 A Faceless Enemy In 1996, Bill Crystal and Robert Kagan penned an op-ed, warning that without a broad sustaining foreign policy vision, the American people will be inclined to withdraw from the world and will lose sight of their abiding interest in vigorous world leadership. After winning the Cold War, the U.S. became the world's unrivaled superpower. But without the evil empire, America no longer had a unified foreign policy for its many interventions abroad. What would America's role be in the post-Cold War world? Crystal and Kagan's answer was benevolent global hegemony. The pair founded the project for the New American Century to promote American global leadership. In 2000, the organization published a report outlining its proposed foreign policy. The process of transformation the report claimed is likely to be a long one, absent some catastrophic and catalyzing event like a new Pearl Harbor. Such an event came the following year, on September 11. Five days later, President George W. Bush announced the Global War on Terror. In the decade between the Cold War and the War on Terror, the U.S. remained actively involved in foreign affairs. But politicians no longer had a single narrative connecting the various operations around the globe. Each new intervention, in Iraq, Bosnia, Zaire, Somalia, and elsewhere, required individual justification and carried distinct political liabilities. Conservatives capitalized on this dilemma during Bill Clinton's presidency. Senator John McCain condemned Clinton for failing to provide a conceptual framework to shape the world going into the next century. The problem was not that the U.S. was intervening abroad, but that it lacked the direction of a unified policy. The War on Terror provided the solution. U.S. conflicts in Iraq, Afghanistan, Yemen, Pakistan, Syria, Libya, and Somalia became battles in a single war. President Bush indicated as much in 2003, the Battle of Iraq, he said, is one victory in a war on terror. The war on terror introduced a new kind of enemy, one with no public face, no territorial boundaries, and no representative government. Like the fight against communism, this was a war against a concept, this time without a tangible enemy in the Soviet Union. Because concepts cannot be killed, can never surrender, and are not confined by nation-state boundaries, the war on terror has become America's most enduring conflict, spread across multiple countries with no apparent avenue to victory. Like the mythological hydra, which replaced one lost head with two more, new terrorist organizations have emerged for each one defeated in the war on terror. In 2001, there were 13 known Islamic terrorist groups. By 2015, there were 44. In this way, terrorism has provided the perfect enemy for America's global empire.