 to listen to some good old Mark Shapiro. The rise of reform and the rabbinic response in 19th century Germany. Today it's not so common, although often on trips some things you can do at an interesting time, but the realm of defend this practice. Of taking off your shoes when you go to school. A lot of people know why he defended this prayer. He doesn't just say that he's talking by the way. He just says the Jews are spitting also. They're just acting, they're showing disrespect. He says by getting rid of the phasarist shots the Jews are spitting. That's the repetition of the main prayer. He says, you shut the hell of a shem, she's pushing, they're not going in. He says that... So a helloolah shem means the desecration of God's name. It's the worst thing a Jew can do. So the Jews properly ensure the creed of the rabbim says that's a group. So etiquette. It's not like Hebrew word for etiquette. And so the Hebrew word for synagogue means meeting place. So it's not an otherworldly place like the Christian sanctuary. And so when you become incredibly comfortable at a place then it's more difficult for your behavior to be otherworldly. When you're at this worldly religion you're not going to necessarily achieve the spirituality of a worldly religion. Good ol' Mark Shapiro. Just has a way of putting his finger on it. One shot is one rabbi under the drush, the other shot is the other rabbi under the drush, and they go two separate moments, so we're going to have the other one. So a drush is a talk. So it's a loosely translated sermon. His name was Episcene. He's the grandfather of Alan Episcene who was the controller of New York Intermarine at the time he came unfortunately. But his grandfather was the illogist. So Australia more than any other first world nation of which I'm aware tends to sexually segregate. I go out with my wife, she goes with Sheila's. But Judaism has always been heavily sexually segregated until the rise of reform Judaism in 19th century Germany. So it was in Germany, but for the first time it had men and women sitting together at prayer. Correct. That was after World War I, the Wehrmacht period. Where were the synagogues in Germany? Wait, so I was wrong. It was Isaac Mayer Weiss, a reform rabbi in America who developed close synagogue where men and women sat together at prayer. So that's 19th century America. And that innovation happened in the United States, not in Germany. This is Babel. This is Dr. Mark Shapiro talking about the rise of reform Judaism in the rabbinic response. Babel, this is Mark Shapiro. This is a great scholar. Babel, you're a kidder. You're a kidder. How are you, kid? Good, badly. So yeah, the founders of reform Judaism thought they created a universal religion that would supplant Christianity. But Christians will drop the Jesus thing and will all worship the one true God practicing true religion. Blum, madly, is just jealous of me. The wit and the wisdom of Mark Shapiro here. I think most people today, if you don't listen, say the idea that we're going to determine what our social service looks like based on what you think. That's not a normal way of looking at it. That's a classical form of like talking about it. And you will see, I'm going to say, should we show you that at home, and we'll either not say the exact same thing. Yeah, there never comes a time when you can just be oblivious to how your neighbors perceive what you're doing, particularly when you're a tiny minority. So Jews have always had to pay attention to what the non-Jews think. That's not realistic. Any normal, healthy person has to care about how other people perceive what they're saying and doing. The non-Jews have to be... cannot be a hell of a shat. They're very constant, they're not sure if it's going to be a hell of a shat and they're always going to buy it. And then we'll move on to Freelander. Well, that's my stuff coming up. Well, let me take the... I don't care. Let me take the questions. Someone asked it privately yesterday. I spoke about it from colleagues, but if you go for non-Jew, it may not have been Jewish, but they may not have been aware of it, someone says. Yeah, it's possible, but generally we don't make an assumption. There are already some deals with that. Someone could be descended from this in the 10 tribes. You can always have a something, but unless you know otherwise, if you know that someone's a Christian, you can assume that after all, if we do much more important things, it won't heal, mostly. We should pace an Israel, supposedly, where the Shabbos bite. It turns out he was in Russia, it turns out he was actually Jewish. Four generations ago, his maternal grandmother was Jewish. So the Shabbos go is a non-Jew who does things for the Jew on the Sabbath that the Jews are not allowed to do. So the problem with having a Shabbos go is it makes Jews look stupid, makes Jewish law look stupid, it makes Jews look like they're just trying to get around God's law. I'll tell you a little bit more as to why UJSS END, he's actually the translator of the big press, which is the translation from Russia, some commentaries. The very first one that came out in the 70s, I guess it is, that was done by Rabbi Orenz. Orenz started Esther Schoenfeld. I have to say that. I mean, what Esther Schoenfeld is, I guess it's a school. I heard that. Some of the primary points I'm going to tell you are that Sotus now was a sin. It seemed to probably was a Sabbath. And then you say, by the time of Chazal, no difference in pronunciation on the way to the Sabbath. The Chazal writes it as a Sabbath. The Ramab's still writes it as a sin. The word Sattah is sin 10A. Why there was change, I always thought because they sounded the same, so it didn't really matter, but I don't know what. They weren't my problem. The Ramab's sprints that says, Islam is not considered idolatry of monotheistic Christianity because of the tridentity is considered as questionable as an atheist religion. Yes. So you think that may be a difference of whether Morales were okay to convert to be secret Jews. No, I don't understand because the Morales were converting to Christianity, not to a song. That's the same thing that the Morales were speaking about or conversals. They were dealing with Christianity both in France and Germany, as well as in Spain and Portugal. It is the case that there was an earlier in Spain and earlier forced conversions to the Ramab's That's... What I'm saying, actually, is that many of the Muslims didn't consider it, many of the Jews didn't consider it the same as conversion to Saint, because they're converting to... Right. So Orthodox Jews are generally considered prohibited to walk inside a church, particularly if there are Christian services going on because Christianity is considered a much greater compromise with monotheism than Islam, which from a Jewish perspective is much closer to monotheism than Christianity. So for a Jew to walk inside a church is considered a big deal. It's not something you really want to do if you want to maintain a good reputation in the Jewish community. Christian. Monotheistic religion. Absolutely. That's actually the case. The thing is, we're speaking about in the end of the 14th century and 15th century a mass conversion to Christianity in Spain. And that would be a slow shift. You have the numbers around both. That seems like more Jews. And this is the light by Brunner Roth. And if I could just talk to you as a bill as best as possible, I'd just be charming to you. If it's in Christianity in Spain. In 1391 on. And there we're doing Christianity. So the question remains why, when it came to Christianity, is there, in Portugal, do we not have the order number in the Christian lands of Germany, England, and France? So that will have to hold off to our nice bus trips where we go into great detail and we deal with the great disputes between the two worlds. Norman Roth and Cecil Roth. And Norman Roth's allies include Benzio Netanyahu and others. And Cecil Roth's allies, we have fun. And Michael says that some of them don't know about that. Susanna says, well, Aramaic found its way into the center because that's what people understood. I'm not sure what the written answer is. We were talking about the vernacular. So there was a time when Aramaic was the vernacular. Yeah. And we have vernacular for the women in particular. The Aramaic was not just for women. There's nothing wrong with vernacular. It's Hazal tell us there's nothing wrong with it. The problem that the Bedouin had is how to say that it's wrong when Hazal tell us that it. Okay. So Hazal refers to the rabbis of the Talmud. So rabbis who are rocking and rolling 2500 to 1500 years ago. And Shass is also another name for the Talmud. It's permissible. That's going to be one of the most difficult things that the Bedouin refer to. So Bedouin refers to the great rabbis. The rabbis are going to say you can't. How can you say you can't when you're on the specific field of religion? And then the Torah etc. That always says that my kids live in Berlin and care for a long time. I don't know if that's related. I think that's related to what you're referring to is the Rabinah seminar in Berlin. On our trip there we have the nursery. There's lots of little kids playing, speaking German. But this is the Shomar Shabbas community of young people and working people and not just the Jewish people, the greater people. And it's a very, very nice community and yes, you can please make the connection to your son-in-law. I'd love to because when I go to back to Germany I'll be traveling around again. He's officially Rabbi the German state. I congratulate him. So very good. I should now say the term orthodoxy came from reform used for that as a characterization against traditionals and my respect to him. That's what he says. It was a negative term. We'll get to that. But it's been accepted. It's not the only such term. I've said it already in the past. The term was used by the Hasidim. They had the Hasidim were used against the non-Hasidim. So yeah, Orthodox was a term of derision by the Hasidim. Right? They were called by the Hasidim the Mitnager meaning opponents and eventually they came to embrace this term of derision. Just like queer that used to be a majority of homosexuals and they've come to embrace it. Bye-bye.