 As we know and realize that a cyber space or a cyber society can be affected or is impacted by cybercrime, in order to effectively deal with that cybercrime, we need cyber laws. And therefore, in this lecture, let's have an introduction to cyber law. Let's first define what a cyber law is. Cyber law refers to all the legal and regulatory aspects of the internet as well as its users. Now as I said earlier that when you know the cyber space or the cyber society which you know came into which took birth with the advent of internet is affected and impacted by cybercrime naturally in order to best combat you know the downsides of that cybercrime or in order to serve as a deterrent in several cases, we need cyber law. Let's still look at some specific examples which will make the case for having effective cyber laws even more clear. For instance as an example, let's let there could be you know a situation of a cyber murder. Now what can be a cyber murder? A hacker for instance changes the value of insulin in a patient's online prescription who was admitted in the hospital and the nurse injects that quantity and the patient expires. Now this is just one extreme example of a cybercrime where it can lead to a murder. Looking at other you know issues where effective cyber laws are needed. One of the backbones of our economy is business and commerce and with the advent of internet we have all increasingly moved or let's say a major part of economy now is e-commerce and e-business. So in order to you know to ensure safety and security for the e-commerce we require cyber law. Then there are several other regulatory issues, there are unprotected emails, there is social media where from bullying to stalking to identity theft various things can take place. Then we need laws to you know let's say to prevent hate speech, to prevent cyber terrorism, to prevent software piracy, to prevent unauthorized video streaming. Moving on we need cyber laws to prevent email spoofing, email spamming. We need cyber laws in order to regulate various kinds of financial crimes. In order to regulate online gambling we need cyber laws in order to you know monitor and prevent the sale of illegal items and articles. We need effective laws in order to safeguard people from forgery, from cyber deformation, from cyber stalking. Moving on you know we need effective cyber laws to prevent denial of service attacks which tend to affect individuals as well as businesses. We need cyber laws to prevent individuals, businesses you know those with which are using home computers from Trojan attacks, from viruses, from worms. We need cyber laws in order to you know combat data diddling you know which is which is you know a change in a certain data entry into a certain system by let's say a malicious virus. We need effective cyber laws in order to prevent intellectual property crimes. In order to you know in order to handle cyber disputes in order to prevent unauthorized accesses to computer systems and in order to prevent salami attacks just as an example of some of the the types and kinds of cyber crimes which may exist or which are being which are happening around us. As I also mentioned earlier that a news report suggests that in Pakistan alone the last three years have witnessed an increase of cyber crime by 83 percent and it is estimated that worldwide the amount of losses financial as well as you know non-monetary as a result of cyber crimes is going to increase increase many fold in the coming years. Let's now look at how the cyber regulation or cyber laws have evolved over time. United Nations Commission of International Trade Laws UN Citral came into being in 1966 to start off with then it was based on those that model laws on e-commerce came into being in 1996 and model laws on e-signature came into being in 1996 as well further word intellectual property organizations copyright rules came into being in 1996 similarly word intellectual property organizations performance and phonogram street rules also came into being in 1996 both these copyright rules as well as performance and phonogram treat rules regulate copyright infringements and trademark issues. Moving from these from these effort by the word intellectual property organization as well as the United Nations which gave these model laws in 1998 internet cooperation for signed names and numbers I can give uniform domain name dispute resolution policy in the US carrying on from here while this uniform domain name disputes and resolution policy is you know adopting or is helping implement the VIPO word intellectual property organizations copyright rules and treaty it is in it is helping in implementing that in US carrying on from this DMCA which is digital Millennium Copyright Act is is you know is again you know extending on these these this copyright rules and treaty by VIPO and that was been enacted in the US in 1998 in a similar fashion European copyright directive EU CD was implemented in 2001 which again is helping implement VIPO's copyright rules and treaty then information technology Act in India are the major you know a major law or rules which are regulating you know the cyber crime or their major cyber laws prevalent in India from year 2000 Pakistan too has over time realizing the importance of having effective cyber laws you know presented and and past its own ordinances and laws the first one was ETO electronic transaction ordinance which was passed in 2002 this was the first of any kind of IT related regulation and laws which were passed in Pakistan and while they were largely based on the cyber laws of foreign countries they were nevertheless dealing with 43 different kinds of cyber crime there was an improved version of it in the form of prevention of electronic crime ordinance which came in 2008 and then finally in 2016 there was prevention of electronic crime ordinance which provides a very comprehensive framework to deal with cyber crime these cyber regulations in Pakistan deal with various kinds of cyber crime including you know cyber terrorism cyber stalking identity have denial of service attacks cyber stalking cyber bullying and several to name as per prevention of electronic crime ordinance 2016 for various offenses there is jail time there is a large amounts of fine and and you know the good part of the upside is that these side that this an effective implementation of these cyber laws are preventing a lot of let's say damage which could have occurred in their absence.