 Welcome to the Hindu News Analysis by Shankar Ayes Academy for the Date, 5th November 2020. These are the list of news articles along with the page numbers of five different editions that are taken up for today's discussion. Now, let us begin with our analysis. This news article mentions that the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs has approved a hydropower project in the state of Himachal Pradesh. So in this context, let us see about Cabinet committees, then about the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs and this project from perspective. The relevant syllabus is given here for your reference. Generally, if you see Cabinet means the committee or body of senior ministers who are responsible for controlling the government policy. You might have often come across news that the Union Cabinet has approved so-and-so project or the State Cabinet has approved so-and-so project. So, Cabinet means this. Now, what are Cabinet committees that are established at the central level? See, these are the committees that are established as per the Government of India Transaction of Business Rules of 1961 and know that they are not mentioned in the Constitution. So, they are extra-constitutional bodies. They are basically an organizational device to reduce the enormous workload of the Cabinet. Now, you can compare this with the parliamentary committees where the parliamentary committees try to reduce the workload of the Parliament. Now, let us see the composition of Cabinet committees. See, the Prime Minister selects a team of ministers in the Cabinet and he or she allocates the portfolio. Usually, if you see, Cabinet ministers are only selected as members of the Cabinet committees, but sometimes the non-Cabinet ministers also become members of certain Cabinet committees. Mostly, the Prime Minister heads the Cabinet committees. That is, whenever the Prime Minister is a member of a particular Cabinet committee, then he or she invariably presides over the Cabinet committees. But sometimes, if you see, the Cabinet committees are also headed by other Cabinet ministers like Home Minister or Finance Minister. See, a Cabinet committee can either be set up with a broad mandate or with a specific mandate. In most cases, the Prime Minister sets up different Cabinet committees with select members of the Cabinet and assigns specific functions to such Cabinet committees. This is basically for the smooth and convenient functioning of the Government. So, based on this, there are two types of Cabinet committees. First is the standing Cabinet committees. That is, they are of permanent nature. And second is the ad hoc Cabinet committees. It means, they are of temporary nature. They are constituted from time to time in order to deal with specific issues. See, the Government of India Transaction of Business Rules of 1961 mandates that there shall be standing committees of the Cabinet as set out in the first schedule of these rules. And it also tells that the Prime Minister has the power to amend this particular schedule. See, according to the requirements, we saw that the Prime Minister sets up the Cabinet committees. So, the number, the nomenclature and the composition of these Cabinet committees vary from time to time. So, they are not fixed. So, you need to be thorough with the current affairs in order to know the present set of Cabinet committees. At present, if you see, the schedule lists eight Cabinet committees. And this is the list of those eight Cabinet committees. The functions of these committees are also mentioned in the schedule. Generally, if you see, their function is to facilitate in-depth examination of policy issues and effective coordination. They formulate the proposals for the consideration of the Cabinet and they also take decisions. Know that in all areas that are delegated to the Cabinet committees, normally the decision of the Cabinet committee in question is the decision of the Government of the day. But if you see as per the 1961 rules, any decision taken by the Standing Cabinet Committee or an ad hoc Cabinet committee may be reviewed by the Cabinet. So, it is up to the Prime Minister to decide if any issue decided by a particular Cabinet committee should be reopened or discussed in the full Cabinet. So, this is in brief about the general functions of the Cabinet committee. Now, our focus today is the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs, which is one of the eight Cabinet committees. See, it is one of the most important Cabinet committees and it is headed by the Prime Minister. The members of this particular Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs include the Ministers of Defense, Home Affairs, Finance, etc. These are the other members of this particular Cabinet committee. See, this Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs has many functions as listed in the schedule of the 1961 rules. As I told before, some of the functions include reviewing on continuous basis of matters such as economic trends, integrated economic policy framework for India, etc. And even matters regarding the fixation of prices of agricultural products is one among the functions of the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs. And these are the other functions. If you see based on this Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs, there was a question in 2015 problems. The question is the fair and remunerative price of sugarcane is approved by the correct answer here is optionary Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs. So, from this discussion so far, you can see the importance of the Cabinet committees in specific the importance of Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs. So, this is in brief about the discussion of the Cabinet committees and about the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs that you need to know from prelims perspective. Now, if you look at today's news article, the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs has approved the investment of a particular hydroelectric project. It is called the Luchri Stage 1 hydroelectric project. It is located on a river sattelage. It is situated in the Shimla and Kullu districts of the state of Himachal Pradesh. This particular hydroelectric power project will have a 210 megawatt power generation capacity. And this project is being implemented by the Sattelage Jal Vidyothnigam Limited with active support from the government of India and the state government of Himachal Pradesh. These are some of the benefits of this project, just have a glance. So, from this news article try to know where this particular hydroelectric project is located, that is on which river. This is all about the discussion of this news article. To summarize, we saw about Cabinet committees, then about the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs and then in brief about the news which mentions about the Luchri Stage 1 hydroelectric project. Now, have a look at this practice question. Let us move on to the next news article. This lead editorial article is with reference to fixing the rules of the economy so that it favours the workers and the small businesses in India. Here the author also talks about certain terms like appreciating assets, good markets, the concept of total quality management, etc. So, we will discuss all these aspects in this particular discussion. The relevant syllabus is given here for your reference. First, the author begins this editorial by telling that India has an income crisis, that is the incomes of people who have lesser amount of wealth are too low. So, to come out of this crisis, the economists propose three solutions. One is to free up markets, that is to have free markets. The second is to improve productivity and the third is to apply technology. So, the author of this editorial examines all these three solutions, whether they would help in solving the problem of income crisis or not. So, let us take up the first solution which is to free up markets. To discuss this particular concept, the author first defines good markets. See, in good markets, both the buyers and the sellers have a win-win situation. In good markets, humans are not treated like commodities and they get fair wages for their work. So, this is the concept of good market. Now, if you look at the characteristics of free market, they will not have a clearly written fair contracts between the employers and the workers, which would be available in case of a good market. And these contracts would be regulated by the government. These contracts are part of the rules of the economy that is to be corrected or fixed. So, a free market is about poor wages and poor treatment for the workers. A free market will also not have any sort of fair contracts and it will also not have a proper government regulation. Therefore, the author tells that the free market aggravates, that is, it increases the income crisis. Now, our focus today on this editorial is about the labor markets. In case of labor markets, the economists say that the labor market should be free to attract and increase investments. But if you see freeing up labor markets, one way reduces the burden of wage costs on investors. So, as per this solution, the incomes will further decrease and it will further aggravate the income crisis. So, from this discussion so far, try to know the difference between the good market and free market. In case of a free labor market, the labor's would be at disadvantage. So, the author tells that freeing up the market would aggravate the income crisis. The next solution which we saw was improving the productivity. This is key to economic progress and you all know productivity is a ratio of output to input. See if there is a one unit of input and if the output is larger than this one unit of input, then we can tell that the particular system is having higher productivity and this higher productivity will help a country's economy to progress further. Now, if you look at this editorial, here the author focuses on labor productivity. See this concept of labor productivity is used by economists as a universal measure for the productivity of an economy. Here labor productivity means GDP divided by the number of people in that particular system. That is, it might be a country or an economy. See, both these terms are different. Country means a particular country. The economy can be a group of countries that have a common market. So, labor productivity means GDP by the number of people in the system. So, if the labor productivity has to increase, then the contribution of one unit of labor and the overall labor should increase over a period of time. Only then we can tell that the labor productivity is high. Now, in order to improve the productivity, companies apply two broad strategies. One is by adding more machines and technology to supplement the capacity of workers in order to increase the total output. This is a good strategy, especially for capital rich, that is money rich enterprises and countries. The other strategy is employers try to enhance their workers skills and create a culture of continuous improvement. That is, there will be limited capital resources, but the focus will be on creating more output. So, here the workers and the managers will have to cooperate in order to improve the capability of the existing system. For those students with an engineering background or for those managerial grads, you might have come across this strategy, which is called as total quality management. For those who are not aware, don't worry, it is a simple strategy that is generating more output from limited capital resources. This particular strategy was adopted by the Japanese companies in order to reduce their costs and they improved the quality of their products before 50, 60 years, that is in the 1960s and 1970s. So, here the focus was that the Japanese companies invested in their workers, like giving them better wages, upgrading their skills, having labor-friendly working conditions, so forth and so on. So, the Japanese enterprises became one of the most competitive enterprises in the world. So, here workers have become appreciating assets. Now, why we are telling this because the value of workers, that is the human beings appreciates with the development and improvement in their abilities. If you take machines and buildings, they depreciate over a period of time, that is they will be wear and tear. But human beings develop when treated with respect and when they are provided with environments to learn and upgrade their skills. So, the related norms have to change in order to improve the productivity. So, when the productivity is improved, it will automatically address the income crisis. So, the second solution which is to improve the productivity will address the income crisis. Now, let us come to the third solution which is applying technology, that is using technology in order to produce a good or service. Here, the author notes that India should not follow the western model of technology application. Why? Because it is not conducive to increase the incomes of workers. It will destroy the traditional workplaces, it will lead to mass unemployment, and it will even lead to mass migration. So, there are chances for disruption in the work culture of India. If at all India is going to follow the western model of technology application. The application of technology should be in such a way that it encourages the participation of workers and it increases their income for a long term or else such an application has to be avoided. So, this is what the author tells. So, the conclusion is technology can be applied but it should be applied in such a way in order to encourage the participation of workers and increase their income. So, from the three solutions provided by the economists so far, we can find that improving productivity is conducive to address the income crisis and application of technology with a proper approach is conducive to address the income crisis. But freeing up market will actually aggravate the income crisis. So, this is in brief about the discussion of this editorial. The author concludes this editorial by telling that the government must regulate the work contracts even in the jig economy. We discussed in detail about this jig economy in our second November 2020 the Hindu news analysis. So, please have a look at it to know more about jig economy. So, if the government is able to regulate the work contracts even for the jig economy, then the government would be able to create a good society not only for the investors but also for the citizens. This is all about the discussion of this editorial. In this editorial, we saw the author's analysis of the three solutions that have been proposed by the economists in order to address the income crisis where we saw if they really address the income crisis or not. Now, have a look at this practice question. Let us move on to the next news article. This news article talks about a new initiative that has been launched by the central government to improve the quality of life. This initiative is nurturing neighborhoods challenge. So, let us look at this initiative in detail now. See, it is a three-year initiative that focuses on shaping the cities for young children and their families. It will support the cities to develop, pilot and scale those solutions that enhance the quality of life of young children, their caregivers and families in the public realm. Know that this challenge is hosted by the smart cities mission of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs in collaboration with the Bernard von Leer Foundation of Netherlands and the World Resources Institute India. This challenge enables the Indian cities to adopt an early childhood lens in designing the neighborhood level improvements that will end up in promoting the health and well-being of young children and their caregivers. See, this challenge is basically a two-tier engagement process. In the first stage, 20 cohort cities, that is, 20 cities that have more or less same characteristics will receive technical support and capacity building over six months to do tactical trials and pilots. This will be related to development of streets or public places or parks and gardens, playgrounds, etc. Then in the second stage, 10 winning cities out of these 20 cohort cities will get technical support for two years from the World Resources Institute India, which will be supported by the Bernard von Leer Foundation. And this will be to prepare and implement early childhood oriented projects in the public realm and to prepare and implement long-term policy and institutional changes which would contribute towards enhancing the quality of life of zero to five year old children in those 10 winning cities. So, the selected cities will receive technical assistance and capacity building to do all these following activities. And this is the set of eligibility criteria in order to be qualified as one among the 20 cohort cities. So, this is in brief about nurturing neighborhood challenge. Now, have a look at this practice question. Let us move on to the next news article. Now, let us look at this editorial which has been written by one of the former state ministers in the state of Karnataka, who also happens to be the representative of the state of Karnataka in the GST Council. In this editorial, he talks about the current issues in the center state financial relations. He mainly criticizes the central government for weakening the financial capacity of the states. So, know that this article is basically critical about the central government, but if you see it may help you in your exam since you will get to know many things on center state financial relations from this particular editorial. So, let us look at this editorial from this perspective. The relevant syllabus is given here for your reference. You all know that India is a federal economy and we have imbalances between the functional responsibilities and the financial resources of the central government and the state governments. Here you can think about two types of imbalances. One is the horizontal imbalances and the second is the vertical imbalance. When you tell about horizontal imbalance, it is basically the imbalance between the states. Why? Because we have various states in India that differ in terms of resources in the level of development and in terms of per capita income. So, the horizontal imbalance occurs between different units of government at the same level of government or simply in our case between the states of India. Now, when you talk about vertical imbalance, it is nothing but the imbalance between the central government and the state governments. It usually happens due to disproportionate alignment of the revenue sources. Why? Because every year the expenditure obligations by the state governments increase, but at the same time there is improper alignment of revenue sources. So, on the one hand we have growing expenditure requirements, but on the other hand there is a poor yield of revenue source for the states in India. So, the intergovernmental transfers that is the revenue transfers from the central government to the state governments are an inherent part of a multi-level fiscal system. So, this is where the author concentrates in this particular editorial. He begins the editorial by telling that the financial capacity of the states is structurally being weakened. Why? Because he feels that the resource mobilization from the central government to the state governments have reduced considerably. For example, the ability of the states to expand their revenue has been constrained since the introduction of GST. In our various news analysis in the past, we have discussed elaborately about the current problem where the COVID-19 pandemic has reduced the revenue of the central government and the state governments alike. The tax collection has also seen much decline during this period due to reduced economic activities. At the same time, we have also seen that the center is obligated to provide GST compensation to the state governments for the loss of revenue that is arising on the account of implementation of GST and this compensation is to be provided for a period of five years since the introduction of GST in 2017. So, till 2022, GST compensation has to be provided to the states by the central government. And in the recent months, we also saw how the central government came up with new idea where it gave two options to the state governments to borrow the money in order to provide this particular compensation. And we also saw that both these options were against the wishes of the states and the author is also of the same opinion here. He tells that instead of finding mutually beneficial solutions, the central government has repeatedly opted to undermine the current and the future fiscal capacities of the state governments. Apart from this, he also talks about the systematic cut in the devolution of funds to the state governments by the central government. Here, the term devolution means share of states in taxes raised by the union government. Here, have an idea that the finance commission, which has the constitutional powers, recommend the devolution of funds that the center has to give to the states. Here, the author tells that the central government is not adhering to the recommendations of the commission. He says that the devolutions have been consistently less every year. Between 2014-15 and 2019-20, the states got roughly around 7.98 lakh crores less than what was projected by the finance commission. So, this results in a huge reduction of the fiscal resource capacity of the state governments. And apart from this, the central government is also reducing the pool of funds that is to be shared with the states. See, in order to generate revenue, the central government imposes taxes, seizes, and surcharges. See, a says may be in the nature of tax or fee, but it is imposed for a specific purpose. It is levied until the government gets enough money for that purpose. Examples include education says, Swach Bharat says, etc. And know that Article 270 of Indian Constitution deals with CES. Now, if you look at surcharge, it is basically a tax on tax that is imposed for the purposes of the union, that is the central government. And a surcharge is dealt under Article 271 of Indian Constitution. So, what happens is the proceeds collected from the CES and surcharge that are levied by the union form a part of the consolidated fund of India. Here, the important thing to be noted is that the central government is not required to share the revenue that is generated from the CES and surcharge with the state governments. So, through this method, the center can raise revenues and it need not share with the states, but it is not the same in case of taxes. The central government has the obligation to share the taxes with the states. Here, the author tells that by taking this as an advantage, the central government is resorting to imposing and increasing the CES and surcharges instead of taxes wherever possible. And in some cases, the central government is even replacing the taxes with CES and surcharges. Here, one more thing you need to know, maybe tax or maybe CES or surcharges which replace the tax, it is not going to affect the spending of the consumers. Why? Because the consumers are going to pay the same price as before. For example, if you see the author here has talked about the center's move in reducing the tax and increasing the CES and surcharge on fuel like petrol and diesel. So, as a consumer, we were not able to see any change in prices, but only this tax surcharge component changed. Taxes became less and CES and surcharges increased. So, the center has taken advantage. Why? Because the incomes that are generated from CES and surcharges are not required to be shared with the states. And as a result, the state governments lost out on their share. Here, the author notes that between 2014-15 and 2019-20, CES and surcharges increased from 9.3 percentage to 15 percentage of the gross tax revenue of the central government. So, you can see that the central government has really taken advantage by imposing more of CES and surcharges. So, finally, the author tells that due to the combined effect of reduced devolution and divisible pool to states by the central government and also due to the reduced GST compensation central grants this year, the state governments may experience a fall of 20-25 percentage in their annual revenues this year. So, in order to overcome their financial burden and at the same time to discharge their welfare and development responsibilities, the state governments are now forced to resort to more and more of borrowings. And if the state governments are going to borrow more, they have to repay it back again. So, this repayment burden will again impact the state government's budgets in the years to come. So, the author tells that due to this vicious cycle, the economic growth potential of India as a whole cannot be fully realized. So, what is the way forward that has been suggested by the author? Here, the author tells that as is the current trend, the revenue that is generated from CES and surcharge will definitely be high. Now, what has to be done here is that revenue that is generated from the CES and surcharge can be used to meet any contingency or emergency needs like the shortfall in GST, which is prevailing as of now. So, this won't be burdening the central government or the state governments since the entire loan taken to compensate the GST shortfall can be repaid out of the assured CES revenue, which will continue to even happen after 2022. So, as the state government's demand, the central government should borrow this year's GST shortfall in full and release it to the state governments so that the burden of the state governments will be reduced. So, what the author tries to convey is that the state governments are at the forefront of development and they generate opportunities and growth. So, stronger states lead to stronger India. So, the central government should help in increasing the revenue of the state governments instead of working otherwise. This is in brief about the discussion of this editorial. So, throughout this editorial, as I told before, it is kind of critical of the central government, but if you see, you can take a lot of points from this particular editorial to write answers with a balanced analysis in your main exam, which is what we call as constructive criticism. Now, have a look at this practice question. Let us move on to the next news article. This news article talks about two new services created by Interpol in order to facilitate cybercrime related communication among police and other stakeholders. So, let us look at these two services and then about Interpol from exam perspective. The first service is Cybercrime Knowledge Exchange Workspace. It will basically allow exchanging non-police operational information on cybercrime such as latest cybercrime trends, prevention strategies, detection technologies and investigation techniques. It is open to all relevant users such as law enforcement agencies, the governments, international organizations and cybersecurity industry experts. So, it will basically enable to share the knowledge and experience in cybercrime. The second service is Cybercrime Collaborative Platform Operation. See, it is the first of its kind platform. It will support law enforcement operations. It is basically a centralized information hub for the coordination of global law enforcement operations against cybercrime. But if you see the access to this platform is restricted to only the operational stakeholders. It enables them to share the intelligence in an interactive and secure environment. So, it will enhance the operation efficiency and effectiveness of the member countries. So, these are the two services introduced by Interpol. So, what is Interpol? It stands for International Criminal Police Organization. It is an intergovernmental organization and it has 194 member countries. Know that India is also a member of Interpol. It helps police in the member countries to work together in order to make the world a safer place. For this Interpol enables countries to share and access data on crimes and criminals. It manages 18 police databases with information from names and fingerprints to stolen passports. These databases are accessible in real time to members. Interpol also offers a range of technical and operational support like the two new services that we just saw. It also offers investigative support such as foreign seeks analysis and assistance in locating the fugitives escapees around the world. So, it helps in combating the crimes across the areas of terrorism, cybercrime and organized crime. Further, if you see in each country an Interpol National Central Bureau is set up. This provides the central point of contact for all Interpol activities. See this National Central Bureau is run by the National Police officials and it usually sits in the government ministry that is responsible for policing. If you look in case of India the Central Bureau of Investigation that is the CBI is the Interpol's National Central Bureau of India and the Director of the Central Bureau of Investigation is its ex official head. So, these are some of the aspects that you need to know about Interpol from exam perspective. Also try to know about the two new services created by Interpol that is discussed in this news article. Now, let us move on to the next news article. This news article is about the Action Plan for Vulture Conservation 2020-2025 which has been cleared by the National Board of Wildlife. The birds population declined in a drastic manner in the past two decades. So, Vulture Conservation is of importance and this is the reason why the National Board of Wildlife has come up with an action plan for Vulture Conservation for the next five years. This action plan proposes to establish Vulture Conservation breeding centers across five different states Uttar Pradesh, Tripura, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. Also there would be a conservation breeding program and also a vulture safe zone has been planned to be established in every state. Apart from this there would also be rescue centers for vultures in India based on the regions. So, these are some of the important action plans for vulture conservation. To know more about vultures we request the viewers to watch 13th March 2020 the Hindu news analysis. This next news article tells that US has formally exited from Paris PAC nothing but the Paris Climate Agreement which was signed in 2015. This Paris Agreement aims to keep the increase in average temperatures worldwide well below 2 degree Celsius and if possible to limit it to 1.5 degree Celsius compared to the pre-industrial levels. So, as per this Paris Climate Agreement we have the nationally determined contributions which are basically voluntary targets. If you see US is the world's second largest emitter after China so USA exiting from this PAC is of great significance. There might be change based on the recent elections that concluded on 3rd November in USA. So, we will have detailed analysis regarding US elections in our upcoming analysis. Not discussed much about this US presidential elections today due to the delay in the announcement of the final results. Now, let us move on to the practice questions discussion session. This first question is about cabinet committees. It is a three statement question and you need to choose those statement or statements that are correct. Look at the first statement it tells that cabinet committees are mentioned in the constitution. It is incorrect. We saw that they are not mentioned in constitution. Now look at the second statement it tells that they are headed by the prime minister only. This statement is also incorrect. We saw that cabinet committees are mostly headed by the prime minister but sometimes they are also headed by other cabinet ministers. For example, the cabinet committee on parliamentary affairs is headed by the union minister of defense. So, the second statement is also incorrect. Now look at the third statement it tells that any decision taken by a cabinet committee is final. This statement is also incorrect because we saw that the decision of the cabinet committee need not be final. It can be reviewed by the cabinet. So, all the three statements are incorrect here but now you need to choose those statement or statements that are correct. Hence, the correct answer is option D none of the above. This question is about nurturing neighbourhoods challenge. It is a two statement question and you need to choose those statement or statements that are correct. Look at the first statement. It speaks about the aim of this particular initiative. It is a correct statement. It will support cities to develop pilot and scale solutions that enhance the quality of life of young children, the caregivers and families in the public realm. Now look at the second statement it tells that this particular nurturing neighbourhoods challenge is hosted by the Ministry of Tourism and Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. This statement is incorrect. We saw during our discussion that it is hosted by the smart cities mission of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs in collaboration with the Bernard van Leeupe Foundation of Netherlands and World Resources Institute India. So, the correct answer here is option A one only. This next question is about finance commission of India. It is a two statement question and you need to choose those statement or statements that are incorrect. Look at the first statement. It tells that finance commission is a statutory body mandated to evaluate the state of finances of the union and the state governments, recommend the sharing of taxes between them and to lay down the principles determining the distribution of these taxes among the states. Know that finance commission is a constitutionally mandated body which has been set up under article 280 of constitution. So, it is not a statutory body. So, the first statement is incorrect. The remaining part of the first statement is correct. It is the mandate of the finance commission. Now, look at the second statement. It tells that finance commission recommendations are binding on the government. The statement is also incorrect. The recommendations made by the finance commission are only advisory in nature and they are not binding on the government. To know more about finance commission, refer to our 31st October, the Hindu news analysis we recently discussed in detail about the finance commission. This next question is about Interpol. It is a two statement question and you need to choose those statement or statements that are not correct. Look at the first statement. It tells that Interpol is an United Nations organization that enables countries to share and access data on crimes and criminals. This statement is not correct. Why? Because it is not a union body or a union organization. It enjoys a special role as a permanent observer at the United Nations since here 1996. So, remember this fact. So, the first statement is incorrect. Now look at the second statement. It tells that the red notice of Interpol is an international arrest warrant for internationally wanted fugitives. This statement is also incorrect. We did not discuss about red notice during our discussion about Interpol. Know that a red notice is not an international arrest warrant but an international wanted person's notice. A red notice alerts the police worldwide about internationally wanted fugitives. So, the second statement is also incorrect here since both the statements are not correct and you need to choose those statements that are not correct. The correct answer here is option C both 1 and 2. Always be careful what the question demands. These are the main questions given for practice today. Post your answers in the common section. We shall review and give suitable suggestions and feedback within a reasonable timeframe. With this, we come to the end of the analysis of all the news articles taken up for today's discussion and also the practice questions discussion session. If you like the video, press the like button, comment and share and do subscribe to Shankar IA's Academy YouTube channel for latest videos and updates. Stay focused and motivated friends. Thank you.