 So, just to give you some example of what type of R&D has been done until now, we started working on activation of soils and fly ashes, I think I cited this example sometime back that when contaminant geomaterial interaction occurs at elevated temperature in the presence of some chemicals, the geomaterials get altered, alright. So, what we did is whatever happens in nature, we tried to simulate in the laboratory. So, I took sodium hydroxide and I boiled it in a pressure cooker to start with my research because I am sure you can realize why pressure cooker because autoclaving which is going on at a very high pressure due to the steam and I am achieving very high temperatures. So, what I have done is I have ripped off the external surface of the quarts by applying very high temperatures and very high pressures with sodium hydroxide. Sodium hydroxide is a cheerleading agent, you will learn about this once you are into this industry, it basically scrubs the surface of the quarts. This type of activity is also going on in the reservoirs and the ponds where the fly ash is being dumped. So, this was my PhD students thesis in 2001, 2002, everybody was talking about utilization of fly ash for making embankments and we were thinking in a different direction and I said look wait a minute and let us try to analyze the samples of the fly ash from the pond and we published interesting papers showing that this material should not be utilized for making the embankments and the reason is about to follow. So, if you take the original ash, you will find that we have quarts mullite and these are what known as zeolites, activated state of the minerals where sodium alumina ratio is in some order alright. So, this original material gets, you need not to write, these are all R and D ideas, you can read the enough publications on this. We have written a book by the way on this whole thing, I will talk about that. And so, once you boil it with sodium hydroxide, this is what happens, this is what is known activated fly ash, activated fly ash is a catalyst. So, this is the, this is what the after effect of activation of sodium hydroxide is of the fly ash. So, this processes keep on happening in nature or as that. So, most of the rocks to my surprise, which I was dealing with as a consultant for creating the buildings and the bridges, particularly one in Bombay, huge bridge. There was a bug in the mind and let us see microscopically what type of minerals these rocks have and what would be their bearing capacity, because bearing capacity is a macro term. Now, when you look into the mineralogy, you realize that these type of minerals are not fit as a load bearing mineral because they are hyperactive and they will be sucking lot of moisture either from the atmosphere or when they come in contact with the water bodies, this is how it looks like. So, from this point onwards, I always tell my student that I am venturing into Sukshma, Sukshma you understand? What is Sukshma? Micro, nano. So, this is where the R and D is because until now, the conventional theories have been talking about the macro systems. You never went into the microscopic scales and the nano scales to understand what causes strength to the matrix of the soil and that is where these tools, you know, SEM and XRD become very, very powerful tools. So, the original ash samples would look like perfect quartz balls and depending upon the opaque or the transparency of the balls, you can make out what type of mineralogical composition this system would exhibit. Now, this is a very different world. You will realize that more you focus on the particles, the more knowledge you get about it. Remember, this material is getting created because of firing in furnaces at the power plant. So, the coal which you bring to the power plants, you pulverize it and as a pulverized coal, it is injected into the furnace. It is not the coal which is used because you want to enhance the surface area by pulverizing it and once the surface area of the each particle of the coal increases calorific value increases. Now, these are techniques whenever you get time to go and visit a power plant and try to understand how the power is produced. So, all these flash particles which remain in the boiler units or they could be the bottom ash also. They tell different stories. So, you have carbonates from the color you can make out. Beautiful thing which I wanted to show you. It is a sort of a cup inside a cup. You take a football and cut it. So, you have the inner surface and you have the outer surface alright. So, it is something of that sort. You keep two cups one over each other. So, what happens? A cup is sitting inside in the cup. One ball is sitting inside the other ball. We call them as pleurospheres. They have very special utility in today's chemical engineering processes. I mean if you check on net, you will find that these type of entities are used for making bulletproof vehicles bulletproof you know clothes and so on because their tensile strength is extremely high. These are perfect quartz balls. In sports most of the gadgets they use senospheres and pleurospheres. You know if you go into the chemistry of these type of particles you will realize that during very high temperature when the firing was done these particles the silica got melted and then in the stack from where the emissions take place these particles could not go outside and they have to drop down. We were talking about hydrometer test today morning. It is something like hydrometer test which you are doing in a stack of a power plant with all fumes at very high temperature and the particle is dropping down. What type of alternations the system undergoes. So, in the process what happens is a lot of air gets stabbed in these particles clear. So, when the air gets stabbed in the particles and they recrystallize they become pleurospheres or senospheres and as I said they have a lot of applications. Then I started growing different types of minerals on the particles of quartz or the fly ash particles. So, what you are observing here is the this is the culturing different types of minerals on the surface of the quartz to make it more hyperactive. So, this was the work which was done by my student Dr. Hohle, Dr. Nevin and Dr. Jha. These are the guys who have published at least 50-60 papers on zero-digestion potential of fly ash and their applications and environmental cleanup. So, remember when you are dealing with the quartz ball is inert but I have used quartz ball to create different type of protrusions on the surface which act as a sort of a filter sieve, molecular sieve we call them which will have a very high affinity towards cations. So, any cation when it comes in contact with these materials gets strapped over there because of very high cation exchange capacity and surface. So, these type of systems are quite required in modern day industry particularly when you valorize the fly ash. Fly ash which was lying as a unused unattended material has been converted into a catalyst and I can use this as a bio fertilizer also because tomorrow micronutrients and the bacteria and microbes will come in contact with these protrusions and they will live over there. So, imagine a soil which was earlier barren, I have rejuvenated it. So, these are the concepts which people are trying to work on in the industry. So, this is where the interesting ideas are in R and D and applications. Read the papers by Bhagwan Jeeja, the book also on zeolites and their industrial applications and if you go through his papers you will realize how the whole process is done. The bug in our mind was that interaction of contaminants with soils is not inert and many a time this interaction might alter the fundamental characteristics of the soils also. So, this is what actually we wanted to show. Particularly in case of nuclear industry this type of concepts are very, very useful where you are dealing with the atomic waste of high toxicity. You know it is a big challenge to dispose of the waste and isolate it from the geo environment. So, check the thesis which have been done by Dr. Ravi Ranjan Rakesh, one Dr. Guru Murthy. These are the guys who are sponsored by atomic energy regulatory board of India and DARC and they have done wonderful work on nuclear waste disposal of you know from different atomic power plants and how to isolate them from the environment. Hope you are getting, I do not expect you to remember and learn everything. I am just trying to give you exposure of what is being done and what has been done already and where we are heading to that is more important. This is correct. It is not that you should mug up and remember all these things. This is just maybe a different domain of activities of a geotechnical engineering profession. Sir, in which way the activated ash sample is different, property wise. First thing is the mineralogy. So, if you remember this itself is different. Here you do not have any zeolites in the original flash and once you have activated is you can create zeolites of your liking. So, only thing is you have to just regulate the process. So, if a agriculture industry is contacting you, you know what type of zeolites you should produce. Engineering properties wise. Yeah. So, engineering properties if you read the paper which is written by Dr. Koleh in Canadian Geotechnical Journal 2001 ASTM. There we have talked about these type of systems have tendency to retain water and they become very fluffy. So, specific gravity decreases because what you are doing is you are digesting silica because by using sodium hydroxide alright. So, they become different material which cannot be utilized for load bearing. But it becomes an interesting material for application in environmental issues and giving a solution to the environmental problems, cleanup programs. When you have mercury vapors, dioxins, very high concentration of cations, their take up capacity is going to be more. So, if you put them in the soil, they will not allow anything to go out of them even if flooding takes place. So, when you construct a dam, the biggest problem is soils become barren. I think we discussed this. The biggest issue is why people are against construction of dams. It is not only the dislocation of the people, the seepage lines, what do they do? They take out all the minerals from the soil as an except gradient. So, and water logging downstream. So, when water logging occurs, a fluorescence takes place and all the minerals get washed out from the soils and soils become barren. So, if you want to rejuvenate all these type of things, you should have a material which is hyperactive, you would not let things go out easily. There are several applications of this material in the modern day medicine. So, I was dealing with some of the business of the other country where they are trying to create control drug delivery systems where these things become the basic component. Most of the diarrheal, you know medicines, antidiarrheal medicines, you use these type of systems where you inject a mineral in your intestine which has a very high capacity to swap water. Now, there are two ways of interpreting the how. One is to read and get how it has been done. Second is answer yourself if you have a question, that if tomorrow somebody comes to you to create a technology, you take this question as a challenge and give them a solution. So, Indian industry right now wants a solution, are you realizing this? Here is another example of how scanning electron microscopy can be utilized to understand the surface features of the soils, all right. You have these pictures taken up at different magnifications, it is written over here 5000 times, 5000 times, 10,000 times, 15,000 times and what we are trying to show is that the sand which is supposed to be very passive contains a lot of bacteria on this and hence one of the applications could be in designing the water filters. So, if you look at another industrial process which is known as dual flue gas conditioning, DFGC is known as dual flue gas conditioning. This is normally done to trap the fine particles which are going out of the stacks at the thermal power plants. You know earlier days these bag filters are not designed or they were not available in the market. So, bag filters are the ones which are installed at the exit of the chimneys so that they will collect dust particles and the dust particles will not get emitted into the environment. When you say the size of the particle which goes into the environment less than 1 ppm, 2 ppm and there is an index also which most of the time people talk about when case of Delhi is discussed, you must be aware of that, particulate matter ppm index. So, at power plants because a lot of fine particles might go into the environment, they nowadays install dust collectors, these are bag filters. Now, bag filter material will again come back into the stacks and will get the positive Now, if you want to sell your fly ash to different, let us say agricultural units. So, what we have shown is that the fly ash particles which have been collected by giving a treatment with the flue gas can be utilized as a good fertilizer. And this was also a project which was sponsored by one of the consulting groups and one of my PhD scholars Dr. Shanta Kovar worked on this. So, what you are observing is this also answers your questions Rikan that you are trying to grow different types of deposits on the particles. And what you observe is something which is very decorational and tells a lot of value in the ornaments. If you create this type of structure, they shine in light because of their efflorescence, it is all calcium deposits or it could be sodium sulphate which is coming out of the soil. So, what I am trying to show you here is that depending upon the requirement you can create a solution. So, here the objective was how to create a situation where the fine dust particles which are going out of the stacks of the thermal power plants can be collected, number one, without back filters. Number two, whatever gets collected, what to do with that? Can this be used as a resource material? The answer was yes, this material can be utilized as a good manure. So, we created a celebility for this material, celebility in the market. These slides also show the importance of scanning electron microscopy in advanced geotechnical engineering and environmental geomechanics. There are some more examples of how agglomeration of the ash particles can be done. In conventional geomechanics, we use the deflaculating agent as sodium meta hexa phosphate to deflaculate the system. Here I want to create flocs so that the emissions in the environment reduce. So, now you can see by injecting ammonia gas, I can create deposition of ammonium sulphate on the particles and this is how the agglomeration looks like. So, they inject ammonia, sometimes they inject sulphur trioxide, sometimes they inject carbon dioxide, sometimes they inject water fumes, sometimes they inject they scrub the particles with water. So, there are a lot of techniques which are being used. I mean you should realize the you know boundary less approach in geotechnical engineering, that is what I always say. All of you have studied this Stokes law and suspension you know depositing in a water column and my mind used to say that why cannot we do this in a column of flue gas in which the particles are settling down. So, this abstract thinking makes your research more interesting and then you create a requirement in the market by doing R and D and showing to the rest of the world that what you are thinking is correct. So, most of our projects are like this where we create a value out of a material and then we create a situation where industries get attracted toward research and they fund us and then this is how the whole system thrives. Sir, you mentioned that we use those fine particles as manure for does that affect the percolation of water and percolation of groundwater. Yes, so imagine when the surface area has increased, detonation capacity has increased in case of extreme desert conditions also you can grow the plants. Because as I said that these materials have high affinity towards moisture, they will not let moisture go out. So, that means throughout the year you can have melting point maintained which plants can use to survive themselves. So, this was a very revolutionary thinking otherwise sands alone cannot sustain the plants in extreme climatic conditions in deserts. And then comes of course, first thing is creating a material and then mechanics of this material suppose if I have to create a filter bed out of this as she was asking you wanted to do some experiments to show how plants growth can be controlled by using this type of concepts. I mean you will be surprised to know that all these type of systems are very much useful for poultry where you have a lot of foul spell. In poultry and aquaculture and pesy culture these things are becoming a pool because they have a tendency to solve foul gases as to us particularly. And hence the you know animals and birds do not fall sick. There are a lot of applications.