 So I think we started running out of gas this afternoon Last session. We were heavily populated this one. We're sparsely populated. So we'll wait until the presentation comes up and I neglected to introduce myself Paul Gruber All right, well, you're we're gonna go with orange first Hello, I'm Karen knee from American University and Yeah, I took notes on our discussion. So we first discussed the question of in areas of severe groundwater depletion What steps may be taken to manage groundwater including recharge? The most basic thing we talked about was to have better monitoring because it's very hard to manage a resource without accurate information We then talked about focusing on the three are so reducing water use reusing the water and Recycling wastewater, which is similar to reusing it. I guess it's kind of different ways of saying the same thing and then reducing water use we spent quite a while talking about how human behavior in this area can actually be kind of complicated, so I don't recall the name of this economic paradox, but we talked about an economic paradox where you increase efficiency and instead of using less of the resource in the end you actually end up using more because then that's a Jebens paradox Yeah, there you go Because people they're like, oh we have this extra water. We're gonna expand cultivation We're gonna grow more water-intensive crops now and then it actually can make the situation worse And there's a lot of perverse incentive structures like that that can occur And so understanding the context in which the people who are actually making the decisions are making them and what What influences them instead of just going from like theoretical things like if we have a more efficient Irrigation system will save water is good We discussed how technological and economic adjustments can help so implementing Better technologies where less water is lost shifting to higher value or less water-intensive crops in times of drought but all of this again requires like Understanding the producers and coordinating with them successfully and and actually being able to influence their behavior The way you you want which doesn't always happen like if you look at the case of the drought in California Sometimes people do surprising things Someone mentioned looking at success stories such as Israel where people have achieved very high productivity and returns on investment of their water by really focusing on Technology and kind of trying to replicate that And also seeking intelligent ways to recharge aquifers looking for high permeability geologic structures that connect to them How do we advance to the next slide? Oh? Wow, and this is not So I think the first there's a lot of similarity again between our discussion group and the other discussion group And I think we started with how do we better? manage demand and supply What can we do to affect crop selection irrigation efficiency water reuse? And encourage more affect effective and efficient water reuse schemes and technologies um Engineering solutions taking water from water rich areas to water poor areas was something that was considered as a way to more effectively manage groundwater All depends on the cost associated with that Looking at what NGA can do to help out along those lines Is providing support for databases of groundwater conflict maps around the world We probably have groundwater conflicts here in the United States, but we don't talk about those as much and Look at conflicts not just from a water quantity perspective, but quality restraints on groundwater issues as well and overall need to increase the education of the user community general public as well as the industrial and agricultural use users I Was suggested that we look at trying to rebuild infrastructure in a more sustainable way and that focused on things like integrated stormwater management as We rebuild communities to encourage resilience associated with climate change how do we improve recharge throughout the area through things like decreasing the use of impervious services services and increasing infiltration Lot of new buildings are being developed in that area, but probably not enough to have much of an impact on Looking at ways to more effectively optimize groundwater reuse and recharge which is emerging in more emerging in more and more areas around the country it's heavily being promoted in California, Florida's been doing it for a while and we need models to do this more effectively and in areas that are flood prone How could we encourage the use of that excess surface water to I guess improve groundwater storage and also look at the impacts to groundwater quality where we do have Salt water that's encroaching on the land surface as opposed as Associated with sea level rise How does that affect groundwater quality and groundwater use in general? so That's our That's all we can come up with today. I think Okay, so then we talked a little bit about what remote sensing technologies could be used to help identify and track water management approaches Our discussion on this question was considerably shorter We first talked about in SAR which can measure changes in surface elevation and deformation and so if your groundwater depletion is causing subsidence you can measure it that way, but We also realized that subsidence does not always have a consistent relationship with groundwater depletion You can have subsidence for other reasons besides groundwater depletion and in some formations You can deplete the groundwater and you're not going to see that much subsidence. So you kind of need to understand the geologic context and We also discussed how you can look at patterns of change in soil moisture Which can be detected through remote sensing and use that to infer information about water management approaches So well, I think our discussion was a little bit broader. Thanks to our facilitator You know we he stressed several times remote sensing is not just not satellite sensors and What can we do to encourage more low-tech solutions that are closer to the ground? and closer to in situ Monitoring such as utilizing citizen science in SAR seems to be the technology of choice for a lot of things But we tried to focus on other types of technologies that can help with the remote sensing So is there other high-resolution thermal technologies optical and radar solutions that we Can Develop to help us better understand recharge patterns for groundwater Should we be looking at things like grid networks of sensors? Again have high schools adopt the well program back to the citizen science and Utilizing better accuracy high accuracy sensors to send signals from it in situ monitoring locations Can we talk to Well and pump manufacturers and how can they integrate? remote sensing technologies into their pumps that could be utilized to help with Developing data for groundwater management and then looking at phone apps and trackers for water use and conservation and raise awareness I Think there's a lot of folks that are looking at big data applications using for economic projections, and we should be looking at those kinds of capabilities on the water use and Water conservation side as well Okay, and the next topic was how could NGA resources be leveraged to advance Work in identifying and interpreting changes in water management strategies and So we first recognize that NGA generates data and also serves as a repository for data Sometimes they purchase their data from commercial satellites, and sometimes if the data comes from a private source There's certain limitations on how it can be used and distributed I Guess we discussed the need to consider the broader context and the food water energy nexus so the fact that groundwater stress can often result from an increase in energy availability or A desire to produce more food to meet you know to meet people's food needs And then we just talked about how NGA's main role is to provide information to policy makers and war fighters Translate science to non-specialists and advise policy makers, but they don't make or promote specific policies So we started from the big picture reengineering act agriculture. I don't know if NGA can play a role in that But that was a topic of discussion that we had identified other similar Discussions about NGA's role and interface with other agencies state and local go governments Helping to figure out better ways of reusing water and managing the water reuse activities Education seemed to come up regularly in our discussions on this topic How do we think about overall water policy educating users not just the regulators and policy makers and need to identify what investments have already been made in Educational resources and how to take better advantage of that. I think looking at What NGA is doing and can they do to develop sensors for looking at microbial water quality globally because that has a big impact on water use and Trying to do more with the commercial sector On looking at the sensor technologies that they were developing not all-specific and NGA, but we were looking at a variety of ways of increasing sensor capability and technology By working more collaboratively with other Sensor developers and there's a lot happening on the commercial side in agriculture that we may not be aware of Okay, and then the last one was to talk about successful collaboration opportunities and promising partnerships And so we were I think we had maybe also been losing steam. I don't know we talked about working with International agreements there was one example of a collaboration with Germany to Train the scientists to produce a high quality elevation data set up to our Standards and also we talked about how land use modeling based on SWAT could be used to predict how different changes in land use such as Adopting green infrastructure could improve groundwater recharge But yeah, I think we we mostly just focused on like working collaboratively with scientists in other countries training them and broadening data coverage globally So we took a similar approach obviously looking at transnational Aquifers what can we do to encourage multi-agency efforts to develop more effective Treaties and water management techniques to avoid conflict Is there an opportunity for an international organization to serve as a repository and host of groundwater data? and thought about Supporting more collaborative efforts on groundwater diplomacy is that an emerging area probably is and talked a little bit about Who's the right organization to develop some of those? questions and start focusing on those collaborative efforts and I Think several folks in the room talked about efforts that are already going on with the UN and Maybe that might be an appropriate organization To help develop these multi-agency transnational boundary treaties and management operation techniques So I think that covers it and I think we're Ready for closing remarks any questions to these breakout rapidures If not, thank you so very much