 The Williams model for understanding the causes of racial-slash-ethnic disparities in health was adapted by researchers to better understand the underlying causes of health inequity among indigenous populations. The Te Kupeng de Hora Maori, TKHM, model recognizes the importance of colonization and racism as key drivers of health inequity, while acknowledging the complexity of the relationships between these factors and other causes. It also highlights the importance of privilege and positionality in shaping health outcomes.