 A very good evening aspirants. Welcome to the hindi news analysis by Shankar IAS Academy for the date 28th February 2021. These are the list of news articles chosen for today's analysis. It has been provided along with page numbers of different editions of hindi newspaper. Now let us start our discussion with this first news article which is about snow leopard. The news is that a study by wildlife officials and the nature conservation foundation has reported that Himachal Pradesh is home to 73 big cats of this species. And this is the first snow leopards count done in a scientific manner in our country and this is done as part of snow leopard enumeration project and it was started in 2018. Now this study has found that in Himachal Pradesh the snow leopard's habitat covers a greater part of the districts of Lahol, Spiti and Kinnore and it was also found that its potential habitat also extends into the upper regions of the districts of Shimla, Kullu, Chamba and Kangra. Additionally the study also observed that local communities are the strongest allies in conservation of this species. So in this regard let us know some facts about snow leopards. First note that its scientific name is Pantera Anseya. Now this species is extant in Afghanistan, Bhutan, China, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. And particularly in India snow leopards are found in high altitude cold mountainous regions. They are found in the mountainous areas at elevations from 540 meters to even more than 5000 meters. In India we can see snow leopard in six regions in the Himalayan region and these regions are Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh. Also note that snow leopard is the flagship species of conservation in the Indian Himalayas. See a flagship species is a species that is selected to act as an ambassador or an icon for the defined habitat. This is to campaign with respect to environmental cause. Now the conservation of this flagship species improves the status of many other species which share the same habitat that of the flagship species. Now let us see some of its characteristics. The snow leopard is most active at dawn and dusk. Also note that it is the apex predator of its ecosystems and therefore it sits at the top of the food web. Thus it is also the top predator of the Indian Himalaya. Also note that the primary wild angulate prey of snow leopards are blue sheep and ibex. Angulate means hoofed animals and the study which was conducted in Himachal Pradesh found that the density of snow leopard population was positively correlated with the wild prey density. So this indicates that higher wild prey density correspond to higher snow leopard densities. So if blue sheep and ibex are also conserved along with snow leopards then snow leopard populations will increase further. So now let us see the conservation status of this animal. First note that this snow leopard species is threatened with extinction. So in India snow leopard is protected under Schedule 1 of pilot protection Act of 1972 and at the global level it is listed in Appendix 1 of Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species. Further it is also listed in Appendix 1 of the Convention on Migratory Species. It is because snow leopards move to different altitudes along with the summer and winter migrations of their prey animals. Since they also migrate they are listed in Appendix 1 of CMS. Further IUCN Red List has listed this species as vulnerable but note that before 2017 this species was listed in Endangered Category. So now with conservation efforts its population is slowly increasing. So these are some of the points that I should know about snow leopards. Now let us move on to the next discussion. This discussion is based on this FAQ article which is about the recently announced IT rules of 2021 that is Information Technology Guidelines for Intermediaries and Digital Media Ethics Code Rules of 2021. So let us discuss in detail about these rules and the issues associated with it. The syllabus relevant to this discussion is given here for your reference. First note that these rules are framed under the Information Technology Act of 2011 and these rules superseded the earlier IT rules of 2011 that is the Information Technology Intermediary Guidelines rules of 2011. Now these new rules seeks to provide a grievance redressal mechanism for users of digital platforms of all kinds. Now this includes social media sites, messaging apps, over the top streaming services and digital news publishers also. Now regarding these rules, Centre has noted that the rules are a fine blend of liberal touch with gentle self-regulatory framework. It is because these rules works on the existing laws and statutes of the country which are applicable to the content whether online content or offline content. For example, if you take one of the provisions in the rules which is about news and current affairs publishers it mentions that the news and current affairs publishers are expected to follow the journalistic conduct of Press Council of India and then they have to also follow the program code under the Cable Television Network Act. Now these are already applicable to the print media and the television and hence we can say that now it is also applicable to online news and current affairs publishers. So these rules ensures only a level playing field which is the argument put forward by the Centre. Now the rules are expected to empower the ordinary users of digital platforms to seek redressal for their grievances and the users can also command accountability in case of infringement of their rights. So now what is the background or what is the context in which these rules have been framed? It is based on a 2018 judgment of Supreme Court in which Supreme Court has observed that Centre may frame necessary guidelines to eliminate child pornography, rape and gang rape imageries, videos and sites which are present in the content hosting platforms and other applications. So based on this in 2020 that is about the Centre formed an ad hoc committee for this purpose which studied the alarming issue of pornography on social media. So after this study this ad hoc committee recommended for enabling identification of the first originator of such pornographic contents in the social media. Apart from this recently we also discussed about the issues between the government and the Twitter which we discussed in the beginning of this month and these issues were regarding the government order to block several hashtags and accounts in Twitter stating that these tweets were provocative and fake. So based on this government has to block certain contents in Twitter but this has been seriously criticized by the civil societies. So in this regard these new rules are expected to pave a new way for managing the contents which are available online and offline. So in this regard let us discuss some important provisions of these rules. First note that the part two of these rules shall be administered by the Minister of Electronics and Information Technology and the part three shall be administered by the Minister of Information and Broadcasting. In this the part two is related to due diligence by intermediaries and grievance addressal mechanism. So when you say due diligence it means taking reasonable steps to avoid committing of an offense and part three is related to the code of ethics and procedure and safeguards in relation to the digital media. Now under the rules the intermediaries are expected to constitute certain offices. For example now the platforms like Google or Facebook or intermediaries will have to establish a grievance addressal mechanism for receiving and resolving the complaints from the users or victims. So for this purpose they have to appoint a grievance officer to deal with such complaints and they have to share the name and contact details of such officer. Now this grievance officer has to acknowledge the complaint within 24 hours and have to resolve it within 15 days from the receipt of that complaint. Then secondly they have to also appoint a chief compliance officer and this officer will be responsible for ensuring compliance with the IT Act and rules and such a person who will be appointed as chief compliance officer should be a resident in India. Then thirdly they have to also appoint a nodal contact person and this person will be for 24 into 7 coordination with the law enforcement agencies and such a person should also be a resident in India. Now in addition to appointing of these officers the intermediaries are also required to publish a monthly compliance report and this report should mention the details of complaints that were received and the action taken on such complaints. Then most importantly there is a provision for the identification of the first originator of the information according to which the significant social media intermediaries who are providing messaging services they have to enable identification of the first originator of the information and this shall be applicable for the purposes of prevention, investigation and prosecution etc. of an offense and such an offense should be related to sovereignty and integrity of India, security of the state, friendly relations with foreign states etc. Next comes the digital publishers of news and current affairs as well as video streaming services. Now for them an identical three-tier structure for Gravans Redressal has been mandated by the rules. Now these three levels are first self-regulation by the publishers themselves then second self-regulation by the self-regulating bodies of those publishers and then finally an oversight mechanism and as we already saw the publishers of news on digital media have to observe the norms of journalistic conduct of the press council of India and they have to also follow the program code under the Cable Television Networks Regulation Act. So what they have to do in particular for example the platform should be required to implement the parental locks for content which are classified as U bar A13 plus or higher. See as you know the central board of film certification in India certifies the films and it provides different categories of certificates for the films. For example U certificate is offered it means unrestricted public exhibition and when A certificate is provided for a film it means it is restricted to the adult audiences only and there are also other types of certificates and among them is U bar A or simply UA which means unrestricted public exhibition subject to the parental guidance for children below the age of 12 and that is also another certificate which is S certificate. This means it is restricted to specialized audiences such as doctors or scientists. So now the rules state that the platforms would be required to implement parental locks for content which are classified as U bar A13 plus and in addition to this they have to also establish a reliable age verification mechanism for the contents which are classified as A. Now based on these provisions the author of this FAQ article has mentioned that the 2021 rules are tighter than the 2011 rules which it replaced. For example the present rules also regulate the digital news publishers and streaming services which was not done in the 2011 rules. So in this regard many criticisms have been raised against the rules. Let us see what are these criticisms. See we have discussed about the three level grievance redressal mechanism. Now the criticism is that now this will necessitate oversight or supervision by a government committee at the highest level. So any grievance that does not get satisfactorily solved at the self regulatory levels they will get escalated to the government panel and this has been criticized as excessive government control over the digital news and OTT content. Now the next criticism is with respect to the identification of first originator. Now the rules clearly mentions that in complying with an order for identification of the first originator no significant social media intermediary shall be required to disclose the contents of any electronic message or any other information related to the first originator or any other information related to its other users. See even though the rules state this the author is of the opinion that even then the government has the powers under the 2009 IT rules which enables the government to make demands for the content of messages. So that means the things which are not mandated by these rules are already mandated by other rules. So in one way or the other government can get what it wants. So that is why the rules have been criticized for increasing the potential of government for censorship and surveillance. So this was about this FAQ article. Now there is another news article which is related to this only which talks about another issue regarding the rules. See there is a significant provision in the 2021 rules which is related to blocking of information in case of emergency. Now the rules say that in case of an emergency nature the authorized officer shall examine the relevant content and consider whether it is necessary or expedient and justifiable to block such information or not. And this has to be done without any delay. And further in case of an emergency the secretary of Ministry of Information Broadcasting may block such content if the secretary is satisfied that it is necessary and justifiable for blocking for public access of any information. So here the involvement of Secretary of Ministry of Information and Broadcasting has been widely criticized. And for this the Information and Broadcasting Ministry has mentioned that this provision is not a completely new provision. Here the government is arguing that a similar power is already being exercised by the Secretary of Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology under the 2009 rules. See under the 2009 rules the Secretary of Department of Information Technology which is under the Ministry of Information Technology can give directions for blocking of any information from public access if she deems necessary. So a similar power is now given to the Secretary of Information and Broadcasting also. So based on this government is arguing that already there is government control regarding these issues. Now this has been also extended to another ministry only. But we can see that this is just excessive government control over the digital news and OTT contents. So we can say that next to the farm laws these rules are being widely criticized. Let us wait and see what happens next. So from this discussion you can take note of the important provisions of these new IT rules and the issues in these IT rules. Now let's move on to the next discussion. Now this news article talks about Channa Patna toys. The news is that our Prime Minister has asked the Channa Patna toy makers to explore the possibility of e-marketing. He has suggested that artisans should make use of the advanced technology to popularize their toys across the world and they should also use the information technology workforce for this purpose. So in this regard let us know about the Channa Patna toys. These are the world famous wooden toys and carvings and they are produced at Channa Patna. Channa Patna is a small town near Bengaluru in Karnataka and this toy making dates back to the beginning of 20th century. Thus it is a 200 years old craft. So the Channa Patna toys and dolls are made of lacquer. Lacquer is a liquid that is used to coat wooden articles. So these toys are of different colors with distinctive brightness and they are done on the showcases of people. Now the raw material used for making these toys is hail wood which is very soft and light in weight and it is grown near Channa Patna. Now according to the reports of the local craftsmen the pioneer of this craft is Baba Sahib Meen Sahib and note that currently this is a small scale industry that manufactures large quantity of articles such as miniature imitations of toys representing birds, fruits, animals and they also produce agarbatti stands, ink stands, paint holder etc. And based on its importance, Channa Patna toys was given GA tag that is geographical indication tag in the year 2006 and this was renewed in 2015 and currently it is valid up to 2026. So these are some of the points that you should know about Channa Patna toys. Now let's move on to the next discussion. Now our next discussion is based on this news article which is quite scientific and it is named as Genetic Lego. Say as you know Lego toys are known for their rearrangement as they provide multiple options to create a toy of our choice. So we can combine these Legos and we can form a new toy. So like these Lego blocks which can be rearranged the news article says that genetic elements can also be shuffled to form new genes. See researchers have found that the jumping genes or transposons were added to the genetic mix during the evolution to create new genes and these were created through a process called as exon shuffling. So now let us see what are these jumping genes or transposons. See these are a class of genetic elements that can jump to different locations within a genome. As you know a genome is an organism's complete set of genetic instructions and each genome contains all the information needed to build that organism and to allow it to grow and develop. So as you can see in this picture how from DNA A a transposon is jumping to DNA B and how it gets inserted into DNA B. So it is clear that a transposon can jump from one DNA to other to form a different type of gene. Now although transposons are frequently called jumping genes they are always maintained in an integrated site in the genome. Additionally most transposons eventually become inactive also and they no longer move. So now let's come to exon shuffling. So what does it mean? Now before that you should note that there are nucleotide sequences within a gene which are termed as introns and exons. See an exon is the portion of a gene that codes for amino acids. Now in the cells of plants and animals most gene sequences are broken up by one or more DNA sequences called as introns. Now the parts of the gene sequence that are expressed in the protein are called as exons because they are expressed but the parts of the gene sequence that are not expressed in the protein are called introns because they come in between or they interfere with the exons as you can see in this picture. So what is this exon shuffling? It is a molecular mechanism for the formation of new genes where two or more exons from different genes are recombined between introns and they yield rearranged genes with altered functions. Now there are different mechanisms for exon shuffling such as transposon mediated exon shuffling crossover during sexual recombination of parental genomes and also illegitimate recombination. Now when there's the exon shuffling through transposons the exons from the different genes are brought together to create a new gene. Now in this process transposons are added which provide us with multiple options to create different types of genes like how we can do with a Lego and that is why this news article has been titled as Genetic Lego. So just remember these scientific terms and what they actually mean this will help you in your problems examination. Now let's move on to the next discussion. Now our next discussion is based on this FAQ article which talks about engine failures in aircrafts and this FAQ article has been written in the context that recently a Boeing 777 aircraft of United Airlines had suffered an apparently contained engine failure and this happened shortly after the takeoff when the flight had just departed and was in the initial climb phase the inlet of one of the turbofan engine got separated from the engine and this engine was made by a company known as Pratt & Whitney but luckily since it was a contained engine failure disaster was avoided from taking place. So in this context let us briefly understand what are the different types of engine failures and how common they are. The syllabus that is relevant to this discussion is given here for your reference. See first you should know the engines that are used by aircrafts which is the turbine engines. So what are turbine engines? It is a container with a hole in the back end that is the tailpipe or nozzle and this hole is to let the air inside the container to escape and thus to provide propulsion or thrust and inside this container is turbo machinery to keep the container full of air under constant pressure and in this regard there are different types of turbo engines. They are turbojet engine, turbo prop engine, turbo fan engine, turbo shaft engine etc and our today's modern airplanes are powered by turbofan engines. It is to be noted that these engines are quite reliable because they provide years of trouble free service. But due to this trouble free service there are very rare events of turbofan engine malfunctions which is actually an appreciable thing but this has resulted in the limitations of simulating those malfunctions that is they couldn't generate computer model depicting these malfunctions and because of this many flight crews have felt unprepared to diagnose such engine malfunctions that have so far occurred and this is a serious issue because if the crew is unable to manage the engine malfunctions then it could lead to a serious disaster. So now what are the different kinds of engine failure? Even in the beginning we saw that the Boeing aircraft suffered a contained engine failure. So this is one type that is contained and the other type is uncontained engine failure. So now what is contained failure? See turbine engine failures are most often contained here this term means that even if components of the engine disintegrate or separate inside the engine they either safely remain within the engine case or they exit the engine via the tailpipe as intended by the engineers of the aircraft because they have set up this tailpipe for this purpose. And here it is to be noted that this is a standard design feature of all turbine engines. So here the desired outcome is that the failure of a single engine on a multi-engine aircraft will not present an immediate risk to the safety of the occupants or it shouldn't pose a risk to the aircraft. But still there are certain risks involved in this. The risks depend on the sizable pieces of ejected debris from the tailpipe because it may present a hazard to the persons on the ground because once it is ejected from the tailpipe of the aircraft it will fall to the ground only. Now the second type of engine failure is the uncontained engine failure and uncontained engine failure is likely to be a violent one and it can be much more serious because engine debris exits the tailpipe at high speeds in other directions. So this poses a potential danger to the pressurized aircraft structure. It poses a danger to the adjacent engines. It poses a danger to the integrity of the flight control systems and also possibly it might affect the aircraft occupants that is the passengers and the crew members. So in this regard let us also know how common is engine failure in an aircraft. See there have been many events of engine failures as mentioned in this FAQ article. For example if you take two days before that is February 26 also an incident of engine failure happened in a flight which was on the Hong Kong Moscow Madrid sector and this incident happened again in a Boeing 777 flight. The issue was that this flight had an engine electronic control issue in one of its general electric engines while it was about to land. Then in January 2020 an indigo flight suffered engine failure mid-air. This is much more dangerous and in this regard more than 20 such cases have happened with indigo since 2018. So like this there have been many incidents of engine failures so that means proper regulatory measures are needed to take care of this. And now since the recent Boeing 777 aircraft of United Airlines which suffered a contained engine failure was flying from Denver to Honolulu in Hawaii the US administration has decided to take immediate inspections that is the Federal Aviation Administration of USA has issued an Emergency Airworthiness Directive that would need immediate or enhanced inspections of these Boeing 777s and especially those Boeing 777s with certain Pratt & Whitney engine variants. Now this is important because so far Japan, New Zealand and even the United Kingdom have stopped operators which are using Boeing 777 with this engine variant particularly from entering their airspace and one of the reasons as we can see is because of the engine failure. So let us wait and see whether even the US administration takes the same decision as that of Japan, New Zealand and United Kingdom. So these are some of the points that you should know about this FAQ article now let's move on to the next discussion. Our next discussion is based on this news article which talks about Actical Pungala Festival. The news article mentions that this festival of Kerala is affected because of the pandemic. So what is this festival? See this is a festival of Kerala that is held in the Attical Temple of Tiruvanandapuram. It is the largest congregation of women for a festival in the world. Now in this Pungala means to boil over. See this denotes a ritual in which women prepare sweet payasam that is a sweet pudding that is made from rice, jaggery, coconut all are cooked together and then this Pungala is offered to Goddess that is the Attical Bhavadi of this temple. Now this is done as a gesture of praise by the ladies and this ritual can only be performed by women. Additionally this festival also commemorates the victory of good over evil and it is a 10-day-long celebration and also note that the Goddess is fondly referred to us at Kalama and it is said that the Goddess is satisfied by this ritual and during the time of this festival the streets of the city are known to be jam-packed with faithful devotees and as we saw already it is the largest religious gathering of women which brings together women of all caste, religion and color and in the recent times the number of devotees has increased to the point that it has been recorded in the Guinness World Book of Records that is it is appreciated in the Guinness Book of World Records for hosting the largest gathering of women for the religious purpose. But today's news is that due to the pandemic rather than celebrating the festival in the temple and near the temple now people are celebrating the festival at their homes. So these are some of the points that I should note about this festival. Now let's move on to the next discussion. Now this discussion is based on this news article which talks about the launch of PSLBC 51 from the Satish Dhawan Space Research Center at Shri Hari Kota and this PSLBC 51 carries Amazonia 1 and 18 other satellites. So in this discussion let us see about PSLV and also about Amazonia and about some satellites in this mission. The syllabus that is relevant to this discussion is given here for your reference. First let us see about PSLV. PSLV stands for Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle. So what is a launch vehicle? Launch vehicle or launchers they help in carrying spacecraft to the space. Now this PSLV is a third generation launch vehicle of India. The first two generations are satellite launch vehicle and then augmented satellite launch vehicle. Now here note that PSLV is the first Indian launch vehicle to be equipped with liquid stages that is it uses liquid propellants and note that totally it has got four stages and PSLV's first successful launch was in October 1994 and after that it has emerged as the reliable launch vehicle of India. Now PSLV has earned its title as the work horse of ISRO through its consistent delivering of various satellites to low earth orbits and this includes the Indian remote sensing satellites also which were successfully launched into the polar sun synchronous orbit. Now note that PSLV has got the potential to carry up to 1050 kilograms of payload to the sun synchronous polar orbits of 600 kilometer altitude. Now due to its unmatched reliability PSLV has also been used to launch various satellites into geosynchronous orbits and geostationary orbits. So in this regard only now PSLV C-51 has been launched today successfully and this mission is ISRO's first launch mission for the current year of 2021. Now under this mission PSLV C-51 will be launching Amazonia 1 as the primary satellite along with 18 other co-passenger satellites from ISRO Space Research Center at Shiharikota. Now this PSLV C-51 uses DL variant of PSLV which means that it is equipped with two solid strap-on boosters. See strap-on boosters are rocket motors that are mounted around the first stage of a launch vehicle to provide extra thrust at lift-off and during the first few minutes of the ascent. So this variant of PSLV has got two solid strap-on boosters. I note that this is the third flight of the PSLV DL variant and most importantly this mission is the first dedicated PSLV commercial mission for New Space India Limited. As you know New Space India Limited is a government of India Company under the Department of Space. Now let's come to Amazonia 1. It is a satellite of Brazil. It is an optical earth observation satellite and it belongs to the National Institute for Space Research of Brazil and this is the first satellite to be completely designed integrated tested and operated by this institute. Now this mission is expected to strengthen the existing structure by providing remote sensing data to users for monitoring deforestation in amazon region and it will be also used for the analysis of diversified agriculture across the brazilian territory. I note that this satellite consists of an optical earth observation payload which has a wide field imaging camera and the satellite is powered by lithium ion batteries and also two solar arrays or combined solar panels having three panels on each side. Further this satellite also uses a hydrazine propulsion system and the expected mission life of the satellite is said to be above four years. Now along with Amazonia 1 there are 18 co-passenger satellites also and these include SG-SAT which is Satish Daven Sat. It is built by Space Kids India. It is a nano-satellite intended to study the radiation levels or space weather and it aims to demonstrate the long range communication technology. The next satellite is the Unity satellite. It is a combination of three satellites that was designed and built as a joint development by three colleges and this satellite is intended for providing radio relay services. Now apart from these satellites the mission has also got two satellites named Sindhu Netra from India and then SAI-1 NanoConnect 2 from USA. Now both these satellites aims at technology demonstration. Then next we have the Space Bees. The Space Bees is a combination of 12 satellites from USA and the objective of this mission Space Bee is to provide two way satellite communications and data relay. So these are some of the important satellites in this mission. So just take note of these points which will be helpful in the prelims examination. So that's all about this discussion. Now let's move on to the next one. Now moving on to our next discussion which is based on this article which in detail discusses about International Atomic Energy Agency that is IAEA. So in this discussion let us see about this agency. See IAEA was created in 1957 in response to the deep fears and expectations that were generated by the discoveries and diverse use of nuclear technology. So IAEA has been given the mandate to work with its member states and multiple partners worldwide to promote safe secure and peaceful nuclear technologies and in this regard International Atomic Energy Agency is the world's central intergovernmental forum for scientific and technical cooperation in the nuclear field. It works for the safe secure and peaceful uses of nuclear science and technology and by this it contributes to the international peace and security and also to the sustainable development goals. Now note that it has been established independently of the United Nations through its own international treaty but even then the agency reports to both the UN General Assembly and the UN Security Council. Now IAEA is often in news because of the Iran nuclear issue. On 23rd February also we have discussed IAEA's role in getting the access to Iran's nuclear location for three months through a temporary agreement. Now in this context this news article also discusses the relevance of IAEA in maintaining global nuclear peace and the issues with it. Firstly the issues regarding IAEA's ability to work independently but without being drawn into big power rivalries. Now this position is always questioned because this position has been proved to be ineffective to prevent power politics from influencing nuclear negotiations. This was particularly visible when Pakistan pursued a nuclear weapons program in 1980s but even though clear evidence was available US did not pursue the case effectively through the IAEA because USA and Pakistan had a cooperation on the Afghan front. So USA did not want to stop Pakistan in this regard. So here we can clearly see that how power politics has influenced nuclear negotiations. Now the next issue is with respect to IAEA's lack of enforcement capability. Now this is often termed as uneven authority because IAEA does not have any power to override the sovereign rights of any member nation of the United Nations. See this uneven authority has sometimes been advantageous also like in the case of Iran. If you see this uneven authority has provided results when the agencies efforts were backed by big powers in the case of Iran but this is not the same in case of North Korea because North Korea was supported by China and Russia so IAEA could not do anything. Then another major criticism of IAEA is that it never challenges the nuclear dominance of the five permanent members of UNSC and these are the China France Russia United Kingdom and United States. Further there were also controversies in the case of inspection of Iranian nuclear installations when Iran had accused IAEA of sending intelligence operatives who were actually engaged in espionage against the interest of Iran. Now this allegation also hinted that IAEA inspectors and observers had shared information about Iran with US government but apart from all these the immediate trouble for IAEA is with Iran's nuclear program only because Iran made it clear that unless USA lifts the sanctions it won't stop the nuclear enrichment but under the current new administration of USA that is under President Joe Biden it has been already hinted that USA may rejoin GCPOA with Iran. Thus IAEA is expected to play a crucial role in bringing both US and Iran together to broker peace deal which ultimately stops nuclear enrichment of Iran. So these are some of the points that you should take note about IAEA and the role played by it in maintaining global nuclear peace. Now let's move on to the next discussion. Now this news article talks about Atoni General. It mentions that Atoni General of India has refused to give consent to an activist who asked to initiate criminal contempt proceedings against the former Chief Justice of India Ranjan Gagoy and this contempt proceeding was for his comments about the Supreme Court but now IAEA has refused to give consent. So in this context let us have a brief discussion about Atoni General of India and what mandates IAEA's consent in case of criminal contempt proceedings. First note that it is a constitutional office that is article 76 mentions about Atoni General's appointment, Atoni General's duties etc and as you can see here Atoni General is appointed by the President of India and she should be qualified to be appointed a judge of the Supreme Court and this article further states the duties of Atoni General which is to give advice to the government of India upon such legal matters that is referred to her by the President and also to perform such other duties of legal character that is referred to her by the President. Additionally Atoni General has also the function of discharging the duties conferred on her under the Constitution or under any law for time being enforced. Now while performing these duties Atoni General will have the right of audience in all courts of India. See right of audience means the right of a lawyer to conduct proceedings in court. Now in addition to this article 76 also mentions that Atoni General shall hold office during the pleasure of the President. Then there is another article which provides additional power to Atoni General which is article 88. Under this article Atoni General has the right to speak in and to take part in the proceedings of either House of the Parliament or even any joint sitting of the Houses of the Parliament. Atoni General can also take part in any committee of Parliament in which she is named a member and most importantly know that Atoni General will not enjoy right to vote in Parliament. Now the term of office of Atoni General could be found in the law officer rules of 1987. According to these rules the term of a law officer is three years and a law officer is eligible for reappointment as well and here the law officer includes Atoni General, Solicitor General and the Assistant Solicitor General. Now what are the duties performed by a law officer? These are to give advice to the government of India in legal matters then to appear in the Supreme Court or in any high court on behalf of the government in the cases in which government is a party or in the cases in which government is interested and the law officer should also represent the government of India in any reference made by the President to the Supreme Court under article 143 of Constitution and most importantly note that the consent of Atoni General is necessary to initiate contempt proceedings in the Supreme Court. Now apart from these duties the rules also impose certain restrictions on the law officers like they should not defend an accused person in a criminal prosecution without the permission of government of India and they should not accept appointment to any office in any company or corporation without the permission of government of India and they should also not advise or hold a brief against government of India. So now why the consent of Atoni General is required in initiating contempt of court proceedings. See this is mandated by the Contempt of Courts Act of 1971. It lays down the law on contempt of court. Now under section 15 of this act we can find the procedure on how a case for contempt of court can be initiated. Now in the case of the Supreme Court the Atoni General or the Solicitor General may bring in a motion before the court for initiating a case of criminal contempt and this will be done by the Advocate General in case of high courts and here also note that the Atoni General's consent is mandatory when a private citizen wants to initiate a case of contempt of court against a person. But however if a court itself initiates a contempt of court case then AG's consent is not required. It is because the court is exercising its inherent powers under the Constitution to punish for contempt. So these are some of the points that should take note about Atoni General of India. Now let's move on to the next discussion. Now we have come to the last session the practice questions discussion session. This first question asks transpose zones sometimes seen in news are option A the particles found in the nucleus of atoms option B subatomic particles similar to an electron but has no electrical charge option C genetic elements that can jump to different locations within a genome option D subatomic particles with neutral charge and the correct answer is option C genetic elements that can jump to different locations within a genome. Now this next question is based on IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency. First statement is it works with its member states to promote the safe secure and peaceful use of nuclear technologies. The statement is correct this is the objective of IAEA. Second statement it is widely known as the world's atoms for peace and development organization within the United Nations family. The statement is also correct about IAEA. Now the third statement it reports to both UN General Assembly and Security Council. This statement is also correct we saw this during the discussion. So here the question asks for the correct statements and all these statements are correct so the correct answer is option D one two and three. Now this next question is based on Attorney General of India. First statement is Attorney General should not accept appointment to any office in any company or corporation when she or he is serving the office of AG. The statement is incorrect because Attorney General can accept appointment to any office in any company or corporation but only with the permission of government of India. Now the second statement is as per the Constitution of India Attorney General's consent is mandatory when a private citizen wants to initiate a case of contempt of court against a person. Now this statement is partially correct because Attorney General's consent is mandatory for this contempt proceedings but it is not mentioned in Constitution of India rather it is mentioned in the Contempt of Courts Act of 1971. So this statement is also incorrect and here the question asks for the correct statements but both the statements are incorrect so the correct answer is option D neither one nor two. Now this next question is about aircraft accident investigation bureau India. First statement is it is responsible for classification of safety occurrences involving aircraft operating in the Indian airspace into accidents serious incidents and incidents. Now this statement is correct because aircraft accident investigation bureau is responsible for the classification of safety occurrences into accidents serious incidents and incidents. Now the second statement is it comes under the administrative control of ministry of defense. This statement is incorrect because it comes under the administrative control of ministry of civil aviation and here the question asks for the incorrect statements and statement two is the incorrect statement so the correct answer is option B two only. Now let us take one main question this question is based on the new IT rules of 2021. You have to answer this question in 150 words you can write the answer and post it in the comment section. With this we come to the end of today's in the news analysis and practice questions discussion. If you like the video don't forget to like comment and share and do subscribe to Shankar IAS Academy YouTube channel for more updates related to civil service examination preparation.