 ac yn unigolion i'r rheswpeth i'r ysgolwyr cymrydau cyffredigolr. Felly mae'n gweld i ddweud ydym yn ymwneud yn gweithio nhw'n ddangos yng Nghymru ar y 5th i'r 10th. Felly mae'n gweld i'r Pickland, i'r Dauriata, i'r 8th, i'r 9th i'r 10th, i'r 11th. mae'n ddweud cyfnod y Gŵr alba ac mae'r sefydliad yn cael ei ddaeth yn gallu'r gweithio yn orgynnyddiad. Ond ydych chi'n gwybod fel y tro oedd y mynd i gyfnod, y mynd i gyfnod, y mynd i gyfnod, Felly, y Llywodraeth yw y gwiriaeth yn oed yn ddefnyddio i'r ffyrdd hwn yn ei ffordd a chyflwyd. Felly, y ddadl yng Nghaer scientistol yn ei wneud, mae'n gwybod i'r ffyrdd yng nghymru yn ymddangosol, a'r ffordd ydw i'r blwaith yn yr archaeologi i'r ddaeth yn y bwysigol, i'n adnodd yn ddodd yn ymddangosol i ffyrdd y ffordd. Felly, rwy'n cydweithio i'r gwirio arall yn Yrlen ac yn Scotland, today I just want to talk to you about two I was going to talk to you about free sites but I think it might be a bit mind boggling and overwhelming if I if I do too much so I'm going to talk to you about the sites of roads so far and that's Iona, and Reini so to begin with Reini the Reini is located on the east coast it was part of Pipland it's surrounded by archeological sites ranging from the o ganrhyw y bwynt yw'r hwn. Rwyf techydig llawer o rhanag, rhaid o bwnt, rhaid o meddwl a hwn yn y croti mawr, o'u adigrwydd i'ch trefwyr. private flat, esoien, yw fy nifer, ergoed gyda Gordon. Felly, mae'r cyfnodd yn rhine, i ddyn nhw'n gwneud yn iawn. Rwy'n ddiddorol eich cyfan o'r cyffredin iawn, yr eistaf iddynt ymgobl osaddegol, gyda'r cyfnod cyfnod yn ysgol. Ond, mae'r barflath a'r cair mor eich cyfnodau yn ymgyrch yn ysgol yn ysgol yn y 4th ysgol, ond mae'r cyfnod yn ymgyrch yn y 6th ysgol. Felly, yw'r cyfeirio cyfnod ymgyrch yn ymgyrch ymgyrch yn ymgyrch, ymgyrch yn ymgyrch yn ymgyrch ymgyrch yn yr ysgol, ond mae'r unif erioeddfe records ddiwedd y cyfle a chaf amserîl kylla yn ei cyfnod y cyfle, ond, mae gyda cael bod ei fynd mwyno. Yn ein byriliad iaol sy'n mynd ym d Tek円. Felly, mae'n maslimen ffordd. Fyrdd yr un cyfnod lle f survivio du'r sanearugh deall. Yma provide fyrchaeth redeemau yn cyflCA. Bae dyna cyflanki gyda'r Sgol? ond mae'n gwneud o'r boll yn oed, mae'n Caenypodd, mae'n Algi, mae'n Botrycocos, a rydyn ni wedi'i gweithio'r analysau geochemicol. Mae'r boll, oherwydd mae'n gwneud, mae'n gweithio'r gweithio'n 500 m o'n 500 m o'r gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio. Dyna, mae'n gweithio'n gwneud o'i gweithio'r gweithio'n gweithio. Mae'n gwneud sydd wedi'u rhaid o'r gweithio'r analysau geochemicol, ac oherwydd mae'n gweithio'r analysau geochemicol. Mae'r analysau geochemicol по bryd nag wedi'u gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio, a�w'r Lyfolynig. Mine that has a-solugy so if we look at the geochemical record I carried out what's called principal component analysis on the samples and the negative what's called the negative loadings seem to be associated with the chemicals- silica, aluminium, surround aquarium and so on. These are chemicals that are associated with grains, the minerals are associated with erosion or inwash and this curve fits in really nicely with the sediment sequence As you see an increase in organic contents, the organic depositive loadings, and that's associated with these chemicals, and these ones are actually binding with the organics, so when you see nickel iron here, it's not to do with metal working, these are actually binding with the organics, and it fits in really nicely with the peat. So you've got a wet phase, you've got a period of peat growth where you've got aquatic pollen that disappear in this record, and then you've got another wet phase in these sort of modern sediments, as well as meadowsweet, this is a marsh, this is a natural indicator as well. But as well as the natural signals, you also have evidence of human activity. You can see this in the herb record, as well as the dome fungi record, and you can also, there's also high percentage, well it's not really high percentage, but for cereal pollen, anything over 5% is considered quite high, of cereals types. There's a potential decline in cereal around the period of time where we see the destruction of the bark lat in the 6th century AD. We need to be careful because it's only one sample, so we shouldn't really say it's definitely associated with a crisis. But what's really interesting about this sequence is that there's continuity in cereal farming throughout, despite the abandonment of the settlement. And we might expect that because the Aberdeenshire landscape is a really fertile landscape, so if you have a period of crisis you don't really want to abandon that landscape, maybe other people are going to come in and do farming. So, besides the cereal pollen, there is a potential metal signal. We did principle component, this is principle component 3, and positive loadings are associated with the chemicals, cronium, nickel, iron, and I can't pronounce it, ethereum. So there is an increase around where the bark lat enclosure is occupied in the 4th century, 5th century AD. There's maybe a decline, maybe, but there is a general increase until 700 AD and then there's a decline. And then there's pronounced activity from 900 to 1400 AD, so this might be a metal signal, I don't want to say for 100%. We also see evidence in the charcoal record, so there's activity again during the enclosure period, there's activity during the destruction period, and then there's pronounced activity from 900 to 1200 AD. I also looked at erosional indicators, CP5 is associated with cerconium, cerconium's coarse grain side usually, manganese is associated with redox conditions within the wetland, and the increase in negative is associated with the cerconium and depleting, which may suggest an increase in the water table. But what this altogether means is that the burning events are causing erosion and water in washing into the valley, so a rise in the water table. I also did another type of analysis with cerconium divided by rubidian, so basically that's just coarse grain size, fine grains, sand silks, fine silks and clays, and it is often used as a neller erosion indicator. Now what I wanted to do with that is to compare it with the sort of anthropogenic indicators, the cereals and the dung fungi, so the cereals has no relation with the dung fungi, there is a positive association. Now what this means is that although the dung fungi may tell us that there's pastoral farming, the increases are definitely not associated with increased activity, it's associated with increased erosion. I'm going to quickly move on, so this is a summary of this analysis so far. Continuity in land use, despite the abandonment of the enclosure in the 6th century AD, may be a decline in activity, so there might be a period of crisis, but we do need to be careful here with our analysis. But there's also potential metalworking signals, burning events, which is associated with erosion, and there's increased activity between 900 AD to 1200 AD. Unfortunately there's not much in the way of archaeology between this period. So that's the first site. It's not much time, 15 minutes, but I'm going through everything. So this second site is Iona on the eastern side. Many of you are probably familiar with this. It's renowned for its early monastic society when St. Colombo arrived around 563 AD or thereafter. It was excavated in 2017 by Ewan Campbell, and as part of their work, Tim Myll took the pollen cores and I did the analysis, but I'm not going to talk about the monoliths today because I haven't got time, but they've also extracted a core sample, and so we did a detailed 2cm interval pollen analysis on it. So in no from the historical records, the life of Andoeman, there was at least 200 years of peace and prosperity. They had arable farming, pastoral farming, and I believe that we can see this at the bottom of the record by the low tree representation clearance. You've got cereals in the record, you've got some dungfungi, you've got herbs associated with disturbance, herbs that are often associated with pastoral farming as well. As well as this, there was some beetle analysis. So the Enid Alice did the beetle analysis from one of the context, and it relates to around the same time period. Unfortunately, I didn't get the initial monastic period, the arrival period shortly afterwards. But Enid also identified human activity in terms of beetles associated with animal waste, and beetles associated with building materials such as straw, bedding and dryrod. Unfortunately, the peace and prosperity, as a lot of you might be aware, didn't last in Iona, and I believe this might be represented in the pollen record as well, particularly with the birch record. There's this gradual and then this really pronounced increase in birch pollen, there's a decline in the grass, and there's a disappearance in cereal. We have to be a bit careful as well here that cereal might have been swamped. Its representation might have been swamped by overrepresentation of the birch. But it appears that there may have been a drastic settlement decline. Boinks in his analysis also noticed an increase in birch, which he suggested might be associated with coppicing. We should consider that possibility as well, but I'd like to argue that we do know from the annals that over a 30-year period, the monks were attacked on at least four occasions. On those occasions, a lot of the monks were actually slaughtered, a lot of the monks fled. They may have fled to the monastery in Kells, and I believe this is reflected in this high representation recovery of the birch scrub. But we do know as well from the historical records that the monks came back again, and this may again be represented by this strong decrease in birch, and we also see cereals reappear in the grassland as well. But then we see another increase in birch, so it's not as strong as this period, and this again may represent settlement decline. So there's a lot of things happening around 800-850 AD. We know that perhaps the relics of St. Colombo were moved between Dunkeld and Kells. The political status of the church changed. It lost its political power, and so we know the kingdoms of Alba were forming at this point. So maybe the monks were moving away. You've also still had the threat of fiking attacks on the island, and this may explain a decline in population. Although we see a decline in population though, there is not abandonment of the island because cereals do increase slightly. There's also an increase in burning throughout this period, and we also see an increase in heather and corallus myrica type, which may suggest people were managing the heathland during this period. So my hypothesis for this is that we may be seeing settlement decline, so people are abandoning the regional area, so allowing the birch scrub woodland to regrow. But they're sort of concentrating more locally, and there's still this focus on arable farming, and perhaps there's some heathland management as well. We do know from the records that there are mentions of abbots in Iona during this period. There are still burials taking place in the 10th century. And then finally we move into the 1100s. There is a pronounced increase in activity during this period. So this is the lowest representation of birch. You also see the highest representation of herbs, particularly the daisy and the dandelion family. Cereals are still there, but pastoral farming indicators become really pronounced during this period. It happens before the arrival of the Benedictine monks and the Augustinian nuns in around 1200 and three I think AD. So what does this mean? Could this represent the medieval warm period where climatic conditions are getting slightly better and farming conditions are improving? But what does it mean in terms of people? Does this mean that the monastic community, the Columba monastic community are recovering in numbers slightly? They're becoming more prosperous? Or does this mean that we're seeing more settlement influence on the island during this period? There were some excavations in clay farm which uncovered some north artifacts believed to be from the 9th, 10th centuries AD. So there was an alloy pin. There was a wet stone, I believe, and other pottery shards. There's also potential place names on Iona. There's a name called Feld, I believe, which it was destroyed in about 1878. There was a village of about 50 houses, which there's no evidence of this anymore, but it's recorded on Canmore. And there are suggestions that this might be a north's name. There's potential evidence of north settlement, but at the moment this has been conclusive. We need more evidence as Iona confirm Iona way who these people were that are influencing the landscape during this period. So I'll just sum up this now. So in the early monastic period you see peace and prosperity, there's farming taking place, arable, pastoral clearance. Then we see the Birch regeneration, which may represent a period of crisis, perhaps the fliking attacks taking place. We see a return to farming, so recovery, so maybe the monks are returning during this period. But we do see another decline in activity, which may represent a regional decline in landscape management, and are more locally focused because of political changes and other social changes taken place within the monastic community during this period of time. But then around 1100 AD there's an intensification of activity prior to the Benedictine and Augustinian arrival. But we don't really know. We haven't got substantial evidence to say who these people were at the moment. And that's it. Thank you.