 Today, we have an incredible panel, fabulous panelists, and an extremely important topic. When we talk about the fourth industrial revolution, particularly technologies around artificial intelligence, we'll be talking about how AI has grown, the areas where it's actually led to extraordinary innovation during the pandemic, the areas where maybe it's underperformed. We're going to talk about private-public partnerships, which this panel is particularly appropriately designed for, and we'll also be talking about climate change. The other day at the World Economic Forum, John Kerry mentioned discussing something, Bill Gates, it said that we might need a technological miracle to get out of the climate change catastrophe. So we'll see where we are, where progress is right now. So, fantastic panel, big conversations, great topic. Let me introduce the panelists. We'll get going. Remember, you can ask your questions. They'll be fed to me through the Zoom chat, and I will ask the panelists them. So, starting off with Ivan Duque, he is the president of Colombia. He's been the president since 2018, a member of the Democratic Center Party. He's been a major proponent of developing the tech sector in Colombia. Under his leadership, the Colombian government published a draft framework for ethical AI in November of last year, and I just learned in the green room that he's all in favor of getting an edition of Wired in Colombia, which I take as a very, very good sign. Ivan Erickson is the chief executive officer of AUKER. Hey, been running that amazing company for a while, and in partnership with the World Economic Forum, the AUKER Group has been instrumental in the development of Norway's Center for the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the Ocean Data Platform, which is a collaborative data sharing platform to which data from 220,000 marine research expeditions since 1890 have been uploaded just in the past year. Brad Smith is the president of Microsoft. He's been at Microsoft in a range of roles for over 27 years. We've probably seen him on Davos panels before because he is absolutely fabulous on every panel. He became president in 2015. He leads more than 1400, sorry, he leads a team of more than 1400 business legal and corporate affairs professionals in 56 countries, and he's president of a tech company that has a great valuation because it actually sells products, not because the stock has been pumped up on Reddit. Julie Sweet is the chief executive officer of Accenture USA and my favorite fact of all my panel introductions. She is ranked first, not second, not third, not ninth, she is ranked first, unfortunate list of most powerful women for 2020. So an amazing panel, fabulous conversation ahead. Let's get going. President Duque, I read an interview recently you did with the Council on Foreign Relations from October where you talked about the importance of technology and the importance of AI in helping Columbia's economy recover from COVID and grow whenever we are finally finding our way out of this catastrophe. So tell me the areas where you expect to see the most interesting growth and what you expect to happen. And let's get going there and then we'll dig into some of the complex debates around this. President Duque. Well, thank you so much, Nick. It's a great honor for me to be in this panel and I also welcome the presence of such a distinguished group. Let me try to frame what we are trying to accelerate in Columbia. The first thing is we believe technology has to be the driver of building back better. And we also believe that this is the right avenue to provide human capital next frontiers. So how do we do it? The first thing is we have to build smart regulation. So we have combined regulation for entrepreneurship and technology. On entrepreneurship, we decided to have no income tax for the first six years for technology entrepreneurs with a minimum amount of investment and a minimum of jobs to be created. We also developed regulation for fintech, golf tech, education technology and health technology. And we have become leaders on financial inclusion using digital technologies. The third element is we have to train the human talent and that's why we launched the program to train 100,000 programmers by August 2022. And we also are thinking on smart infrastructure and that's why our plan is to have by August next year, 70% of all the Colombian population with fast speed internet. And we are providing fast speed internet to communities that have not had access to technology. And last but not least in the element is the ethical framework. We were the first Spanish speaking country to open a fourth industrial revolution with the World Economic Forum. And we are now putting in place the ethical framework for AI. That means we have to value AI for the privilege it brings to the whole world. But at the same time, we have to be clear that managing information and managing algorithms need to be aligned with an ethical framework so that information is used for the best purpose. And I should mention that the next step where we wanna get is also to combine all these technologies with the evolution of the creative industries in Colombia. We have now the most competitive framework for audiovisual for digital animation in Latin America. If we combine all these elements, we wanna make Colombia the Silicon Valley of Latin America so that every single investment in technology when it looks to the region sees Colombia as the first choice. And I'm glad that Brad Smith is also joining us today because one of the elements that we're trying to push very hard is to have data analytics centers. Microsoft, Open One, and Chile, we wanna be the next in the region. And we already have Amazon web services doing big investments in Colombia. Accenture is also working on AI technology. So I believe Colombia today is the most competitive place in the region because we have combined the regulation, the entrepreneurship framework, human capital. And last but not least, we're putting also resources in terms of venture capital and in terms of supporting capital to entrepreneurs in the technology sector all over the country. That is a fabulous answer. And I guess Brad, you were named there. So let me ask you the follow-up, which is will Microsoft be moving to Colombia? And if not, why not? And then more seriously, what is it that the rest of the world needs to do to make sure that their tech sectors become as vibrant as America's? Because it is still true that the largest tech companies are all still from a very small part of one country. What does the world have to do? Well, we've been bullish on Colombia for a long time. And I think in a lot of interesting ways, Colombia has been actually more forward-leaning than the United States in certain regulatory areas, such as what it takes to bring broadband to more people. But I think Nick, what we're really doing right now is living in a time where so much real-world progress really requires that we weave together new AI-based technologies with cloud-based services and with data analytics. And you put these three together. And it's easy to look at the United States and know that the country will continue to be in the top tier, probably the global leader for a lot of this investment. But more than ever, I think it's really spreading around the world in large part because people recognize that it is this combination that's the key to solving almost every problem we care about. Yeah, I'm just struck because here we are the last week in January. And the biggest problem the world needs to solve right now is getting more vaccines manufactured, distributed, and into people's arms around the world. And when you start thinking about that, you start with the proposition that this is this extraordinary success of the biotechnology and pharmaceutical sector, and it is. But in many ways, it really speaks to the importance of these digital technologies as well. When I look at what it takes to get shots into people's arms through a supply chain, we're seeing AI put to use. You gotta pre-register billions of people around the world so they know whether they're eligible for a vaccine. We're seeing AI play a role, AI chatbots to walk people through online so they know whether they're eligible. You need to do massive scheduling of people so they can get an appointment. And this is where Accenture and Microsoft are working together to help institutions scale up their scheduling systems and combine it with online data entry in advance so people don't have to spend 25 minutes filling out paperwork when they go to get a vaccination. You need to have real-time data analytics that let governments know whether shots are being administered and to whom they're being administered. Are they reaching the people who are eligible? Are they reaching marginalized communities? And here we're seeing governments around the world really build on the kind of data dashboards that we and others have created to tell the public what's going on and really create a tool for government itself. So what is I think interesting today is that what started in the United States, what has spread to some other countries is really a global phenomenon and it's being embraced by governments, nonprofits and businesses alike. That is a fabulous answer. Let me go to Julie here because this gets at one of the things I've been wondering about and it's a big question. I'm gonna ask it kind of with two parts but one of the questions people have about AI right now is how much is it actually helping? There's a study that came out from MIT in October, November saying that only 11% of the companies that had fully invested in AI had seen I think it was outsized returns from the AI. And so if that is a presumption and then let's look at the COVID problem where it looks like the vaccine development relied on AI very little. Is the vaccine rollout gonna really rely on AI? How much does AI matter right now, both to the world and to companies and to the particular problem right now that Brad just described is the most important problem of the world which is how we get vaccines into everybody's arms. That's a great question but I am gonna put a plug in for Columbia first like Brad because we're very proud of our almost a thousand people in Columbia. So thank you, President Duque. We have an amazing, amazing and talented people there. So it's a great question. So maybe the first answer is we're at the beginning of AI actually being able to reach its full potential whether it's in what we're seeing now with biochemistry and the development of medicines to changing the way we're alive because it's actually pervasive. I mean, if you're using your phone, AI is changing your life every day, right? So when I say it's at the beginning it's because the potential of AI is so great but AI isn't a destination. It's about how you use it. And it was really important what Brad talked about and it's one of the things that we work together so strongly is you can't have AI unless you have good data. It's hard to have enough data to change the world unless you're in the cloud, right? And at the end of the day you actually need thoughtful use cases and experiences around that. And that's why when Brad talked about it and let us, he didn't talk about them separately but how we put them together, right? And then around that it's the technology and the people. So if you think about what we're doing around vaccines and the solution that we've built together it has to have the government actor as well as the individual and the private actors, they're together. So it's not a technology solution it's the ability to integrate those things. And so when you think about AI don't think of it as a destination but about an enabler that's only beginning to reach its full potential. So will we see more medicines and breakthroughs through the ability to use AI? Yes, but if you talk to the pharma companies what they would say is in order to do that we have to be in the cloud, have the access to the data and think differently about where the data is coming having diverse populations for example. And so it is more complex than is AI, what are they doing? And in fact, if you think about like I'm not troubled by the fact that the stats around are we getting the value? Because in fact over the last several years what you've really been seeing is a lot of experimentation we're at the beginning of a decade where that experimentation is now reaching starting to reach scale and having an impact and if we work together well right it can be truly explosive and I don't think it's gonna take the decade that I thought before COVID I think you're gonna see an acceleration of the value over the next few years. That makes a lot of sense you need to have these things working together you need to be in the cloud you need to have your data properly organized and you need to have AI working as a tool on that which actually leads to something Orvin that I was thinking about when I read one of the interviews that you gave recently and you were talking as I think it was an interview in October and you said industries like energy manufacturing shipping and terminals continue to battle with extraordinary inertia on digital change meaning as I read it, it's much harder to do exactly what Julia is talking about in certain industries. Talk to me a little bit about the way that at some point in the huge portfolio you manage you have solved one of these data problems and you've taken an industry with inertia and enabled the data to be organized in such a way that AI could work to its potential. I think this is a very important discussion because as individuals, our lives and the way we're communicating changed more than a decade ago due to the smartphone but the reality is that significant part of the industry has not yet had its smartphone moment and the main reason why we have not been able to take full advantage of new digital tool is exactly what was described that the data are still locked in silos in separate systems and very hard to liberate and hard to contextualize and make available to take full effect of AI and other applications. But things are changing and from my perspective 2020 was obviously a different year but it was also a transformational year in this respect because help by cloud and other technologies we're about to resolve the fundamental problem about the data and be able to make available high quality data to take full effect of new applications. So I'm quite optimistic that also for as a TV industry is like those you mentioned, we will see a step change going forward both with respect to efficiency but also as a very important tool to operate those industries in a more sustainable way going forward. That makes a lot of sense and it gets me to a big topic. I wanna ask maybe multiple people on this panel about which is when we talk about one of the stories of the coronavirus crisis will be the extraordinary technological transformation that has occurred because of what's happened because we're all forced into our homes because we started to collect more data because we stopped interacting in person because it all happened on Zoom and it was all recorded and it could all be analyzed and because we've had to push forward certain industries like telemedicine and online education. The question is, what are the areas where we have seen the most surprising booms because of the combination of tech post Corona? What are the areas where a year from now we're gonna look and say, wow, Corona really caused an extraordinary transformation that we didn't see coming. What are the things we're just starting to see now but that we haven't seen yet in the crisis? Maybe I'll go to Brad or Julie on this one first. Well, let me start, Nick, with something that, like all things, I'm not sure it's a shock or a surprise but I think it is definitely grabbing the world's attention. Look, there will undoubtedly be people who will watch something like this and say, well, of course the Davos crowd did well. We could all work from home. We all had our broadband connections and it's easy to forget that even in a country like the United States, more than half of the people who were lucky enough to keep their job didn't have the luxury of working from home. And what we started talking about a year ago would this be a V-shaped recovery or an L-shaped recovery? I do think has become this K-shaped recovery where some have done better and others are being more left behind. And I think that really is the thing that should probably grab our attention the most. And then we ask ourselves, well, what is it that it will take to move everybody up and not just some? And I think it's three things. Number one, it is broadband. We saw before the pandemic that broadband was a real ticket to the future but we've seen just how glaringly it is to leave some people without that ticket. We're seeing underprivileged kids just literally not be able to attend school. We're seeing rural communities continue to be left behind. They were before, now we see it more clearly. So I just think if there's one thing that we start with, it's a resolve to eliminate the broadband gap over the next few years, which I think new technology will enable us to do. And then there's the two other things that need to be added, access to devices and access to skills. And I think if we can put these together and really understand in each country, where is the gap? How do we close it? This may be one of the great pieces of learning, not because we didn't know it before but because the whole world didn't see it with the clarity that we all see it today. President Duque, have you seen signs of a K-shaped recovery in Columbia and what are you doing about that? Let me try to connect both questions, Nick. On the one hand, I think we have reached important levels of recovery, although there's still much to go. I think our economy was badly hidden. We ended up 2019 with the biggest economic growth in the last five years and we grew above the regional average, world average, OECD average, but definitely I think we're respecting a negative growth of minus 6.7 maybe in 2020. Nevertheless, since June, I think we started seeing recovery trends that are important and we got in December to pre-pandemic unemployment levels are very close there. But this year is going to be very important because this has to be the massive vaccination and the safe recovery. But I think you mentioned something very interesting in your previous question, which are the sectors that you think are accelerating. I remember Richard has saying that this is going to be the acceleration of history. In Columbia, I'm going to mention four that are really making a big change. The number one, financial inclusion through fintech. Since we had to put together programs to get to the poorest of the poor in a fast way, we did it through technology and we got to more than 3.5 million families that never got a transfer from the government to attend the circumstance. That was very important. The second element is now you see all the banks moving to more digital wallets. So this is going to be the time of fintech. And we're having new fintech investments in Columbia from banks that were created all over Latin America, basically digital and starting to compete and that competition I think is going to create more smart products for the citizens. The second thing is telemedicine. We passed from 400,000 consultations to millions of consultations that are done right now through internet. So the managing of the system, the information in the system, the way doctors can connect to people that are in far places of the country, it's very important and that's going to be a massive acceleration. Number three is education. But I also want to put a red light here. Yes, it's very important that we have moved to more virtual education, but we have to acknowledge that for the sake of mental health of children, there has to be an alternancy. There has to be percential education and virtual education. I obviously believe that the virtual component is going to make a dramatic change and it's going to change also the habits of parenthood. And we all have to learn from that. But it's very important that the acceleration of education technology also has to be based on a balance with percential education. And last but not least, I also believe that cybersecurity is going to have the fastest acceleration ever because we're transferring more information, we're having more meetings, we're transferring sensible information, we're having access to databases. So I think this is going to be the major acceleration of cybersecurity. And that's why in Colombia, we have decided to launch a public policy on cybersecurity. And if I may wrap up, how Colombia is adapting to all this, the framework that we have built on fintech, cybersecurity, and also AI, IoT, cloud computing, is because we understand that if we take the wave, the way the wave is coming, we're going to take advantage so that this becomes the fastest acceleration of youth employment in Colombia, building talent with the right education for the moment. And that's why we made the big bet to train 100,000 programmers by August 22. And I feel that that is also going to make Colombia the place in Latin America with the best prepared talent for the demand of workers in this type of industries. Wonderful. Well, you know, the question about education at home is one that may be made evident to everybody watching this panel because my three children are here and a 10-year-old has a trombone class shortly. So if you hear a trombone, that's what's going on. So, Julia Oiven, let's do a follow-up on this, which is, so President Duque just mentioned four areas, fintech, cybersecurity, telemedicine, online education, is areas where he's seen spectacular growth where he expects to see continued spectacular growth. Are there others besides those four? Have you seen surprising, interesting areas of growth that will be important as we recover from the COVID catastrophe? I mean, do you want to go first? Yeah, I'm happy to start. I think what we have been through the last year has changed the way business leaders look upon risk and risk management also by application on new software technology. And being responsible for a large industrial group like ARCR, I'm pretty sure that remote operations and mitigation by digital tools of different risk factors will be a high priority going forward than what it has been in the past. And so, I also think that industry at large will make a step change with respect to application of software solutions and AI and in order to mitigate risk at large. So I'll make my prediction. So back in 2013, we were the first company to say every business would be a digital business. And Brad will remember that. We like CIOs argued, industry said, you're crazy. Today, we were already headed there but COVID made very clear. Technology is the lifeline every business and you hear it in every discussion we really had here. So my next prediction is that sustainability is the new digital. And this wasn't obvious when pandemic, the pandemic hit. You'll remember at the we were talking about will we have a setback as we just come off of Davos in that last January with sustainability in the broad sense from climate to inequality to re-skilling and privacy. And people were worried that the economic impact would mean that people wouldn't spend, et cetera. And I think you're seeing the exact opposite because as people are rebuilding, re-platforming in the cloud, investing, there's a huge interest in doing so sustainably. Consumers want it, the employees want it. Our research that we just did in Europe said that companies who embrace both technology and sustainability are two and a half times more likely to be tomorrow's leaders. And so I think this is something that has an economic case in the pandemic and the collective experience of what the pandemic has done has really driving different behavior. And so I'm very hopeful that when we have this dialogue in 2025 that we'll be talking about how that every business is a sustainable business. And certainly if you look at what Ackerman and Microsoft have been doing for years, this is part of your values, this is something you've already been embedding it. But just to give you one quick stat, a year and a half ago when we talked about artificial intelligence, our research said 60% increase in spending and only 3% of companies were actually re-skilling their people. And our strategy today, which is around creating 360 degree value and helping companies re-skill, we're having a totally different conversation post-pandemic. So every business sustainability is going to be the next digital and every business will be a sustainable business. All right, well, let's stay on that for a second and it ties into one of the questions that are coming from the audience. Maybe Brad will go to you, Microsoft has clearly made sustainability a huge goal. I saw last year, Satya made an extraordinary ambition that I believe you may well be ahead of target of becoming carbon net negative by 2030. I mean, just a tremendous goal that you I think will probably hit ahead of schedule. What to you are the technologies in the fourth industrial revolution or the ways that AI can be used that will be most important to do right between now and 2025 when if Julie is correct. And I think she surely will be correct. Sustainability is the most important thing for everybody at the World Economic Forum. What are the technologies that will matter most in the next four years? Well, let me answer that, Nick, by just sort of talking about where we are and then what we're seeing play out. You know, I think, you know, the ocean data platform that Ochre has been championing and that we've been supporting with the WEF is one key example of just, how you're using data and AI to streamline ocean shipping routes or we're seeing other projects to stop illegal fishing. But let's talk about climate and carbon for a minute. We just released our one year update this morning. And to me, there were two things that were most notable about it in terms of learning. First, we showed that at Microsoft, we had reduced our carbon emissions by 6% over the past year. And to me, there's a recipe that has clearly emerged for what it takes to help the world, especially businesses, reduce carbon emissions. It's economic incentives that I think in part are coming from what Julie described. I mean, I think the full weight of capitalism is being put behind the drive to reduce carbon. The second is standardized measurement. We need a global objective accepted standard for how people measure carbon emissions. And the third is technology-based measurement systems. You know, that in some ways starts with IoT-based devices, but does ladder up to the kind of data analytics so that we know and can provide on an audited basis for every company whether progress is being made. So that's how I think we reduce carbon emissions. But the second thing we need to do, I think is even more daunting. We need to build a new market that doesn't exist today and an industry that doesn't exist today for carbon removal. The other thing we announced today is that we purchased 1.3 million metric tons of carbon removal around the world. This is the largest purchase that any company has ever made. It's a giant leap and yet it is simultaneously, you know, like the first step of an infant. We'll look back and say, oh my gosh, this was the smallest step we could have imagined. But what it really shows is we need to build a marketplace where those who want to build an industry to remove carbon from the atmosphere and put it under the ground or increase carbon in the soil. You can go out and do it. They can sell that service. Others can buy it. And that too, it needs standardized measurement. It needs data analytics everywhere. It needs auditable standards. But frankly, the other thing it needs, and AI I do believe will play a part in this, is it needs massive invention, invention specifically in carbon removal technologies. 99% of what we're removing this year is really nature-based and blended solutions. Just a modest part is technology-based, like direct air capture. And this is the industry that we have to have by big, global standards by 2050. And I think it's an area where we're gonna need government investment and basic research to advance. That makes a lot of sense. It's something that we've been trying to cover as much as we can in Wired. My only disagreement with that, Brad, is I'm not sure the full weight of capitalism is behind sustainability, maybe half the weight of capitalism. I'll reach you halfway. All right, we have a series of fabulous questions from the audience. I'm gonna read one from Mukesh Dalal, who is the chief AI officer at Stanley Black and Decker. Mukesh asks, a question for all panelists. What should governments, where WEF kinds of platforms do differently or more for massively scaling and accelerating more meaningful AI benefits to everyone? What do we need to do that we're not doing right now? What are we doing wrong? If you wanna, I'll try to do, Nick, is connect that very interesting question with the issue that you raised for Brad on sustainability. Because I think the greatest challenge that we face is how do we use all AI development to be more assertive in the way that we fight climate change because this is the issue of our time. And when we look at a country like Colombia, 50% of our territory is basically tropical jungle, 35% is in the Amazonic basin. So the most important technology to capture CO2 emissions is trees. And that's why we have decided to join Salesforce, Mark Benioff initiative called the one trillion trees initiative that is bringing the private sector and the public sector all over the world to get into that purpose. In our case, we made the commitment to plant 180 million trees by 2022. So what we need is to have the right and intelligent measurement so that we know that day by day, we're getting to the target. So that brings AI as a very important tool. The second thing, we are making a big revolution in Colombia when it comes to non-conventional, when it comes to renewable non-conventional sectors, especially solar and wind. In terms of solar and wind, we're going to pass from 30 megawatts that we had when my administration begun to more than 2,500 by the end of my administration next year. And we're seeing the solar parks growing all over the country. We're seeing now a wind park that will be open by the end of the year, which is the biggest in the country. And the usage of AI, I think is also going to be very important so that we take the better advantage in terms on how do we get the maximizer precipitation and we maximize the wind flow, but also storage. We're opening up the first auction for massive storage of energy in Colombia in the next month. And that storage also requires IoT, it requires AI so that we maximize the capability. Smart vehicles and sustainable mobility. We have in the year of the pandemic where the beginning began in 2020, thanks to the electric car bill that we approved, the sales of electric cars grew by 80%. And that is very meaningful. And something that I have been pressuring in a good way is how do we connect the massive conscience of reducing individual carbon footprint? How do we can use technology so that we measure if we're doing it correctly individually? Because we're talking about reuse, reuse, recycle, circular economy, but having the right data and the right measurement is going to be very important. So linking all this with the question that you raised from the audience, we have to see what's the goal by 2030. Colombia has said we want to reduce by 51% our CO2 emissions and we wanna get to carbon neutrality by 2050. Technology is gonna be the right instrument to measure all this. And maybe what's still to be built is how do we get from the individual measurement of our own footprint, carbon footprint, to understand how massively we can monitor the information day by day so that we really meet the target by 2030. All right, a very good audience question that ties together, or Brad, did you wanna jump in there? Why would you say also to answer the question just real briefly, I think there's three things that every government can and should do on AI. One, build on Julie's point, open up data sets so your own people and companies have access to public data to build on. Two, invest in digital skilling programs, especially at the higher education level for AI so that your own people will have the skills to go to work and get the jobs that are being created. And three, build on what the president said earlier, have high ethical standards as a country and enact laws that will put safeguards and guardrails around AI. The WEF itself is doing some really important work in this space, and I think the time to address this is now, when it is, as Julie said earlier, the early days of AI. I'm gonna add four, protect and support your journalists who will help hold companies to account and make sure that everybody is following up on their commitments. We have a great audience question that I'm gonna tweak slightly and direct towards Julie, which is, do the company comes from Lauren Pfeiffer, Global Shaper SF, do the companies you work with have best practices for training AI-powered systems in a climate-friendly way? Large models are requiring more power for training, so how can we offset this? Set up training facilities and geographies with eco-friendly energy policies? That's a great question, tie together a couple of our big themes. Yeah, I mean, I probably approach it slightly differently. So what, where I think we are in companies right now is that there's commitment, but there's not yet as enough linkage with those in the company you truly understand various sustainability issues and the business runners, right? And so for example, in supply chain, you have people, supply chain massively disruptive in the pandemic, lots of investment accelerated in things like data and analytics. You can, when you invest that to better run your supply chain, build in data sets and algorithms that will allow you to identify human trafficking and child labor, right? But oftentimes those who care about those things, right, are not the same ones who are making the decisions and understanding how quickly they're gonna do and seeing the art of the possible. And so it's a great question because it's really about saying, embedding what we call responsible business into every part of the business. And so for example, now at Accenture, when we are creating new offerings and solving industry problems, we specifically look at is there a reskilling opportunity, is there a sustainability issue and how would we embed it? When we do cost takeout, which is obviously very popular now, we don't just say, here's how you reduce your energy costs, here's how you can switch to renewables at the same time. And so my message to companies around the world and particularly CEOs is the only way that we'll do this faster is if you bring those parts of the company together. It is something, again, that my fellow panelists have done really well at their companies because they think about sustainability as a part of their business today. It's both a part of the competitiveness, but it's embedded. But that's where there's a long way to go. And it's one of the reasons we switched our strategy to say we're gonna bring this so we bring the question at least in everything we do. Thank you when I'm mute, Nick. President Duque. No, something briefly that I just wanna put in the table to pick everybody's brains here. And it's a concept that we are launching with the World Economic Forum and it's the concept of biodiverse cities, which are cities that get to protect biodiversity and that are pretty much aware on all the efforts that the private sector, the public sector and individuals have to commit. And I consider that the usage of technology in terms of being able to measure and to protect and to connect objectives for 2030, for 2050 or earlier in terms of carbon neutrality, I think it's gonna be very important. I wanna put that concept because with the private sector, I think we can accelerate this process. In our case, getting to a 51% reduction of CO2 emissions by 2030 implies that everybody adds to the objective and especially the private sector with the right regulation because I consider carbon credit markets are gonna be very important and reaching carbon neutrality with the right economic incentives is gonna be the driver in the next years. William, do you wanna follow up on that and how you're thinking about sustainability has changed in recent months? I know this is something that you've spent a lot of time on. I fully agree with the president and what the president now said about the price on carbon and in Norway, the government put 200 US dollars per ton as a price of carbon going forward and is an immediate reaction in the business society was how can we turn that into an incentive to fast-track technologies and solutions which can reduce emissions? So it had an immediate effect despite the fact that the 200 US dollars per ton will be built up gradually up to 2030. So in addition to that, I think this question about sustainability is obviously a very broad and a big issue but you should break it down and make it a part of your company culture. My experience is that it's really a motivating factor for each an individual employee and that's what has created a lot of results already in the other group. Last but not least, but don't underestimate public-private collaboration and we have already some great examples in the Center for the Fourth Industrial Revolution both in Colombia, as the president said and in Norway where we're collaborating with Microsoft and other partners. All right, well, we are out of time. That is a marvelous note to end on. Thank you so much to the panelists. Thank you so much to the audience. I felt like we had a verb and illuminating conversation that actually was full of optimism which is a good thing for 2021. So thank you so much to everybody who joined in and thank you to a fabulous panel.