 Yes, one second, we'll start. Okay, so these biomolecules, we haven't done that amino acid part, right? So I purposely haven't taken that because it is given in NCRT, there's a table given. Okay, there are some nine to 10, some compounds are given different amino acids with their formula. So you should memorize all those name with their structure. Amino acids one, right? That is only important there we have. Plus the concept of juterion, you just memorize, just go through once, okay? So NCRT just go through, that is enough, more than enough. Okay, and I have checked that question, what was that maltose, right? Maltose is one for alpha glycosidic linkage, okay? So the, in PDF, it was a mistake over there. Answer was correct, one for alpha glycosidic linkage, okay? Okay, so polymers are what polymers, we have a lot of use of polymers, we have like, you know, like every things around our self, most of the things are polymers only, wire, bottle, you know, laptop, keyboard that we have, okay? We can have pen, okay, any plastics, you can say, a water pipe that we have, water tank, all these are different different kinds of polymers, okay? Non-sticky cookware, another kind of polymers. So we have a huge application of polymers, correct? So polymers are basically, it is the, you know, when a simple molecule, a polymer is simply a large molecule, you know, which built up by respective binding together of many smaller units called monomers, okay? So it is built up of different monomers. Now, when you talk about monomers, monomers, we have different, different types, we can have only one type of monomer, or we can have more than one type of monomers, okay? So polymers are basically made up of monomers of one or different type, different type. Only one type of monomer, if you have, then it is called as homopolymer, right? So as you see here, two or more type of monomer units is called copolymer. Means we have different monomer present into that, different monomer units. Homopolymer, we have only one type of monomer units, only single repeating monomer are known as homopolymers, okay? We have some examples, some properties that we'll see of this kind of polymers. Characters classification of polymers based on physical properties. We have elastomers, few properties, just one one line, if you want, you can write it down for this because property-based question also they ask in the exam. Elastomers, physical properties. Elastomers, which are able to return to the original shape after the removal of force, which causes the stretching in them and are known as elastomers. So basically it is a spring kind of property, just a second, I'm getting a call. The elastomers is what? We have some stretching property and it returns back to its original position. Natural rubber is one of the example of elastomers, okay? Fiber, certain polymers in molten states when passed through a small hole of a dye in a dye can be made in thin thread, which on cooling form fibers, such polymers are known as fibers, examples we have nylon, dechron, polyethylene. Remember for all these polymers, we need to know the monomers of it. We'll discuss that later. Thermoplastic polymers, polymers, which is hard at room temperature becomes soft on heating and viscous and when heated as known as thermoplastic. So basically you have a polymers, when you heat it, it becomes soft. When you cool it down, it becomes hard again. Okay, that is thermoplastic. Thermosetting polymers, which becomes high crosslink and solidify into hard insoluble mass when heated is known as thermosetting polymers or resin. One of the example is beccalite. It is widely used in molded parts of adhesive for coatings. Okay, so elastomers, fibers, thermoplastic, thermosettings, these are the four different polymers based on their physical properties. Now you see some monomers and the polymers I have written over here. Few things that you know already, no need to write down. First, for example, you see this compound is ethylene. So ethylene, the polymer is polyethylene. Polyterm you have to introduce. It is propylene. Polymer is polypropylene, okay? It is vinyl chloride because the chlorine is present at the vinyl position, vinyl chloride. So it is polyvinyl chloride PVC in short, you must have heard it, PVC. If you remove this chlorine with benzene, C-C-H5, it becomes a styrene and it is polystyrene, styron we also call it as, polystyrene is the name of the polymer. It is acrylonitrile. See here, with respect to this we are discussing. One H you replaced by CH3, okay, CH3. It becomes, it becomes propylene. Then this CH3 replaced by chlorine, vinyl chloride. Chlorine by C-C-H5 is styrene. C-C-H5 by CN it becomes acrylonitrile. Again by OH it becomes vinyl alcohol, right? And then we have acyl group present here, so vinyl acetate, okay? So polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol. This name you must remember acrylonitrile gives you orlone or acrylon, polystyrene, okay? This it forms. Vinyl acetate it gives you polyvinyl acetate. If you have C-S-T over here then methyl methacrylate, okay, Plexiglas or leucite, not that important. CFT, CF2, CF2 it is deflon. And deflon monomer is this tetraflotoethylene. Some uses also you must take care of. Deflon is used in values and gaskets coating, methyl methacrylate, Plexiglas or leucite, aircraft windows, dentures, molded articles, many examples we have. Polyvinyl acetate paints, okay? Important one in this one is uses of orlone is important, right? Polystyrene use is important, okay? PVC is also important, okay? Use is also important, okay? Probably they won't ask this in JEE, but BITSAT and other exams you can think of. It's a very common kind of question. Neat also they can ask this question, okay? Copy this, uses, okay? Next is vulcanidation of rubber. Vulcanidation of rubber means when we have natural or synthetic rubbers are soft, when you heat this in presence of sulfur, okay? When you heat this in presence of sulfur, zero to like almost around 5% of sulfur will take. This results into the formation of sulfur bridge between the polymer chain. So there will be a cross linking of sulfur chain, of sulfur, cross linking, okay? Because of that it becomes, we can say a bit tough or stiff we can say, that we call it as vulcanization of rubber, okay? So there are examples like vulcanization rubber is this only in this what happens, the cross linking of sulfur takes place and the molecules becomes tough. What we can say, there is some, yes, that elasticity decreases active, okay? Tensile strength increases, this term you should know. Tensile strength increases, elasticity decreases because of cross linking of sulfur. Elasticity decreases, okay? So this is, we call it as vulcanization of rubber. 5% around sulfur will take into that. Example of copolymers, we have vinyl chloride and we have a vinylidine chloride gives you a polymer called sarin, right? In this, there's one very important example we have, I'll tell you that, that is bechelite. Bechelite we have next, I'll show you. Few more examples it is not given here, I'll just write down. See in this one, the mechanism of polymerization can be either additional polymerization, condensation polymerization and in that we have a step growth also possible, okay? So we have this molecule, ethylene glycol and terfitalic acid, this gives you pteroline. So you don't have to write down this, you know, this reaction but you should know the monomer like it is ethylene glycol and terfitalic acid is the monomer of pteroline, okay? Pteroline forms strong fibers, okay? It is used for blending with cotton in clothing and also in making seed belts, packing of foods, et cetera. Okay? Nylon 6 and nylon 6, 6. Okay, just a second. In nylon 6, what happens? 6 represents the number of atoms present there, right? Yeah, so we have reaction, you don't have to memorize here. Cyclohexane with, you know, there's some oxidizing agent converts into this with NH2, which will get oxy and with acid will get this. This come on caprolactam, okay? And with this caprolactam N number of molecules of this, okay, dehydration takes place or we also call it as condensation. This product, this step is condensation. Condensation gives you a polymer that we call it as nylon 6. You see, because of six carbon atom in the monomer, the present polymer is called nylon 6. It is used for the manufacture of tar, gods and ropes, okay? So the monomer of nylon 6 is caprolactam over here. This one is more important, nylon 6, 6, right? And in this one, and in this one, we are using adipic acid and hexamethylene diamine, okay? Adipic acid and hexamethylene diamine. In both, if you count the number of carbon atom, it is six and six, and hence the molecule is called nylon 6, 6, where the six and six represents the number of carbon atom in this two molecule. Repeating unit also, you must remember this NH to C double bond O it is coming. What happens in this? This H and this OH forms H2O and it goes out, right? Hence we get the monomer. This monomer, this repeating unit is also very important here, okay? Nylon 6 is very important. Pteriline, one more thing. The common name of Pteriline is Dachron as well. Yes, yes, we can say. Beptide linkage, beccalite. Few more things we'll discuss after this. We have questions, but there are few more things left. We'll discuss that. In beccalite, it is actually resin, okay? One kind of resin it is. And one thing is missing here. It is also bonded with CH2. Okay, so it is crosslink because of this crosslinking. It is also called as crosslinked polymer. Many a times they've asked this question in which of these polymers are crosslinked polymers. Crosslinked polymers are those in which we have crosslinking like this. Like you see, vulcanization of rubber also results into crosslinked polymer. There we have sulfur-sulfur bond. Here it is this bond we have, okay? What is the monomer of this? The monomer we have phenol and formaldehyde, okay? The monomer is phenol and formaldehyde we have. So beccalite is formed by phenol and formaldehyde monomer. Some examples you see. Thermoplastic, the first slide we have seen, thermoplastic, the examples of thermoplastic which becomes soft on heating is polythene, okay? We have polystyrene, PVC, polyvinyl chloride, Teflon. All these are thermoplastic, okay? Thermosetting polymers, the example is beccalite. Beccalite, melamine formaldehyde, thermosetting polymers. Beccalite, then melamine formaldehyde. These are examples you must know. Melamine formula, what is a formula of melamine? They have asked this question, how many lone pair or pi bonds are present in melamine? So melamine, the formula is this. Alternate nitrogen atom and this carbon atom contains NH2, must remember this formula. This is melamine, okay? Now, you see a few more things regarding rubber we'll discuss here. See, what happens? Rubber we have, one is natural rubber and synthetic rubber. Polyisoprene is an example of natural rubber. Is an example of natural rubber, okay? Obviously polyisoprene is a polymer. So it's monomer as the name itself suggests, it is isoprene, the monomer. Isoprene is the monomer and formula of isoprene is CH2, double bond C, CH3, CH double bond CH2. This is a monomer, two methyl, 1.3 butadiene, okay? If you draw the polymer of this, then the structure you will get like this. If CH2, single bond C, double bond CH, single bond CH2, single bond CH2, it is the repeating unit and here we have one CH3 present. Obviously if you look at this double bond across this double bond geometrical isomerism is possible. So you get two GI here, cis and trans. Cis is soft and trans is relatively hard. In nature, okay? So the cis form of this monomer is used in rubber and the trans form of this is used to prepare gattaparja. Dentists use this gattaparja while you go for RCT, root canal treatment, okay? The stick kind of thing, like you must have a sin toothpick, right? Similar, it looks like very similar to that. Okay, gattaparja is made of rubber. Okay, this is the rubber we have. Now, synthetic rubber, few examples are very important. I'll just write down a few examples. We have butadiene rubber, we have neoprene, styrene butadiene rubber, okay? All these are synthetic rubber we have. So first one is butadiene, butadiene rubber, the monomer is butadiene only. CH2 double bond, C-H single bond, C-H double bond, C-H2, the monomer. If you draw the polymer of this, this double bond will shift over here, open bond, and this is the repeating unit we have. Okay, I'm not drawing this simple, you can understand that. It is a monomer. Synthetic rubber, next one is neoprene. Neoprene is in isoprene, just the two methyl, that methyl you just replaced by chlorine. See this CH2 double bond C, single bond CH, double bond CH2, and this is CL, this is neoprene, okay? Neoprene on polymerization, it becomes polychloroprene, or polychloroprene is nothing but neoprene, the common name is, okay? It is a monomer of neoprene, okay? Next is styrene butadiene rubber, SBR, is styrene butadiene rubber. Styrene butadiene means you will have, one of the component is styrene. Styrene is this with benzene ring here, and butadiene, another monomer, okay? That's why it is styrene butadiene. CH2 double bond, C-H single bond, C-H double bond, C-H2, okay? Styrene butadiene. Hence two different monomers we are taking here. So it is a copolymer, that is also you must keep in mind. Copolymer, not difficult to understand obviously, but yes, you have to memorize all these things you have to keep in mind, correct? The other monomers gives you styrene butadiene, only monomers I'm giving you here. Another one we have in this, that is acrylonitrile and butadiene rubber, okay? Acrylonitrile, nitrile, and butadiene. So one monomer is butadiene, other one is acrylonitrile. What is acrylonitrile? CH2 double bond, C-H and single bond, C-N acrylonitrile is this, butadiene we know, CH2 double bond, C-H single bond, CH double bond, C-H2, okay? This gives you acrylonitrile butadiene rubber. Obviously this one is also copolymer, like two different monomers we are using. SVR styrene butadiene rubber, we also call it as BUNAS, B-U-N-A-S, right? This polymerization takes place with the help of a catalyst and the catalyst is sodium here. And A is the catalyst we use in this polymerization process. This is the catalyst. B-U stands for butadiene, S stands for styrene, N-A stands for catalyst. Similarly, this one is BUNA-N. B-U stands for butadiene, N-A is the catalyst, N is the acrylonitrile, okay? BUNA-N and BUNAS both are copolymer, two different monomers we are using, hence both are copolymer, okay? Jheeler-Nutta catalyst, if you remember, we use this catalyst in order to get, similar properties, okay? For similar properties of the polymers, right? Better properties, better strength or to get desired property, we use this, okay? So what is Jheeler-Nutta formula? You must remember, we are not going into detail of all this once they have asked the formula. So Jheeler-Nutta catalyst is what? It is TiCl4 plus trialkylaluminate, AlR3. We can have any alkyl group, mostly we take C2H5, but it can be anything, C2H5 also we take. So this is Jheeler-Nutta catalyst, okay? Once this question was asked in mains, like Tushar sir must share his story with all of you, I guess. He was writing down the J-Mains exam and then J-Mains means that time, this advance was mains that time, okay? So we have J-Screening and then mains, right? The final water. So there was a question in which one catalyst he was asking. He doesn't know about it, right? Maybe he forgot or something. He just knew this catalyst, like Jheeler-Nutta catalyst is this. Just knew there's only one catalyst here, you got this. So in that time, the subjective questions, they do not have the negative marking. So you can take an attempt, okay? Because options were not there. So he just wrote this particular thing, okay? Because he knew only this particular catalyst and luckily he got the correct one. So this was asked once, okay? Important catalyst it is. We used to get it, you know, for the better properties of the polymer, correct? So this is it for polymers also, like in brief, we have discussed all the theories, okay? So we'll see some questions now. The monomer of synthetic rubber, just now we had discussed is chloroprene, 7th one. Yes, 7th one, the answer is what? Saran, just now I discussed here, you see? Okay, I'm not getting it. Anyway, 7th one, the answer is what? Natural rubber we have seen, it is isoprene, it's not a copolymer. Synthetic rubber is a copolymer. Synthetic rubber, not always, but not all the synthetic rubbers are copolymer. Yes, neoprene is not a copolymer. Okay, gattaparcha is also not a copolymer, right? So homopolymer. What is saran? Saran is a copolymer, actually. You must have seen that, you know, the aluminum foil foil that we use to wrap food, right? That is also, that is made up of this only, is polymer only, okay? So aluminum foil that we use. Sir? Sir, do we need to remember the composition of these copolymers or are the names good enough? Yes, yes, yes, they ask, they ask, you have to. Important. Focus, focus. Yeah, yeah. The monomer of Teflon. The monomer of Teflon is option C. Done? Okay. Following the thermosetting polymers. Thermosetting polymers is becalyte. This is following the fiber. Nine out of six. Thermoplastic, the example of thermoplastic, becalyte obviously we do not have. Can we have it as polythene? Yes, thermoplastic is polythene. The monomers of Boona S, we have this butadiene, styrene, right? Butadiene and styrene, option B. Among cellulose, polyvinyl, right? Nylon, natural rubber, the polymer in which, oh, fine, see fiber, see, fiber depends upon, it depends on, it's the physical classification. Depends upon the strength of the polymers. So we have several classification. One particular polymer can get into different, different categories. Okay, so the question is about thermoplastic. Thermoplastic polythene, yes, it is thermoplastic. Depending upon its strength, it can go into the category of fiber also, okay? 21st one, what is the answer 21st? The polymer in which the intermolecular force of attraction is weakest. How do we do this intermolecular force of attraction is weakest? Sir, I think elastomers have the weakest intermolecular forces. Because we can stretch it, right? So which one is elastomer here? I think natural rubber. What? The natural rubber. Natural rubber, natural rubber, we can stretch it, right? So obviously the answer for this one is option D. So we can do this like normally also, right? Normally as in? TVC is made in pipes, cellulose is boiled. You have that understanding, like which can be stretchable or not, based on that also you can do, that's fine. Yeah, that's what you were talking about, you know? Yes, sir. Yeah, yeah. The following is not a chain growth polymer. Chain growth polymer. What is pterilene? Pterilene we had discussed it is Dachron, right? The common name is Dachron only. So if you see the chain growth polymer, that means we have addition polymerization. One after the other the monomers will get attached, okay? Pterilene if you see the composition of it, not the composition, the manufacturing technique or how do we produce pterilene? It is based on the condensation polymer, step growth polymerization, not chain growth, okay? It is step growth polymerization, we have discussed it and that is condensation polymerization. Pterilene is the answer, common name is Dachron also for this. What is Orlon again, I forgot the name, like what's the... One second. Orlon is nothing but this one, what was that? So it is acrylonitrile one. Ah, CH2 double bond CH and CN, acrylonitrile, yes. Okay. Acrylonitrile, polyacrylonitrile is actually what Orlon. Yes, sir. Okay. So fine, few questions, like we have done, like I said, I have taken the entire theory, obviously you have to revise the theory, there's nothing much to understand in this. So we'll share the PDF also on this, okay? So that we can solve more number of questions on this, okay? Okay, so this is done, polymers as well. So we'll start with alcohols, the preparation method of it. This is again, method of preparation alcohol. So obviously we don't have much time, so we'll continue with this. And the next class will continue with alcohol, phenol, ether plus amines also will finish, okay? So next is what date, 30th I guess, right? Or 31st? 30th, sir. 30th, so 38th and then I think third or fourth and then one more. So I'm assuming four, five classes I'll get, okay? So in that I'll finish all this. I would request D block and metallurgy, if you can do on your own, that would be better than we can finish the other things also. I will provide some brief notes on this so that we can revise on your own and some PDF for questions, I will share that, okay? So you can revise if we get time in the last, we can have a session on this in the last. Anyways, so this is the method of preparation. This reaction we know already, oxymercuration, demarcuration. The only difference is what, since we need to prepare an alcohol here, so what we take in the last, instead of this H2O, we will be taking like alcohol, if you're prepared then H2O we are taking. Remember that here, that this reaction follows what rule? This reaction follows marconic off rule. These two reactions are very much similar or hydroboration oxidation and oxymercuration, demarcuration, okay? One follows marconic off rule and other one follows anti-marconic off rule. We know what is these rules, right? So in both cases what happens across double bonded carbon atom, H and OH will get attached. C, C, H, OH. H and OH will get attached to the double bonded carbon atom. One is according to marconic off rule, this negative part of the reagent is OH minus and H plus we have. So marconic off rule in oxymercuration and anti-marconic off rule in hydroboration oxidation reaction. Reagent you must remember, it is BH3 which forms trialkyl borane and then we know what all reactions of trialkyl borane we have given you already in the previous classes and then the next step we use H2O2OH minus gives you this, okay? Here also we have. First, sir in the first step after. Your voice is breaking. We can also. I am not getting your voice is breaking. Sir can you do BH3, THF also right off? BH3, THF. Sir can you hear me? Yeah, tell me. Yes sir, instead of any BH4. Here you are taking, here you are asking. We are using a reducing agent over there. Just a second. We are using a reducing agent there. No, no either, it's a first of all it is a you know, it's a name reaction. So for name reaction like oxymarculation demarcation the reagents are fixed, okay? BS3, THF we use in hydroboration reduction reaction in the first step that too, okay? So we can use here any BH4 preferably we use, okay? Other reducing agent also we can use. BS3, THF we don't use over here. Yes sir. Yeah, so the point is the source of OH and H you should know. The source of OH is what over here? What is the source of this? Source of. Water. It's not ROH here. Yeah, it's water. If it is ROH, then you will get here OR, that is an ether, okay? And this H will get attached over here because and Markovnikov rules OH- will be on more substituted carbon H on lesser one. HK the source would be this NABH4 reducing agent. So if you write NABD4, it would be CH2D. This is the two points that you have to keep in mind over here. Mechanism is not at all important, okay? Oxymarculation, demarcuration gives you an alcohol. According to Markovnikov rule, the source of OH is H2O and the source of H is NABH4. Here, hydroboration oxidation follows anti-Markovnikov rule. The source of OH would be this, in the second step, the alkaline medium that we're using over here, in the second step. The first step, the source of H would be BH3 over here. Both cases you see, we do not have any rearrangement. We do not have any rearrangement here, okay? In this what happens, we get four-membered cyclic ring. Here we have a cyclic mercurinium ion, if you look at the mechanism. H2O2, we can use a Venkat, D2O2 also, but preferably what happens, if you're using D2O2, then you should write OD minus, that conjugate acid base pair we should take. Otherwise, we'll get the mixture of both. OH minus we also can attack, OD minus we also can attack, both possibility we have. Yes, I got it here. Okay, so this is the one thing. Now, alcohol, this reaction is very, very important, the Grignard reagent reaction and preparation of alcohol. Okay, it is there in carbonyl compound also, the third one. Synthesis of alcohol from Grignard reagent, okay? If you are taking formaldehyde, okay? Formaldehyde, if you're taking, then the alcohol would be a one-degree alcohol, directly you can memorize. We know RMGX's reaction with carbonyl compound, it follows what? Nucleophilic attack of R minus here. So if you have H, C double bond OH, this R minus we know in presence for this carbonyl compound, R minus behaves as a nucleophile over here, right? If it is an active hydrogen, then acid base reaction there, okay, like water. So R minus will attack onto this, this will go up, right? And it forms RCHO minus, which from H2OH plus, it takes H plus over here, RCH2OH you will get, correct? And MGOHX, another compound, okay? So only formaldehyde gives you one-degree alcohol. If you have any other one, like you have another aldehyde, gives you two-degree alcohol, if you have ketone, gives you three-degree alcohol. This you can directly memorize, formaldehyde gives you primary alcohol, any other aldehyde, except formaldehyde, gives you secondary alcohol, and ketone gives you tertiary alcohol. Mechanism is exactly the same that I've written over here. Okay, did you copy this? Sir, thank you, sir. Yeah. This is the three methods of preparation, oxymarculation, demarculation, hydroboration, oxidation and Grignard reagent. Okay, reaction of lithium acetylides or alkyl, alkynyl Grignard reagents with aldehyde or ketone. So we can have this with ketone, metal will get attached to this oxygen here, right? And then it converts into, I'm just a second, one reagent is missing here. Okay, so it is not mentioned here, but we'll take water in this step, then we'll get etch over here and LI OH world twice will go out. Same reaction we have when we have this Grignard reagent with this. C triple bond C will get attached to this carbon atom, right? It has OMGBR here with water, it converts into OH, okay? It is not that important reaction we have. This one is important. When we have RCHO reduction we are doing, C double bond OH on reduction, it converts into CH2OH, this you can memorize, okay? Aldehyde on reduction gives you one degree alcohol, ketone on reduction gives you two degree alcohol. So sodium hydroborohydride, NABH4 is the convenient reagent to carry out the reduction of aldehyde or ketones into alcohol. NABH4 in alcohol with as H plus H2O gives you this. LIH4 in ether can also be used for the reduction. It is particularly useful for the reduction of alpha, beta unsaturated ketone. Copy this down, alpha, beta unsaturated ketone. The reduction of such a ketone gives a mixture of both unsaturated and saturated alcohol, for example this. Alpha, beta unsaturated, LIALH4 alcohol, C double bond O converts into CHOH, okay? If you have C double bond O, it converts into CHOH, simple, okay? C double bond O, CHOH, one hydro is already there, so CH2OH it becomes, okay? So C double bond O, CHOH, double bond is as it is, plus we also get this in which this double bond also get reduced into alkane. LIALH4 if you are using, then we have, mostly we have this, composition is more, and this alkane will be lesser. So if you have alpha, beta unsaturated ketones, then preferably we use LIALH4 in ether. Copy down both reactions. It doesn't have to be cyclic or nothing like that. Alpha, beta, NE, okay? Alpha, beta unsaturated NE ketones. So why does it give that unsaturated product also? See the thing is the reactivity of LIALH4 towards the carbonyl, carbon, carbonyl group is higher than the NABH4 reaction. We know LIALH4 is a good reducing agent. The activity of this is more over here. LIALH4 takes place on this carbonyl carbon more in comparison to this, okay? So the thing is here, it's not like, it is a stronger reducing agent than NABH4. So if it can reduce double bond, this also can reduce, but it's reactivity towards this carbonyl carbon is more than NABH4, then it will more reduce this than the double bond we have over here. Hence the composition of this one will be more. So what LIALH4 and NABH4 don't act on double bond in general? Yes, Dripal, what did you say? Tell me, LIALH4 and NABH4? So they don't act on double bond in general, sir. They don't act on double bond in general, sir. Sorry, sorry. We do not prefer these reagents to reduce double bond. Okay, especially NABH4, we do not prefer, but it doesn't mean that it cannot do, not always, but if you have alpha beta unsaturated ketone, then to some extent NABH4 can, even if you see, it is only 41%, like not only, but it is 41%, majority of the product will be here only. Usually in books, it is not written that it reduce, effectively it can reduce double bond effectively, but the reaction possible, it happens, more happens with NABH4 because it's reactivity towards C double bond O carbonyl group is lesser than to that of LIALH4, and hence the reaction is. See any reduction reaction, anyone, because both have tendency to produce hydrogen, correct? If you look at the mechanism, just take your notes, both produce hydride ion, correct? So hydride ion can react at carbonyl group also and double bonded carbon also, right? The point is which group attracts the hydride ion more? That is how, obviously, when we say it is not possible and doesn't mean it is zero or something like that, you see, it's only 2%. Hence in some book, it is written that it won't affect the double bond at all, and we have better reducing agent to reduce the double bond. Okay, sir, go ahead. Okay, so this you must take care of, if you have only one thing you have to memorize, if you have alpha, beta unsaturated ketone, then we'll prefer NABH4 to reduce this over LIALH4. This is what the key point we have here, nothing else. Okay, next is some chemical properties. Now LIALH4 is more powerful, Venkat. No, sir, with respect to the other hydrogenation reactions. For hydrogenation, we'll take renegell only, because we require a surface over there where the hydrogen get adsorbed. That's why, see, LIALH4 and NABH4 works well in solution. You see, there we have taken alcohol and ether solution, correct, in the previous reaction, if you see. Yes, sir. Right, so in solution, we'll take that reagent. But if you have to add hydrogen or a double bonded carbon atom, then the hydrogen, since it is a gas, it needs a surface where it can adsorb and then attract to the double bonded carbon atom. If you remember, in hydrogenation, what happens? Hydrogen get attached from the same side, right? Syn addition we have, isn't it? Yes, a syn addition. Why it happens? Because hydrogen first get adsorbed on the surface of catalyst, nickel, platinum, whatever you are using. So first hydrogen is adsorbed at the surface. And since it is fixed now, so it will attach to the double bonded carbon atom from the same side. Since it is adsorbed, so it is not possible that this hydrogen from the bottom and this hadn't from the top, it will join. And hence it is syn addition over there. Okay, got it. Hydrogenation of alkene, it's simple the reaction of alkene and hydrogen. For that, hydrogen requires a surface and hence we are providing the catalyst for the reaction. Yes, sir, got it, sir. Okay, now chemical properties, alcohol you see, two, three types of reactionate source, one in which, one more thing I'll tell you, I just, you know, I'll recall this, alcohol has acidic properties, correct. So if you look at the acidic behavior of C2H5OH, H2O, and CS3OH, which one is most acidic? What is the acidity order we have? The acidic order is CS3OH is more acidic than water and more acidic than C2H5OH, okay. This is an exception kind of thing. If you go by logic, then you will write the conjugate base of this CS3O minus conjugate base of this OH minus conjugate base of this C2H5O minus. If you look at the plus i nature of CS3 and C2H5, it will increase the electron density on O minus oxygen, and hence it is a weak base, weak conjugate base, means not a good acid. Still this CS3OH is a better acid than water itself. So in aliphatic alcohol, aliphatic alcohol, methanol is the only one which is more acidic than water, okay. Keep that in mind. In aliphatic alcohol, methanol is the only alcohol which is more acidic than water. The order is based on its k value, k, p, k value, correct. So keep that in mind. Logic is not applying over here, the plus i or effect over here, correct. Okay, so alcohol reaction, we have three types of reaction here possible. Where we have, we'll talk about the dissociation of OH bond where the alcohol is behaving as an acid, okay. Another possibility in which when our O bond carbon and oxygen bond is getting big, okay. And one we have the miscellaneous reaction, okay. These three types of reaction alcohol shows, right. So first one you see this particular thing. See the general formula of simple alcohol is ROH. The reaction shows by alcohol maybe classified into two categories, that is ROH and ROH, this bond breaks or this bond breaks, right. So reaction which involves the dissociation of carbon-oxygen bond. The first one is reaction with hydrogen halides. What happens? This bond breaks. OH minus H plus combines forms water in RX, alkylolide, preparation method of alkylide, right. As we know, OH is a poor living group, but its protonation converts into a good living group. You know, H2O is a better living group than OH. That's why alcohol always tends to watch protonation first whenever carbon-oxygen bond has to break. Same thing happens here. From H, from HX, H plus protonates this oxygen, H2O goes out, okay. Either carbocation forms or won't forms depends upon the substrate, okay. And then X minus will get attached. So if it is one degree alcohol, you see it is SN2 mechanism. If it is three degree SN1 mechanism. Yes, right. Conjugate acid is always a better living room than its base, okay. Two degree alcohol may proceed by both mechanism. We have discussed many times this SN1, SN2. So I'm not repeating those things again. Okay, next is the reactivity order. Important, have asked this question many times. HI is most reactive than HBR, HCL. Why HI is most reactive? Less portable, yeah. Yeah, so HI iodine can easily release H plus and then the reaction will be faster. Allyl benzene is resonance stabilized. Benzyl is also resonance stabilized, three degree, two degree, one degree. This is the order of reactivity here. The agents used are concentrated HBR, NABR, plus means NABR plus concentrated H2O, so forth we can use. HCL with ZNCL2 we can use and concentrated HCL we can use. Okay, HCL, ZNCL2 facilitate the formation of H plus from HCL, takes CL minus and forms H plus, right. Next is dehydration. Dehydration is removal of H2O. We have discussed this, alkene forms by elimination reaction, E1, E2, all these things we have discussed. So first of all, protonation happens here. H plus depending upon obviously the mechanism, E1, E2. It goes here, H2O goes out, positive charge here. If it is E1, then there will be a posterior forms and then we have hydride shift and all those. We'll get the most stable carbocation and then from the adjacent carbon, H plus comes out, leaving its electron pair behind and we'll get two alkene over here. Okay, mechanism it is given here in the town, you see. It is even mechanism it is given and hence it is E1, so order is three, two and one, okay. Set Jeff and Hoffman product we can think of. Okay, reaction is phosphorous trihalide. Phosphorous trihalides gives you RX H3PO3, okay. These are the three bonds we have in which carbon oxygen bond breaks. Okay, three bonds, what are those three bonds? We have the first one we have was formation of RX, ROH plus HX, formation of RX. Second one is dehydration. Third one is reaction with PCN3, PX3. Reaction which shows dissociation of OH bond in which basically the alcohol is behaving as an acid. Okay, so when we have the active metals, active metals like we have NA, potassium, magnesium, all these. It forms salt and hydrogen always elements. Very important reaction we have this one. Hydrogen gas eliminates in this reaction. The reactivity of alcohol is CS3OH in one degree, two degree and three degree, right? Like I said, alcohol in reaction behaves as an acid. It is worth comparing the acidic strength of alcohol with other species based on the following reactions, okay. So it is basically conjugate acid-based reaction we have which we can easily compare on this, okay. This order you just write it down. Here it is, you know, not mentioned but I'll just correct it. The relative acidity is H2O is more than alcohol, then alkyne, then amine and then alkane. This R you must know it should not be equal to CS3. For alcohol I'm talking about. But water, alcohol, alkyne, amine and alkane, okay. Alcohol reacts with carboxylic acid, H2O eliminates and it forms ester, right? So it also goes correct with anhydride and acyl chloride. With acetyl chloride what happens? With acetyl chloride what happens? We'll get HCl and then we'll get ester on this. Yeah, this kind of reaction we have in this. Next we'll see the other slides what we have one more slides will come. This one also we do. Okay, one degree alcohol on oxidation gives aldehyde. Okay, we have many different oxidizing agents but overall you have to keep this in mind. If you have one degree alcohol on oxidation it gives aldehyde, two degree alcohol on oxidation gives ketone. Okay, few examples is given over here. Here we are taking PCC, tridinum chlorochromate, PCC, converts one degree alcohol into aldehyde. One degree alcohol is readily converted into carboxylic acid by the use of potassium per magnet, KMNO4, very strong oxidizing agent. Okay, basically it is an intermediate. First aldehyde and then acids. If it is very strong then the reaction won't stop till aldehyde, it converts aldehyde further into an acid. Two degree alcohol is changed into a ketone by the use of potassium dichromate or CRO3 in acetic acid, CRO3 in pyridine. Copy down this. After this we'll continue the next class. Okay, so next class, like I said, we'll finish alcohol phenol ether plus amines also we'll finish next class. Okay, I will share a few PDFs for S-Block and biomolecules polymers, you can solve questions on them. Okay, done guys. Okay guys, thank you so much. Yeah. Thank you sir. Yeah, I will share on the group. Okay. Thank you, sir. Yeah. Mehul is there in the Learnist, you can check. It's uploaded there, Mehul. All the videos are there, you can check. Okay guys, thank you. Yeah.