 We are studying statistics in psychology and in last lectures we gone through how we define our statistics and why statistics is important particularly in psychology. As we know now, statistics is a science of numbers, dealing with the numbers, analyzing data and then making inference about the data and solving real world problems. All these statistics help us and we discussed that statistics are descriptive or inferential and in descriptive we discussed that descriptive statistics mean when we organize data, summarize data and present data. So in last lecture we talked about organizing data and summarizing data and presenting data but today we will formally step by step gain it. So in organizing data, when we collect data, we have so many data points, so first thing we make it a frequency distribution. Frequency distribution is that frequency tells you how many times a number is coming in your data. For example, as you can see on the screen, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 8, 5, 1, 1, 9, 9, 0, 6, 9. So if we calculate the frequency of number 9, we can see that 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 times 9 is working. So in this way we make our frequency distribution by taking and organizing scores in one column and then frequency for each score that is how many times each score is occurring in second column. And frequency distribution basically is an organized tabulation of the numbers of individuals located in each category on the scale of measurement. Frequency distribution. You can present it in numbers or you can present it graphically in frequency distribution and today we will talk about it. Let's take some data and actually construct frequency distribution. For your ease, I have already put everything on the screen but I will explain step by step how we did it. So we have a first column that is x. You can see in your raw data, for example, this is my raw data which has values from 1 to 5. And I have to see how many times each number is occurring. For example, I have written the data in descending order in 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 x column and then I have to see how many times each score is occurring. For example, if you look at 1, it is occurring in 2 data, so I have put its frequency in 2. Similarly, if you look at 2 in x, then how many times it is occurring in 1, 2 and 3 times it is occurring, so I have written its frequency. So when we place two columns, 1 is x and second is f, this is pretty much a frequency distribution. In this, we have made a distribution of scores. That explains how many times each score is occurring in a given data set. Additionally, we can calculate its proportion and its percentage as well. Percentage, of course, you all know that if we have this total f, how much is our n 20? So in frequency distribution, our third column is of proportion and our fourth column is of percentage. Similarly, x and f are to give you a lot of information, but for our convenience, because we have to use this frequency distribution for further analysis, that is why we have to add a definitive column, which I will explain shortly in our next video, why this column is so important. So, it is easy to get its percentage, but proportion means that you will get it out of one. For example, if the total observations are 20 scores and our data points are 20, that means n is 20 and if you want to get its proportion, then you will get it out of 2 by 20, which is 0.1, which we have written and if you want to get its percentage, then you will multiply it further from 100, which is equal to 10 percent. Similarly, for each score, you have got its percentage and its proportion. So you can imagine that in real, when you are collecting data on a real issue, for example, for your thesis, for your group research, data is in hundreds and hundreds. So, when we have such a large data, we can organize it in classes and the advantage of organizing is that we get to know at a glance that in the data, how the scores are spread and in which category more people are coming. We will use frequency distribution further in the next lectures and I will show you how helpful these distributions are for other descriptive kind of functioning or analysis.