 Yeah, so what I'd like to do now is concretize the general principles ideas and institutions that you've both now so eloquently talked about and for the sake of our students, I'd like you both to identify some of the the pinnacles the high points of Western civilization Particularly in the in the humanities and in the arts, so I'd like now to ask each of you to identify one work of philosophy literature music painting and architecture that you think symbolizes the hot the best the high points of Western civilization so Well philosophically you one has to I think has to start with Aristotle and and then the Enlightenment the Enlightenment thinkers whether it be John Locke or even some of the French encyclopedias of the 18th century I think that that they are the ones that really Created the modern world from an ideological perspective And I would add I ran to that list of Philosophers because I think she is crucial to the preservation of those ideas in the modern era But they are the ones that created Western civilization from a philosophical perspective You know starting with the cards and and and on into the Enlightenment What was it philosophy? Philosophy literature so literature. I think literature peaks in in the in the 19th century I would say I mean my favorite and I think who represents Represents much of the spirit of Western civilization would be Hugo in in in in France Victor Hugo a book like Lemons and Robles on 93 with big clashes of values and big emotions and and fighting for values you believe in and and You know and recognizing the importance of individuals and the importance of individual values and being willing to fight for those Individual values. I think I think is crucial in sculpture. I would say you know to me nothing beats Michelangelo's David it predates in a sense the philosophical understanding of what the Enlightenment or what Western civilization? constitutes but it represents that courageous individual it represents facing reality boldly with courage as An individual standing up to to Giants right standing up to Goliath while it's a biblical story There's nothing in the sculpture itself that is of faith or religion. It is a few Purely, you know secular peace both materially and spiritually and I think it where it kind of foreshadows it foreshadows the spirit of the founding fathers in establishing this country it foreshadows that idea of Pursuit of happiness a pursuit of values of freedom All in that all in that sculpture architecture You know, I would say that would be later in the in I would say it would be somebody like Frank Lloyd Wright Who is breaking them old doing something new? Presenting an architecture for a modern world for a world engage very individualistic Homes that are different homes that are designed for a client in a particular place Taking into account the environment very much taking into account the personal personal values personal and the freedom to be able to Create something new and to break them old from the past and yet something that's very functional and it has a beautiful Aesthetic so the combination of Functionality and aesthetic value comes together. I think in Frank Lloyd Wright. So I think all of those are representative of a You know of many many many painters and sculptures and playwrights and novelists who represent what Western civilization? What these ideas have managed to produce? Yeah for a lot sorry great conversation. I like it's like a parlor game this The high points of rest and civilization go anyway. Go on philosophy literature music painting and architecture play to I Think that that's about it Philosophy I mean it's it's extraordinary literature The works of Shakespeare Some genius Miracle of those plays and I would couple them and you'll notice that almost all my responses are earlier a Lot earlier I will couple that with the essays of Michel de Montaigne Which you may not have heard of but which you can get anywhere they are extraordinary Funny erudite Individualistic philosophical they range from from all sorts of topics from big ones to tiny ones and in Montaigne and Shakespeare The thing that you notice is and you see this particularly in Shakespeare Even the little minor figures They're fully realized characters What you see in the West is the value and increasing value of the individual character their personality What makes them different not whether they're virtuous or not? Not whether they fit into some mold or other but just because they're themselves as value in themselves even when you laugh at them even when you're Despise them. There's an individuality here and that really that's that's rare in the world. I think you see it first Really in weirdly enough in Augustine in his confessions, which is a shockingly modern understanding of his own life and relationship to God Architecture I always imagine being a Medieval peasant on a pilgrimage and you're walking to a pilgrimage to a Cathedral Chartres Cathedral in France and you see it looming in the distance all the normal buildings are small and wooden and destructible and then suddenly what looks like this extraordinary towering spaceship has just arrived on earth and Inside you go into this cavernous world of different lights of The stained glass windows changing your perception of reality of the sacred at the altar This if you if you have never been to Chartres Cathedral in your life Put it on your bucket list. It's an astonishingly beautiful thing to experience viscerally personally Painting I think I would Split between all of Rembrandt's self-portraits, which are Again incredibly moving and also a function of this this growing sense of a Western understanding of individuality and through time and then I would also place Picasso's Guernica Which was the moment in the 20th century really when During the Spanish Civil War in particular where the sheer horror Warfare Which has defined human societies from the get-go. There was a moment in the West in which This was decided that this was too awful to contemplate anymore, and we have to find a different way of coexisting Was there one more music music? Oh? Allegro is misery. Yeah It's I once I was lucky enough to It's it's it's done in it's Ash Wednesday that it started for it's a Lenten And it's a it's an astonishing thing because it's it's it's one of the few Coral it's all coral. There's no instruments just voices and It's set in four different parts of whichever chapel it's being played in and I remember when I first went to one I've never heard it before and there's a moment in which the treble which is the boys Hits a note that you just did not believe existed on earth Yeah, and The the overwhelming sense of some exquisite exquisite transcendence overwhelms you and I would say that and really um, I mean Anything by Mozart Pretty much, but but for me if I that allegorism is a rarity Is is is a mo is and again, that's a long time ago Yeah, do you know how we have that piece of music in the Western world today? I I know there's a story to it But tell me remind me the story involves the young Mozart so Mozart was in Rome with his father and The Mizorari was only allowed by the Pope to be played in the Vatican and Mozart was there as a very young boy. He was 14 or 15 years old, I believe and he heard it and went back to his apartment and wrote it out by memory and That's how we have a piece of music in the Western world today Was regarded as so So extraordinary that it could only be restricted to the special place precisely And that that tells you something about even then that they understood quite how Specifically beautiful that was yeah Yes, again, I'll be later and more secular In my preferences so in music I would definitely say the peak is the peak of the romantic era with Brahms and Chopin and oh and and yeah, I figured Bob Chopin check off ski anything from Beethoven from Beethoven to the early 20th century to me That is the peak achievement in terms of music and I encourage everybody to try it out Even though it's not not a sexy today. I guess So I'm starting now to detect some differences. Yeah What we need today, but I called a new intellectual would be any man or woman who is willing to think Meaning any man or woman who knows that men's life must be guided by reason by the intellect Not by feelings wishes women's or mystic revelations Any man or woman who values his life and who does not get want to give in to today's of the spare cynicism and impotence and does not intend to give up the world to the dark ages and to the role of the collectivist Using the super chat and I noticed yesterday when I appealed for support for the show many of you step forward and actually Supported the show for the first time so I'll do it again Maybe we'll get some more today If you like what you're hearing if you appreciate what I'm doing then I appreciate your support Those of you who don't yet support the show, please take this opportunity. 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