 friends welcome to my channel in our last video I have talked about what is literary criticism what is literary theory how literary theory emerged then we had a discussion on four important literary theories namely or new criticism formalism structuralism and post-structuralism and in this video I'm going to continue with the same discussion and we'll be talking about other important literary theories so let's start the first important literary theory that we are going to discuss today is post-modernism now as you guys know post-modernism is concerned with fragmentation and chaos because it is a movement which started after World War and two world wars have devastated the entire economy of the world so post-modernism deals with fragmentation it focuses on how fragmentation is more important in unity is less important it also focuses and shows interest in disorder, chaos, fragmentation, multiplicity rather than focusing on unity, order, organization in this entire process of post-modernism one key figure is Dean Baltimore. Gene Baltimore is a person who gave a very very influential theory in his work Samuel Lacra and Sanulation so he talks about two important things Samuel Lacra and hyper-reality according to him there was a time when only reality existed like we have rat, rat as an animal existed since ages but then Mickey Mouse started to exist in the post-modern society so what is Mickey Mouse? Mickey Mouse is not a real figure Mickey Mouse we actually Mouse is not here but then it is just a copy of something which is not original so it is a false copy of something so now if we look at the image of Mickey Mouse we will see that it is a Samuel Lacra Samuel Lacra is anything which is a false copy which is not original exists all the animated stuff that we see these days it is all a Samuel Lacra okay simulation is the process of replacement of original so we have Samuel Lacra which is a copy of something which is not original then have simulation which is a process of replacing the original and then that leads to hyper-reality hyper-reality something which is more real than reality like the image of beauty presented in media media major commercials are the advertisement are they project such kind of beauty which actually doesn't exist in the real life the commercials of face cream or of deodorant those commercials portray you images of certain people just type of look actually our society may exist may be the beauty and the definition of beauty defined in a fair and lovely art such kind of beautiful people doesn't exist in reality that is more beautiful than beauty they are creating an idealistic image which is outperforming reality that is what hyper-reality is all about so this is what modernism talks about other than Jean Lyotard we have other modernist thinkers like we have Julia Cristiva who talks about Khora then we have Jean Francis Lyotard who talks about the concept of meta narrative so you will be studying all these under the audio course you can get a list of all the important post-colonial feminist writers as well as post-modern writers on my website www.alpillacarga.com under the tab of online course content you'll find a module named literary theory and in that module you'll find a list of all the important writers that you must study if you're preparing for UDC net English now let's move to another important literary criticism and theory which is psychoanalysis psychoanalysis basically deals with the exploration of the subconscious mind the subconscious part of our brain and how the subconscious functions it explores the inner desires of a character and whenever we are looking in a novel and we are looking at the characters we see how the characters in a brain function the internal monologue that is a part which is the adults in the psychoanalysis criticism the major figure the key figure in the psychoanalysis criticism was Sigmund Freud he has written this work interpretation of dreams in which he has talked about how dreams are important and how we can interpret the inner desires and we can find out the repressed emotion through the symbols which are there in our dreams we have so many novels in which the characters dream about fox about wolf about cat and all these figures are symbolic of certain repressed emotions when we analyze those symbols we are able to see the subconscious working of the character so dreams are very important and dreams are tell about the repressed emotion about the subconscious desire dreams need to be decoded in order to understand the character thoroughly in the psychoanalysis criticism we also have the theory of edifice complex and electro complex basically a theory is that when a child is small and a boy especially a boy when he's small he feels so attached to his mother that he doesn't want to share his mother with anybody but then father and mother and he gets so jealous that he wants his father to die and he wants to marry his mother but this desire is so morally wrong that the child suppresses these desires and later in his life sometimes it comes as an edifice complex edifice complex has been talked about in the play of Euripides edifice rex also at the same time we find that in DH Lawrence work Sons and Lovers the same theory has been taken up similarly we have electro complex which deals with the working of female daughter in regard to his father daughter wants to marry her father and wants that her mother should not be there in the father's life so this is a kind of mentality which goes inside a child's brain this was told by Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud also gives emphasis on the theory of the subconscious brain where he talks about three parts of the brain it ego and superego according to him it is the part of the brain which is working on the pleasure principle ok so that part of us is it then we have the moral principle which is superego so we morally do the right things or if we want to do according to society just because we are a part of society and we should follow the norms that is the moral principle which is called superego and between this it and superego is the ego which balances both the things and helps us lead a balanced life so this was also a question of profound concept given by Sigmund Freud concerning with the psychoanalysis school of criticism we have another type of literary theory which is called archetypal criticism archetypal criticism basically talks about the archetypes which are there in the myths and legends archetypes for those of you who don't know I will tell you that archetypes are universal symbol for example the symbol of star-crossed lover is Romeo-Juliet so whenever we see a very lovely couple we would say oh my god they are like Romeo-Juliet so what we are doing actually we have substituted a romantic couple image for us Romeo-Juliet and two people being in love extremely in love are same so universal symbol banya hi Romeo-Juliet similarly we have so many other universal symbols which are so prominent in literature at the same time there is a very influential work written by FS Fraser GS Fraser a named golden bow golden bow this work talks about symbols in archetype and it has been asked several times in nature you must read the summary of this work so this is it about psychoanalysis criticism and archetype criticism now let's move to another important literary criticism now let's talk about another literary movement which is feminism feminism as a literary movement talks about the condition of females portrayed in the literature and it also talks about how a female is being represented in a novel or a play or a poem. Feminism has three waves the first wave was begin by Mary Wollstonecraft she has written this beautiful work called vindication of the rights of women and another important work education for daughters in both these works she focuses on why education is very important for a girl and only through education she can become a companion to her male counterpart okay she would not be a male wife but an equal companion in a marriage the next important figure in the feminist theory is Margaret Fuller Margaret Fuller has given the theory of androgyny according to her no male is having all the masculine quality and no female is actually having all the feminine quality every male has some masculinity and some femininity in him similarly every female has a part of masculinity and a part of femininity in her so how she talks about these two things tells us that every male has some female elements and every female has some male elements then we move to the second wave of feminism in the second wave we have Virginia Woolf Virginia Woolf talks about Judith Shakespeare and says that you know if Shakespeare would have had a sister then would that sister be as famous as Shakespeare is she talks about this in her work a rumor one's own also she has written another work which is called profession of women we have another literary critic concerning with feminism called Simon de Beauvoir Simon de Beauvoir has given a work called second sex where she says that no woman is born as a woman she becomes one those gender roles have been trained and she has been trained with those gender roles and gradually she takes up all the womaness and all the characteristics of female when a child is born that child doesn't know what femaleness or what maleness is all about that has been told to the child gradually and society in society implications give us a that person becomes a male and becomes a suitable female in society okay then we have another important feminist critic named Helen Kierke-Sixow, Helen Sixios has talked about Laugh of Medusa Laugh of Medusa is a very very important work and in which she's talked about how a female is being tortured and how she has those repressed emotions in her in the third wave of feminism we have Kate Millett Kate Millett has written this work sexual politics a very important work from net point of view in this work she talks about that every girl is repressed and have suppressed emotion during her childhood because when she is moving around the house she realizes she will never become an heir of her father's wealth and that feeling of being less makes her a repressed and a suppressed person and she keeps on moving on the same platform we also have cyber feminism and black feminism as a part of the third wave of feminism so you must study those topics in detail as well there are so many important works concerning the feminist theory because feminism is something which has been talked about a lot and it is very important from net point of view as well so it is important that you read all these important literary essays in detail and even though you're not able to read the text of those essays at least read the summary before you go for the UGC net examination now let's look at another important literary theory which is post colonialism post colonialism basically deals with the condition of the colonized country and how the people and the natives living in those countries are affected and how their society changed when they were colonized so in this regard we have so many different literary theorists who have given their own theories on the postcolonial literature some of them we'll be discussing in this video we have one very important postcolonial theorist called Franz Fanon. Franz Fanon has written this work White Skin, White Mask and also has written another important work Wrench of the Earth in both these works he talks about how a native person wants to become Englishman because the image of man is associated with English or man is associated with white so any native person who is black wants to become a man he wants to be a human being but in his mind this thing is a white person who belongs to a colonized country is not a man and in order to become a man he tries to take all those things that are a part of culture of the best countries then we have another important literary theorist here named Edward Said Edward Said has been in the theory of Orientalism Orientalism according to Edward Said it means that all the people who are in the west they have gained the knowledge of the east he understood the east people and understood the culture of the east and because of this he started dominating the east by understanding that see when you want to capture somebody or you want to kill somebody or you want to torture somebody you need to know the weakness of that person once you know that person thoroughly then it becomes very easy for you to blackmail him to influence him the same thing was done by the people from the west he studied the culture of the east and then used that knowledge in order to dominate the east also he says that western people have tried to depict east as primitive savage that they are barbaric this is how they have you know portrayed east the third important literary theorist in the postcolonial theory is Homike Bhava Homike Bhava has given a very important theory about mimicry and about hybridity in his work of mimicry and men he has talked about that how this entire European culture has dominated the entire world by using the concept of hybridity and mimicry see every person who was colonized wanted to be Englishmen or wanted to be white in his nature and his behavior and his etiquettes why did he want to do that? because we have talked about it in the case of France that he thinks that when he deals like an Englishman his society will respect him and then he will be a full-fledged gentleman that image but when he is trying to adopt English culture he sees that he is stuck in the state of hybridity he is neither English neither he is Indian so he neither remains English he neither remains Indian he is stuck in the middle and that is what the out effect of mimicry is all about then we have another important postcolonial theorist named Gayatri Spiva she has written a work called Can the Subaltern Speak Subaltern means people who live in a part of society where there is no say in society for example people living in Dharavi slum in Mumbai they have never written any literature or read they have no say in society they are part of political discussions now there are certain writers who write about the people of Dharavi Gayatri Spiva says that such writers are not doing justice to the people who are living in subaltern areas because when they write about people they are not able to represent them in a full sense in a complete truthful sense they misrepresent them that whenever someone is not living in Dharavi how can he write about the people of Dharavi he doesn't know the challenges the kind of lifestyle they are facing observing from a distance and living there is very different so Gayatri Spiva says that whenever someone represents subaltern in their literary work they misrepresent them and the same case she talks about in the case of females she says that the females the colonised countries females are double the problems because of a patriarchal system they are being repressed and number two because of colonisation they are repressed they are affected twice due to the societal conditions so this is it about post-colonial literature there are so many other post-colonial theorists you can get a list on my website get a list of all the post-colonial theorists make your own notes and study the works in detail there are so many other literary theories like Marxism which talks about the class conflicts and how bourgeoisie are influencing the working class people then we have another literary theory called reader response theory which talks about how the background and experiences of a reader affects when the reader is reading the text then we have cultural studies which talks about how the culture around the author influences author's writing we have pure theory and there are so many other theories which are a part of the literary theory module so let's end this video on this note that all the literary theories are very important because of two-three reasons one of them is that it helps us in understanding and analysing a text in a very different way from a very different lens number two it adds beauty to the text and it adds new meaning to the text some meaning which was not there in the text when the writer wrote it but then that meaning is put in by us so this is how a literary theory helps in analysing and critiquing literature so with that I end the video we will meet next week till that bye bye see you and keep loving literature before you go do subscribe to this channel and follow me on Instagram, Facebook, WhatsApp and Telegram so that you are notified every time I have a new update for UGCnet English you can also give me a call on the number displayed and you can ask questions and doubts about UGCnet if you have any questions, any doubt you can even write that in the comment section below if you like this video then do give it a thumbs up and share it with other net aspirants so till the time we meet next, bye bye happy learning and keep loving literature