide, please. And to show you how dynamic this can be, it's a really interesting event. And this actually has been the highest methane spike we've ever seen, both in three years at the Boat of Reservoir, three months in Broomfield so far. And this occurred on March 26. And within just a few minutes, there was a spike from about two PPM background values all the way to 32 PPM. So 15 times as high. And you can see this just lasted 15 minutes. And then it came down a gun and it was pretty much normal. So the spike where it went up just like crazy. Very short, short event. So what happened? Let's look at some other variables that were measured. Thank you. So the bottom two graphs now show the wind direction and the wind speed during that same time window. And you see these dotted lines. So there's this time window. So the wind direction from that, the average across that 15 minutes was 33, 5 degrees. Wind speed two meters per second, which is, you know, it's moderate, but you can really find a pretty well, pretty well of interaction and a transport. So, so wind direction 335 degrees. Let's look at the next slide. And that puts that now on the map. So the star shows where the measurement station is, the monitoring station and the fat arrow in the middle is the 335 degree window. And then I'll put like 15 degrees uncertainty windows on both sides. So that's roughly, you know, where this, the sector from which this methane plume was transported to the union reservoir. And then the circle gives you, you know, how far the transport approximately is within the five minutes transport period given the two meters per second wind speed we had. Okay. The next slide please. Okay. Then we have these data analyzed as wind sectors on the left. These shows the wind roses and on top of the wind roses, the colors show, you know, how the methane is depending on if the wind comes from one direction versus the other. We can also do these heat maps on the right side. So let's just look at the one on the top for the union reservoir. So imagine yourself the station is right in the center of that cross. And you can see that most of the methane, the redder colors occur from winds to the north, slightly to the northwest and a lot from the northeast sector. But there's much lower methane when the air comes over the city to the southwest and further away or at higher winds from the south, from the northwest sector as well. So let's go to the next slide. So that's the summary on methane. So we're collecting very fast data, five seconds high resolution data at both sides. We're seeing a high abundance of spikes. They're often very short in durations. The mean, the median and variability are highest at the reservoir and the elevated concentrations are mostly associated when winds are from the north and from with easterly winds. So that's the methane summary. And let's move on to the VOCs. So the VOCs, we started monitoring at the reservoir in mid-February. So this graph here, it shows in blue, the data from the border reservoir that had been ongoing for two, three years. And then we turned our instruments down at the reservoir and said, wow, what's going on here? We were really surprised because the levels we were seeing in February, March at the reservoir were, as you can tell here, significantly higher than what we'd ever seen at the border reservoir before. And so the component we're looking at here, methane is our favorite oil and gas tracer, because there's really no other significant sources for methane. So you can see, you know, methane was really high, lots of spikes, much, much higher than what we see at the border reservoir. And I think the next slide enlarges this. Yeah. So again, the timeframe for this, very interesting observation. I would say, you know, this beautiful data sets I've ever collected in my career, because there's such a stark change, such a stark difference. In February and March, we see these spikes with 200, 300, 400, 500 parts per billion of methane. And then as you can see as the season progressed, it became less and less and less. And the last part of this record, it's really low. It's about, you know, as much as at the other side. So what's happened? Well, several things happened during this window. We started slowing down with lots of our activities right around March 12th, when the COVID restriction came in place. On March 20th, we started putting this data on the website and everybody out there could see, look, you know, here's methane and other VOCs being monitored at the Union Reservoir. On April 13th, there were articles in the local paper reporting about this air monitoring. And then in April 20th, you know, the oil crisis took a nosedive actually into the negatives, which slowed down production activities. So let's go to the next slide that again compares, you know, this whole window. And I've now added the very, very latest data and actually makes you almost suggest that maybe after a period of two, three months where it was quite moderate, the levels are picking up again possibly. So that was ethyne. Let's go to the next slide. Okay, so another VOC I want to bring up is benzene. Benzene receives a lot of attention because it's one of the VOCs that's recognized as a toxic component and as a carcinogen. And I'm listing here for reference health thresholds that are set by different agencies. So there's nine PPP standard for 24-hour exposure, one PPP for long-term. The World Health Organization claims there's no really safe limit for benzene. So let's keep those values in mind when we look at some data that be on the next slide. But before that also I want to remind you there was a lot of, yeah, the next slide please. There was a lot of attention, a lot of interest paid to benzene just a few months ago because there have been observations of elevated benzene in the region. Just a little bit northeast from Flangmont. These measurements done by CDPHE were one 45-minute measurement of 10.2 PPP was reported. Later that was revised to 14.7 PPP. So that's kind of the scale now to compare our data from the reservoir. So let's go to the next slide. So this shows the benzene from the Union Reservoir and it looks similar to ethane. In February and March there was a lot happening, there was a lot going on. Benzene spikes, many of them in the 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 PPP range and then come April, May it slowed down a lot and you know towards the later part now it looks very similar to what we observe at the Buddha Reservoir and in Broomfield. So let's go to the next slide. I think that compares that again on top and these are zoomed to the same scale, top, the benzene data from the Reservoir, Union Reservoir in purple in February and the bottom in May again compared to Buddha Reservoir and Broomfield site. The next slide please. And this is the very latest, just the last few days, weeks and you can see you know it's leveled down where now the benzene is very similar to what we see at the other locations. The next slide please. So where is this benzene coming from? Where's the benzene coming from? Where was it coming from? In the earlier part of the record. So the four graphs here on the left they show the benzene measurements. These are four hours of data. It shows actually three measurements we have. These were taking every two hours. These blue, the green dots. So first it was low, then it jumped up to, that's the highest value, 8.5 or something. And then two hours later it came down to two. And on the next graph to the right shows the methane plotted together with it, which we can measure at much higher time resolution. And you can see the benzene peak coincided right when there was a spike in methane. So right together on the same. And then we did again what I showed earlier. We looked at the wind direction and the wind speed. And then the map on the right side shows where that spike roughly originated from in terms of wind direction. So this came from the Northwestern sector. So let's go to the next slide. And that now does the same exercise for the 10 highest benzene peaks we observed so far. So you can see all these arrows are Northwest, North and Northeast. Very consistent, very consistent story here that very obviously these elevated benzene spikes have some sort of origin that I would put in the Northwest to Northeast sector. Okay. And the next slide. So this is the summary on the VOCs and the benzene. So we measure VOC, and benzene now hourly. We actually increase the sampling frequencies since these spikes are so short, so frequent to hourly measurements at the Union Reservoir. We saw very high abundance of elevated VOCs and benzene during February through March. We saw quite a number of benzene observations between one and 10 PPP. Benzene at the Union Reservoir was much higher than at all other competitors. Except the single measurements at Broomveld a couple of weeks ago. These elevated levels were mostly associated with Northwest to Easterly winds. And there's a strong correlation of benzene with methane. That indicates that the benzene has likely an oil and gas source. And then levels dropped very steeply in April, May, June, and April, May, June, and maybe just about to pick up again right now. And then I think I have one more slide. Is that correct? Oh, well, two more slides. So, you know, in 30 minutes, I only could give you some snapshots. There are other things we measure, other variables that I didn't even touch in this presentation, but they're up and running. There's some interesting interpretation in those as well. So what I didn't touch today are the slides, the CO2, as well as the particulates, which we measure into different particle sizes. And so personally, now do this sometimes later, or you can call me and we can discuss it offline. And then the next slide, the last slide is a summary that just summarizes everything we went through. And I just leave this up. And that's the last slide I have. So I'd be happy to entertain any questions you may have. All right, do we have any questions? Dr. Waters? Well, I wanted just a really quick, simple question. Is the criteria for where the two sampling stations are located just to get on either side of the city and monitor flows from the edges of the city to the edge of the city? Is that why it's union and the airport? Yes, so, Susan, could you please pull up slide 51? It's a few ones down. Good question. Give me just a minute. Did you want 53? 51, it should be 51. Two up, please. Yes, back one. Yes, yes, yes. So why do we measure it in two places? So the Union Reservoir serves two purposes. As I showed in the map that had all the well locations, the Union Reservoir is on the upwind side of the city from where we expect the strongest influence from oil and gas industries, which are mostly equated to the east of the site. So that was an early preference to have a site somewhere in that general area. And then the western location, as you can see, it's on the other side of the city. And the argument here is that we want to watch how air changes as it travels either east to west or west to east across the city footprint. And easterly and westerly winds are about the two most prominent transport regimes we have here. So this is largely driven by the motivation to monitor and watch over time the amount of emissions that's added to the air as the air travels to the city with the objective to watch the change in emissions and here in particular in greenhouse gas emissions from the city footprint. So this is driven, motivated by sustainability arguments and the city has set itself the goal to drive greenhouse gas emissions down. So how do you monitor if and how the city is moving towards this goal? So this is actually really difficult to do. But one of the things you can do is this map here, this cartoon by watching how much is added as the air moves over the city. So we're doing exactly the same measurements in both locations using the same instruments, the same techniques, the same protocol for the primary greenhouse gases which are CO2 which I didn't talk about at all really in the presentation then methane and also ozone. So in between those three gases we have about 75-80% of the climate forcing of gases that are contributed by human activities through global climate forcing. So we're watching all those and if the city achieves its sustainability goal and cuts all this greenhouse gas emissions down to zero then we should see the same behavior and very, very similar levels in air as it travels across the city. And these are the two reference points that would be used for that comparison. And we already have, I didn't show it, but we've pulled data and compared data from the two sides. And we nicely see how levels change as the air gets transported over the city footprint. All right. I thought the information was really good, Dr. Helmick, thank you. Any other final questions or comments? All right, Dr. Helmick, as always your information and knowledge is more than welcome here in Laumont and we look forward to future updates, reports and work from you. Thanks for letting me share this with you tonight. All right, great.