 This is Dr. G.K. Prakash. Natrol is from Manipal Hospital, Malaysia. A brief outlook on the urine. Urine is such an important liquid in the body wherein the kidneys do this job of excreting the urine, day in and day out, 24 bar, 7, 365 days, as all of you know. Out of the 180 to 200 liters of filtration of blood that takes place, ultimately we tend to have around 1.5 to maximum 1.5 to 2 liters of urine. And urine can be of different colors. I would just talk a little bit about the color of the urine. Urine as it is in general in normal individuals is generally light yellow in color or to amber color. So, this is what most of us, majority of us have seen urine to be light yellow or sometimes even very clear. There are certain conditions which can give rise to various colors, different colors. So, the common conditions wherein these colors can be there in the urine ranges from consuming diet which can give rise to a different color, drugs can give rise to a different color and disorders of the kidney also can give rise to different colors. If you have to talk about a diet, basically the coloring agents which are being used to the food items also can give rise to color, coloring of the urine. And then commonly if you have to speak beetroot and the rhubarb, senna or sometimes even the black berry which they consume can give rise to orangeish or reddish color to the urine. So, these are some of the very common food items which can give rise to the color which could be orangeish or reddish color. Coming to the next group of items which can give rise to coloration of the urine would be drugs. Commonly the drugs which are used are the vitamins, vitamins can also give rise to the color orange or reddish color. And then there are some anti tubercular drugs which can also give rise to the coloration. One of the examples could be commonly used anti tubercular drugs in the form of refabricant. And then there are some anti convulsions of people who take drugs for seizures or fits in the form of phenytoin that also can give rise to this color. And the common antibiotics the nitrofurentine or the sulphur drugs also can give rise to coloration of the urine. Coming to these two first two groups which I said the diet and the drugs can also generally give rise to this orange or pink color of the urine is what we can get. And the third large group would be due to diseases of the kidney. Diseases of the kidney could be just simple infection. Infection meaning urinary tract infection can give rise to a distinct color. And then commonly the nephritis what we say nephritis can give rise to brownie reddish brown color or smoky color can be due to the nephritis. The third big group which can be due to disease of the kidney would be in the form of breakdown of the muscle. Sometimes people who exercise excessively also can break the muscle tissue and also give rise to urine which is again reddish brown. And the other big group would be due to the hemoglobin which can be broken down in the body even as to hemoglobin urine but also can give rise to reddish brown color. There are ways and means to distinguish these individual conditions which I said about the disease of the kidney which can give rise to the reddish brown color. So, the sediment will tell you something different if the urine sediment if you take some ML of urine in a test tube and then allow it to stand for some time then you will get different shades of color. Based on that we distinguish the blood or the reddish brown color due to the kidney disease proper versus the other conditions of the kidney which can give rise to reddish brown color. Coming to some interesting colors what we have seen rarely we see also white ischurin. White ischurin also could be due to the infection per se or sometimes the salt in the urine in the form of phosphates also can give rise to or even fat. Or the lymph what can give rise to what is known as milk urine is also called as chyluria. The other interesting colors in the urine of the urine could be pink color whenever there is uric acid crystal deposition crystal precipitation or that also can give rise to pinkish color. Then the pink color also is quite often seen again due to infections and drugs and a very rare color which we have seen is about disorder in the system wherein it can give rise to blackish color. Due to a condition known as alkaptinuria can give rise to this black color. And of late we have also seen a lot of talk about in the social circles about red urine. Red urine was a red herring to most people and it was most talked about in the social media. Red urine is not the one which we commonly see but there was a case report wherein a young lady was used to applying lipstick almost 25 to 35 times a day and she probably had obsessive disorder wherein she would apply that almost 25 to 30 times a day and then she was noticed to have a red colored urine and it was finally analyzed and found that this was all because of the absorption of this lipstick which was used excessively and then once she stopped using it they found that the urine was no longer reddish color. So, what is important here is to note is that your simple concentrated urine also can give rise to yellowish color. So, it is advisable for all of us and this yellowish color what I was trying to say about the urine getting concentrated when you do not consume enough fluid. Dehydration also can give rise to yellowish color and one need not be worried that it is abnormal. Invariably what we see is because of the poor concentration of urine due to lack of enough fluid intake. So, I would advise you people to make sure that you consume enough fluid whenever it is possible at least before you go to bed and make sure that your urine is not in any of the abnormal color as I just spoke about. Thank you.