 Tomonori Matsuzawa, a student of Nagoya University. Today, I would like to present the topic of the urban beekeeping, which is closely related to urban forest environment. I will also cover the trade-off in ecosystem services provided by urban beekeeping. This is a table of contents. As you are well-known pollinators, including honeybees, are of the benefit to us humans. According to the Yippu best report, 90% of flowering plants and more than three quarters of our food supply is dependent on pollinators. With the increase in the food production, the value of pollinators is gaining sirens. However, the pollinators are currently under pressure and the streets. It is believed that the maintaining and the promoting the health of pollinators have to ensure our food security as reported by IUCN. Urban beekeeping is now being practiced on the roof of the Opera House in Paris and the White House in Washington and many other places. We found urban beekeeping practice in at least 45 countries. In some cases and in some cities, registration was revised to realize beekeeping. This city includes New York and Los Angeles. Urban beekeeping is not just producing honey, it's also building a community and providing environmental education. This is one of the unique feature of urban beekeeping that triggers collaborative work among the diverse stakeholders. Pollinators are essential for us, but in contrast, some researchers point out that urban environment has a vital role for pollinators. International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives or ICLEI point out the importance of the urban environment for many insect pollinators. I'm also the practice beekeeping in both urban and suburban areas. I found that the urban beekeeping has advantages to the suburban one in the risk of pesticide and the year-round supply for nectar flowers. Urban beekeeping has been uncritically welcomed worldwide because of its many positive aspects. However, in recent year, several researchers have revealed the negative aspects. The first is inter-specific competition. Introduced honey bee and the native pollinators can compete for the limited resources. In Asia region, the negative effect might be more significant because of the existence of the same genus honey bees. The second is genetic pollution. Introduced honey bees may contaminate the native subspecies in genetic level. The third is parasite and infectious disease. Barrow mite is the most serious parasite, but it is thought to have been transmitted from eastern honey bee to western honey bee. Parasite and infectious disease can also be transferred between wild and domestic species. The fourth is decrease in the yield per hive by existence of environmental carrying capacity. The last one is a nuisance to city joy or a safety issue. In addition to stinging, droppings and the noise might be considered a nuisance. This is our research framework. The first, we used EDNA analysis to reveal the relationship between urban forest and honey bee. Environmental DNA or EDNA analysis is the one of the most powerful skill. We have applied this technique to honey. Honey contain DNA from nectar and pollen collected by honey bees. So by analyzing the DNA in honey, we can estimate the resource plant. We conducted EDNA meta-baccording method for two sample collected in central Tokyo and Osaka. Next, we overview the current state of governance regarding urban beekeeping. We used an internet search engine for other words, urban beekeeping, regulation, the guideline or other words in English. Total of eight country were covered, including Japan, in addition to seven countries shown in the slide for which legal information in English was easily available. Let's move on to the result. This two table show you the list of plant that honey bee visited. This list is arranged in order of the amount of DNA or leads. The higher up the list, the more DNA it's contained. The green hatch indicated three species. In Tokyo, 10 of the top 20 species and in Osaka, five of the top 70 species were trees. This result shows the potential of honey bees to contribute of urban forest conservation. This table show whether the government have the regulations. In five countries, it exists. And in three countries, it does not exist or could not be found. We know urban beekeeping is conducting in all these countries. This indicates some countries in doing beekeeping without any rules. Also, even in country on the left, there are some area where rules does not exist. As I have explained it, there are positive and negative aspects in urban beekeeping. This mean, in other words, there are trade-off in ecosystem services. If we try to increase the ecosystem services on the left side of the balance, the ecosystem service of the right side may decrease. In order to promote the urban beekeeping movement properly, it is necessary to have governance to minimize the negative aspect and to maximize the positive one. In short, I believe that the rules are needed. Now, let us summarize the main point. Urban beekeeping and urban trees have a significant relationship each other. Urban beekeeping has a beneficial and a negative aspect. There is a trade-off between ecosystem services. Governance is important for the proper promotion for urban beekeeping. Currently, we are working on the following research topics. The first one is to understand the status of urban beekeeping governance. Secondly, in order to promote appropriate urban beekeeping, it is necessary to develop the balanced rule based on trade-off in ecosystem services. Finally, a need for scientific evidence. Nowadays, EVPM or evidence-based policymaking is becoming more and more important. We are interested in whether or not there is scientific basis for urban beekeeping rules. Stay tuned for our next study to be published soon. Thank you for your attention.