 we'll actually focus on the Terramare settlement of Montale in northern Italy and where I think there is really striking evidence of work textile production at industrial scale I would like to say the site of Montale is a Terramare site, the middle Bronze Age, Italian middle Bronze Age settlement, as you can see here, it starts around 1550 and it gets abandoned probably around 1200 BC. It is a very dynamic, the whole Terramare phenomenon we love another slide, it's a very dynamic phenomenon and one of the maybe the signs that this communities are continuously changing and developing and in a way adjusting to probably the environment around and is the architecture as you can see here in this reconstruction during the first phases of the Terramare phenomenon you will have a pile dwelling and then disappears and they become normal houses in later period and since archaeology somewhere has agreed it's a sort of colonisation of the plain where they are and this pile dwelling could be an architecture that comes with the people and gets reproduced because of resources available but with time with the forestation probably resources diminished and then changes show that these people are able to adapt and change. The site here is one of the sites has been excavated since the 19th century and as you can see here from the different colours it was excavated in many different ways and mostly it was just showered away because this is what happened in the plain, they were small cels basically this was a very flat landscape and during the 19th century this was a very rich soil and the owner of the fields around just took them and spread to fertilise their fields but of course there was a lot of find and this got collected by the museum so there is an immense amount of find that have no context but we work with them as well as you can see from this other picture this is the different faces of one of the houses of the site and so you can see that they get revealed on top of each other it's very tight it's tightly inhabited these settlements and it looked like that there is organisation like lots where you get to reveal but you cannot extend much more sort of urban situation almost and as I said there is a lot of textile tools from this place this is about the taramari phenomenon this is a map that shows the evolution of the phenomena you can see it's relatively it increased dramatically you have a first here appear colonisation and then the settlement just multiplicates and multiplicates and between middle Bronze Age 3 and recent Bronze Age 1 you see also they become square they become larger you have a sort of higher diversification probably between different sites and the population increased dramatically you can see from this graph this phenomenon starts with very few attestations on the plane and it becomes this is yet the number of settlements this is the after that are occupied and and the population estimates of course with all the vias are could be a population at the end of the phenomenon 150 000 people so it's a lot of people and you can understand that there is needs of textile production at the industrial scale there this is a reconstruction of the site Montaille differently from other places doesn't increase in size it remains this actor who it's a relatively small village in this context but it's it's a very rich one it has and and one of the reasons for this stability problem maybe it's connected to this textile production that makes it different from other sides of the plane there is textile production everywhere but not to this scale that you can see in Montaille one of the reasons I think I believe that the production is connected to it's wool production mainly that is done and you can see here from this picture it lies in a very specific strategic geographical position because it's on the plane and the plane is really flat it's a plane but it's very close to the up and in up and nine mountain that starts a few kilometers afterwards and the the landscape between ladies the plane stops and the mountains start and that that I think gives an advantage because you have the possibility to use for example for your sheep I believe this is the case of summer pasture so you can free land for example for agriculture or you can bring forage that you harvest in the mountain and down to the plane which probably I would suggest now it's the case because I think the ship didn't move that much but I don't know if we have time to discuss that this is what's really striking about Montaille is the spindle board as you can see in this line these are the collections that were done during the 19th century by the museum and the spindle board are this line and you see that there is quite a striking difference there is spindle boards everywhere but in Montaille there is over four thousand about four thousand five hundred spindle boards that have been collected and even other sites where there were a lot of them like four hundred the differences just I don't need to say much and during the modern excavation that were done at the beginning of 2001 to they found 182 spindle boards and but the excavation was on 45 square meters so making comparisons it it really matched the the number that you that from the 19th century collection and actually in the end you could say that probably there were much more because of course all the fragmentary spindle boards were not collected so it is it everybody was basically spinning all the time I would say but this is another thing you can see it however because this from the modern excavation gives you the possibility to see that there is changes with time of course the 45 square meters is too little and there could be more concentration in other areas but it's interesting because you see that in the first phases you have more spindle boards and then it tends to diminish and at the end of the recent Bronze Age there is basically no traces it could be that the last levels are very disturbed there were no very clear structures and so on and so forth but at the same time oops but it could also be and I think that's the case a change in politics of production the political economical changes there because as we said and I don't go you need in order to produce textile there is a very large need for wool and beside all the all the other other things that's Christian said about the quality and how you organize your ship early you need quantities and with the the Bronze Age animals you would not be able to get large quantities from one animal and so you need the possibility to organize a normal ship early around the sites and you can see this is the final remains from the final remains through the phases the number of ships keeps increasing so although the spindle boards decrease it I think this is a sign that you have wool production and that you you change the kind of product that you are interested in that you try to to produce and I think also that this discrepancy between the spindle boards on the ship is in itself supports the idea that it's full because full is this fiber that you can actually sell even before you spin once you have collected and clean it is actually a very valuable good in itself while for example flux it until you have a spun yarn you you cannot really do much with it I think you wouldn't have a roll flux traveling around before the spin so and the evidence in the pollination analysis that I've been done on the plane this is different side and this is Montal and as a proxy for shipyard in the avenues is the I cannot pronounce it chicory a chicory a pollen as a as a evidence of intense pastoral activity as you can see here you would say that at the different sites there is actually a different emphasis on pastoral activity and I'm telling it it is quite stable and quite high so it it would and I think it's much the evidence but mean that you have a lot of sheep herding around the site and I think this is this is very interesting because since each ship would provide very little wool it's actually a very very valuable animal it's not someone that you would let go in the mountain but you keep them around in the plane and maybe as I said it's the food that comes from the mountain down to the plane at least during the Bronze Age because ships have a very very quick evolution I think at the end of the Iron Age they become different and you start having shears and other new tools that are not existing during the Bronze Age so probably the the wool becomes more and large I thinking about Montal and the situation and so on and so forth I've been trying to do some calculations and this is for the I just show you the Middle Bronze Age too so the first face and you still have also a lot of spindle wool and they did the areas very well studied they did t-shirt polygons try to apply t-shirt polygons on the on the in the province and with no of course again with all the problems that this model has you would it would turn out that Montal and manage a very very large territory so around 2,200 hectares that have Montal as a main site and if you consider that one hectare they say a population of 120-130 people maximum in on site with this large territory around even if there is about 30 percent from the polygons that is forested area and you would say at least 20 percent for agriculture which is still quite a lot it's over 400 hectares for a small population it's quite an intense agriculture you have around over a thousand hectares for your animals and the this ship won't seem dominating so if you have I tried the different stocking rates in the plane if you have only two sheep per hectare which is very very low it really gives you a bit a lot of other things going on and you already have something like 3,000 animals so between 3,000 and the 6,000 animals and you still are quite humble with your predictions and which gives you continue and something like a product a wool production of clean wool which could be between half a tonne and almost one half tonne it's not enormous if you think in Mediterranean terms it would have a lot more but still it's a production this way beyond what a small community would need so it is I think it supports the idea that this site invests heavily in wool production and that this wool production is not only the main but it's a it's a developing production it changes I think it goes from spinning threads to producing raw wool and one thing that I think it supports this idea that is a very dynamic production and political economy is again the poland diagrams as you can see well it's a particularly clear but you see that there is some change and in particular this during the first phases you have this cherry trees that are dominated with the fruit and from the phase eight you have the introduction of wine of grape which basically takes over and the and it would seems and this is correspond to the drop in spindle wool and so I think that this is a very active community that produce textile and wool but it also produce other things and when the other things become important then drops part of the of the textile work because it is very time demanding spinning process for example as you can see in the previous one it's very very many hours if you see the last part if you have 1,300 kilos of clean wool you would have 122 people working full-time for a year which is about the whole community um yeah and I finish here and so I think that through the study of the archaeological material we can get very close to to what textile production could mean to different communities and so far there's not that many studies in europe but I think we have to look for a similar case of this because I think wool production was something that emerged from that and was taken on by single communities that understood the importance of it so not everybody would do that thank you