 A very good evening aspirants, welcome to Hindu Newspaper Analysis by Shankar Reyes Academy. For today's discussion we have chosen 6 news articles and 3 articles are from yesterday's newspaper and 3 articles are from today's newspaper. So please don't worry and we will be discussing 2 editorials, one from yesterday and one from today's newspaper. From yesterday's newspaper we will be seeing about caste census and from today's newspaper we will be seeing about national security policy. And followed by that we will be seeing 3 important news articles, one about Bito Glucon which is an important term that you have to note. And followed by that we will be seeing another article regarding Kushinahar which is a very important Buddhist pilgrimage site and we will learn some of the fact about that place. And followed by that we will be discussing about an article regarding missiles and we will be seeing about different types of missiles and the details that you have to know about in the preliminary point of view. So without wasting much time now let us move on to the first news article discussion. Now let us take up this editorial for our discussion. See I have taken this editorial article written by our former union minister for law and justice and our author in this editorial brings to light the important role played by cyber technology in the defence policy of a country. And he has also given some valuable information on the dimension to be focused while framing a national security policy for India. So this is the underlying theme of this editorial and with this idea in mind let us approach this editorial discussion. The syllabus covered by this editorial is highlighted below for your reference. Please go through it. See whenever we think about the defence policy of a nation the first and foremost thing that comes to our mind is weapons and when you look back there has been a drastic transformation in the evolution of these weapons or in other words the innovation in weapons moved from stones in the prehistoric era to bows and arrows and later to canons and guns in the 19th century and it didn't end there because in the 20th century they were followed by aero planes, nuclear bombs and intercontinental missiles and then you take the 21st century we have moved on to the next level that is the national security concept in the two decades of 21st century have undergone fundamental changes. Now the world countries are moving towards cyber weapons based warfare and these fundamental changes have brought to light. The fact that the size, geography, population or even GDP of a country are no more relevant or significant when it comes to defence policy of a nation. So this is a very important point to note here and this is because cyber weaponry is not just limited to the continents that fulfills certain criteria but rather it will be available even to small island countries and this cyber warfare gives even small and poorer nations the capacity to cause devastation to nations larger than it. Moreover using the cyber warfare a nation can even immobilise the current tangible or current physical advanced weapon system of the operant country in a war. So to put it in simple words even a country like Sri Lanka or Bhutan will be equal to the United States, Russia, India or China in their capability to cause unacceptable damage if they are empowered by cyber technology and according to the author in the coming days warfare is no more going to involve the mobilisation of weapons or it is no more going to be dependent on the size of the armed forces of men but instead of that it's going to be a cyber warfare so that means in the 21st century when we refer to national security it does not merely refer to the explicit or implicit operations of a country but rather it is going to more crucially involve the electronic operations and the weaponised cyber instruments of technologies and example for this is the shadow of Mumbai's electricity supply in populated area of the city for a few hours which was a cyber attack caused by China's cyber technology. So this shows the importance for being equipped on cyber warfare more than on the conventional war strategies that rely on military blocks. So therefore in order to track such cyber warfare centres of our adversaries and to be prepared in advance we first need a new national security policy. This is what the author tries to convey in the first part of the discussion. So the author here has put forward four key dimensions based on which our national security policy ought to be designed. So first on the line comes the objectives. See first and foremost objective of our national security policy should be to define or devise those assets that are required or needed to be defended. So if India has to defend itself it should first define or diverse those assets that are required or needed to be defended. Similarly we should establish a policy to clearly identify our adversaries who want to confuse the people of a target nation by using unexpected actions. So for example such a move can be the coronavirus which has caused adverse impacts to people and government and the global economy as a whole right. So we should clearly identify our adversaries and we should be prepared to face the consequences caused by unexpected actions of our adversaries. This is what the first key dimension that the author tries to convey and second on the line comes our priorities. See threats similar to the COVID pandemic may in fact await us even in the coming decades right. So in order to overcome such future hurdles we need to structure our national security policy in a way that it addresses our national priorities. So this will require new departments for supporting several frontiers of innovation and technologies say like that of hydrogen fuel cells desalination of seawater, thorium for nuclear technology, anti-computer viruses and new immunity creating medicines. So we should create or we will require new departments for supporting these innovator technologies and this focus on a new priority will be requiring compulsory science and mathematics education especially in application for analytical studies. So our citizens should also be adequately trained in that regard. So this is the second dimension that the author tries to convey here and the third and the most important dimension is that the strategy that we adopt. See the strategy that we are going to adopt for this new national security policy should anticipate our enemies in many dimension and it should also include a strategy of deterrence of the enemy. So when you take India for India the China cyber capability factor is going to be a new threat. So in that case we should device a new strategy depending on the threat posed by our opponent. So what kind of strategy we adopt is also an important factor and moving on to the last dimension which the author tries to convey here is the agenda for these new strategies. See to reap the full benefits of our strategy we need to device our agenda with critical and emerging technologies connectivity and infrastructure cyber security and maritime security. So these are some of the important points mentioned in this editorial. So in this editorial we saw about the evolution of cyber security and we saw about the evolution of cyber warfare and we saw about four important key dimensions based on which our national security policy ought to be designed. The first will be the objective and the second line comes our priorities. We should address our nation's priority first and the third will be about the strategy that we adopt. The strategy should deter the enemy and finally we saw that to reap the full benefits of our strategy we need to design our agenda with critical and emerging technologies. So with these points in mind now let us move on to the next news article discussion. Now let us take up this article for our next news article discussion. See this news article talks about a pilot clinic study that is focused on reducing the adverse effect of SARS-CoV-2 virus along with aiding fast recovery of COVID-19 patients. So what happened is in this regard the study tested a black yeast and a major component in the black yeast has given positive results in reducing the adverse effects of the viruses and thereby it added in the recovery of patients. So this is the news for today and the black yeast used was aureobesidium pululens. The component in this specific type of black yeast was beta glucone and this aureobesidium pululens is rich in beta glucone. So this beta glucone has given the required result. This is the news for today and let us see about it now. To begin with first what is a glucone? See glucone or glucose polymers and these beta glucones. I hope you remember the sign beta this beta glucone or naturally occurring polysaccharides and the major advantage of beta glucone is that it increases the host immune defense by activating complement system. Now you may wonder what is this term complement system means? See complement system is made up of a large number of distinct plasma proteins that react with one another to alter or change pathogens and induce a series of inflammatory response that helps to fight infection. So this is a very common thing which happens when a pathogen affects our body and this beta glucone help us to increase the immune system of the host by activating this complement system. I hope you can understand. So to put it in simple words beta glucone has immunostimulating properties that is it stimulates the immune system. See here the complement system that is activated is macrophages and know that macrophages are type of white blood cells that surrounds and kills microorganisms. Apart from that macrophages also stimulates the action of other immune system cells. So it is a very important complement system and beta glucone help in stimulating this complement system which is a huge advantage. Apart from that beta glucone also has natural killer cell function which helps to kill cancer cells as well. So to put it in simple words beta glucone is a type of biological response modifier which means it is a substance made from living organisms to treat disease. As simple as that you may have a question in problems or mains regarding this it is a very important topic please make a note of it and remember it is found in bacteria, plants and certain foods such as bakers, yeast, cereal grains like oats and mushrooms as well. So beta glucone is a type of biological response modifier and it is obtained or it is a substance made from living organisms to treat disease. Apart from this it is found in bacteria, plants and certain foods such as bakers, yeast, cereal grains like oats and mushroom. First if you take oats it is rich in sources of two types of beta glucone that is one, three beta glucone and one, four beta glucone. See these oat beta glucones are dietary fibers because beta glucone attracts water and increase the viscosity or thickness of digest food and due to this the volume of food in the gut is increased. This results in slow digestion and reduces the rate at which nutrients are observed by body. So what happens in such a condition? So what happens is such a condition increases satiety or it increases the feeling or state of being satisfied about the food we had and it suppresses the appetite which makes us to feel full and thus we eat less. Therefore in this way oat beta glucones help in weight control. So this is the reason why most of the dietary nutrients recommend to take a oatmeal to reduce weight. Apart from this oat beta glucones also helps in reducing the disease risk especially when it comes to heart diseases. See it lowers the blood cholesterol and LDL cholesterol. See this beta glucone can bind with cholesterol rich bile acids which is present in the intestine and it helps in supporting these cholesterol rich bile acids through the digestive tract and eventually takes it out of the body. This reduces the cholesterol in our body. So this is the second way in which the oat beta glucone help us to reduce weight and cholesterol and help us in controlling our weight. Second important thing that you have to remember is yeast and medical mushrooms are notable for their ability to modulate the immune system right and when particularly mushroom beta glucones have healing and immunostimulating properties. Therefore it is used for medical purposes by many countries. So this is also an important point to note. Apart from this it is also used in manufacturing where beta glucone are used as a food additive in products such as salad dressing, frozen desserts, cheese spreads etc. Now coming back to the news article. See the news article mentions that beta glucones lower the release of cytokine which was being over produced due to novel coronavirus. See cytokines are nothing but they are tiny proteins secreted by cells and specifically they have influence on cell contact and communication. See their main function is to help cells in signaling molecules that mediate and regulate immunity and inflammation. To put it in simple words they are proteins secreted by cells which helps in signaling the immune system to do its job. So when the cytokine is over produced it involves severe inflammation and finally lead to tissue destruction. This over production of cytokine damages tissues and organs thereby increasing the adverse effects of the virus. So even though cytokines is a part of immune system their over production will damage tissues and organs. So this is a problem and when patients received high doses of black yeast containing beta glucone they reported reduced breathlessness and fatigue and also recovered fast. So this is the news for today and this is a very important news and you have to make note of these kind of terms because they appear once in a while in news but they make a question in exam. UPSC do ask questions from these rare type of terms and it is very important to know these kinds of terms. So in this discussion we saw about a substance called beta glucone how it is produced and the news is that a black yeast called aureobesidium pululens is used to manufacture this beta glucone and we also saw some of the important usage of beta glucone in our day to day life. So with this information in mind let us move on to the next news article discussion. Now look at this news article. The news article mentions about a tax evasion scam which was recently uncovered by Karnataka officials and it is said that owners of high end vehicles procure fake registration numbers from other states and forge documents to evade vehicle tax. So this is the news and for your clarification high end vehicles are nothing but a luxury car. See a vehicle which have high end features that go above and beyond the average necessities are called high end vehicles and these vehicles are equipped with better performance capabilities lavish interiors and all the latest safety and technology features. So those kinds of luxury cars are called as high end vehicles and the news is that the owner of these high end vehicles they procure fake registration numbers from other states and forge documents to evade vehicle tax. So we will discuss about this issue with an example at the end of the discussion. Now taking this opportunity let us understand tax evasion and how it differs from tax avoidance first and then we can see about the issue here. See it is very important to understand these two terms as they are forms of tax non-compliance and they are closely related to black money. See both these tax non-compliance practices exist across all type of taxes and among all types of tax payers. So it becomes very important to note about these two terms and even in the 21 Trillums we had a question about black money. It is a very important topic in Mainz also. So first what is tax evasion? See tax evasion is when people or businesses they deliberately do not declare or do not account for what they are owed to the ex-checker. Therefore tax evasion includes the hidden economy which is when someone hides taxable activity from the government or tax authorities completely. And this is why tax evasion is always illegal. See tax evasion is generally the result of illegality, suppression, misrepresentation and fraud. Some of the illegal practices carried out for tax evasion or making false statements hiding relevant documents not maintaining complete records of the transactions and concealment of income, overstatement of tax credit or presenting personal expenses as business expenses etc. So if someone knowingly and deliberately that is if someone intentionally understate their taxable income or if they are inflating expenses or if they are showing fewer of profits then they are evading tax. And remember under Indian laws tax evasion is a punishable crime. So now what is tax avoidance then? See tax avoidance involves bending the rules of the tax system to gain a tax advantage that parliament never intended. That is the law makers never intended to provide such advantage but still if a person bends the rules of the tax system to gain such a tax advantage is called tax avoidance. So it involves using the available tax laws to reduce one's tax burden. It uses legal methods to minimize tax liability. So what all these means is such bending of rules is the result of action or scheme taken by the taxpayer but none of such action or their combinations is illegal or forbidden by the law itself. I hope you can follow. So such actions often involve contrived artificial transaction that serve very little purpose or no purpose other than to produce this advantage. That is why tax avoidance is operating within the letters of the law but not the spirit of the law because of these reasons tax avoidance is not illegal but it is unethical. Let us understand it using example of tax haven. See tax haven is a measure used for tax evasion. As you know tax haven is a territory or state that is outside the jurisdiction of one's home country and in this territory or state tax charged on income will be at very low rate or in those territories tax on income or not at all charged. So generally let us assume a company is functioning in India with its headquarters in Delhi and it opens a subsidiary company in country A. If you remember there is an agreement called double taxation avoidance agreement that is DTA which is a tax treaty signed between India and other countries the main objective of this DTA tax treaty is to help the taxpayers. The taxpayers can avoid paying double taxes on their income earned from the source country as well as the residence country. So in this case the taxpayer can pay their tax in either one of the country. So this is the treaty and if this country A has signed this DTAA tax treaty with India then this company is enough to pay their tax in either one of the country. So here what the company does is it will file tax for its company in country A through its subsidiary. So now the company has to pay a very low tax but not in India. This is just one measure to avoid tax. See have a clear understanding both tax evasion and tax avoidance are forms of tax non-compliance. That is they pay tax but they don't pay the exact amount of the tax. They either climb by making false statements or they hide relevant documents in order to avoid or avoid tax. So I hope you can get it. They pay tax but they don't pay the exact amount of the tax which they have to pay and this is exactly similar to black many. Tax evasion and tax avoidance may also lead to creation of black many. I hope you can understand this clearly. So this is why tax evasion and tax avoidance is not advisable and especially when it comes to tax avoidance it is an activity of taking unfair advantage of the shortcomings in the tax rules. This leads to finding of new ways to avoid the repayment of taxes that are within the limits of the law. So therefore governments are actively seeking way to eliminate the methods by which tax can be avoided. So overall even though avoidance is not illegal it is immoral. I hope you understand the difference between tax evasion and tax avoidance. The same issue as we discussed in the example happens in this case also. The owners of high end vehicles they procure fake registration numbers from other states and forge documents to avoid vehicle taxes. See registering a luxury car in a state would mean paying anywhere from 28% to 43% of GSD with CIS based on the model and the tax varies between 3% and 24% and that also depends upon the state. So what the owners of the high end vehicles do is they procure fake registration numbers from other states which have very low vehicle tax and they forge documents to avoid the vehicle tax. So this is all what you have to remember or this is all what you have to know from this news article. This will be very helpful in your preliminary and main examination. So in this discussion we saw about tax evasion and we saw about tax avoidance and we saw about what are the means in which both the tax avoidance and tax evasion are taking place and finally we saw about the issue in detail. So with this information in mind now let us move on to the next news article discussion. Now let us take up this editorial article which is related to the socio-economic caste senses that is SCCC. See recently the union government filed an affidavit in the Supreme Court and it was filed in response to a brick petition by the Maharashtra government. So in that affidavit the union government has ruled out or it has excluded full caste enumeration in the upcoming census exercise. See the upcoming census exercise is anticipated to start in 2022 and the union government has ruled out a full caste enumeration in this upcoming census exercise. Apart from this and this affidavit has covered three different aspects of the caste census issue and this particular editorial is written in that background. To begin with it explains why the caste data obtained under the socio-economic caste census 2011 has not been made public. So this is the first issue that the affidavit has covered. Then in the next part the government argues that the judiciary cannot interfere with its policy nor can it direct the government to conduct a caste census and finally it states on why it is neither practical nor administratively feasible to attempt a caste census. So these are the three important issues which has been covered by the affidavit put forward by the union government and the author here focuses on only the first and the third aspect. That is the author has criticised or he has voiced out his opinion on the first and the third aspect covered under the affidavit and he also suggests measures on how it can be improved. So this is the basic cracks of this news article with this idea in mind come let us approach this editorial discussion. The syllabus covered by this editorial article is highlighted here for your reference. Now moving to the article as I said earlier the government's affidavit spoke about three different aspects related to the issue of caste census. Let's start with the first aspect. That is the reason cited by the government for not disclosing the caste census which was collected under the SCCC 2011 to the general public. So what is the reason? To understand better let me start with an example. See the total number of cast counted in the 1931 census was 4147. But when you see the SCCC of 2011 the census has returned over 46 lakh caste names. See the difference between the numbers and this massive increase in number is believed to be the result of enumerators error as well as the structural flaws in the data collection process. As a result of these shortcomings the government claims that caste data was kept from being released to the public. Since the information gathered is unusable and cannot be used for any legal purposes. Say like that of reservation in admission or reservation in promotions or in local body elections. These informations gathered cannot be used for these legal purposes. And the government has claimed this reason as an excuse from releasing the caste data to the public. We know that in order to analyze the flaws in the data and expert committee headed by the then vice chairman of the Niti Ayog was formed. But then the problem was that the other members of the committee were not named. So because of this the committee never met. As a result no steps were made to transform the raw data into publishable findings. As you can see the government has failed here to compute a proper committee exposes its negligence. This is what the author tries to convey in the first part of the editorial. Just a recap of what we saw so far. The socio-economic caste census was conducted in 2011 and very recently the union government filed an affidavit in the supreme court which was a response to a repetition filed by the government. So in that affidavit the union government has ruled out your full caste enumeration in the upcoming census exercise. Apart from this in that affidavit the government has covered three different aspects of the caste census issues and the first issue is the reason for not making the caste data collected under the SECC known to the public. Then in the next part the government argues that it cannot interfere with its policy nor can it direct the government to conduct a caste census and finally it elaborates on why it is neither practical nor administratively feasible to attempt a caste census and we saw that the author here focuses only on the first and the third aspect. So now moving on to the second part of the editorial. See in this part the author tries to prove wrong the government stands off excluding a full caste enumeration in the upcoming census. He also rejects the government's contention that a complete caste enumeration is impossible administratively difficult and time consuming. See as per the author it cannot be denied that the population census in a vast and uniquely diverse country like India is a complex exercise but that cannot be considered as a reason for totally rooting out the caste exercise right. Because in the course of time the census machinery has moved on a learning curve and evolved in more credible manner and as we know at present we have access to a lot of modern and advanced technologies and such technologies actually help us to enumerate and analyze complex big data not only quickly but also easily. So the author here tries to convey that just because the population census is vast and it is a complex exercise that cannot be considered as a reason for totally ruling out the caste exercise. Because at present we have access to a lot of modern and advanced technologies. This is what the author tries to convey. Know that the feedback also cites the absence of an All India Registry of Caste to be reason for not conducting a full caste enumeration in the upcoming census. See as per the author this again cannot be considered as a reason. See it is the responsibility of the union and state government to act together and create an All India Registry of Caste. By combining the central list of SCs and the state list of OBCs right. So again this also cannot be considered as a reason for not conducting a full caste enumeration in the upcoming census. So to conclude the legal justifications that are put forward by the union government for failing to disclose the caste census data and its refusal to conduct a full caste enumeration in the upcoming census does not seem to be an agreeable or a satisfying one. But rather it creates ground for suspicion as to whether there are any attempts to conceal the real number and proportion of various caste in the Indian population and according to the author it is okay to have made errors in the past but those mistakes and flaws should be rectified in a decade. And at present that cannot be used as a reason to rule out a full caste enumeration in the upcoming census exercise. So this is the essence of the editorial here. In this discussion we saw about socio-economic caste census and we saw about an affidavit filed by the union government in the supreme court in response to a writ petition filed by the Maharashtra government and we saw the three important and different aspects of the caste census issue mentioned in the affidavit and finally we concluded our discussion by discussing about why caste census is needed. So with this points in mind let's wind up our editorial discussion and move on to the next news article discussion. Now look at this news article reports about the inauguration ceremony of the Kushinagar International Airport in Uttar Pradesh by our Indian Prime Minister. And as mentioned in the news article this airport is expected to help connect the key Buddhist pilgrimage sites so this is the context of the news article. Now keeping the news aside let us focus on Kushinagar which is in the timeline at today's article. See whenever we read about Buddhism we are bound to remember four important places which are closely related to the life of Buddha and they are Lumbini which is the birthplace of Buddha and then it is Bodhkaya which is the site where Buddha attained enlightenment. Next it is Sarnath the place where Buddha made his first preaching and finally it is Kushinagar which is the place where Buddha achieved Parinirvana and for those who are not aware of this term Parinirvana see Parinirvana is one of the chief principles and goals of Buddhism. So the basic idea or meaning behind this term is Nirvana after death which refers to the achievement of Nirvana after the body dies. So let me outline the term Nirvana in brief first. See in Buddhism it is believed that the karma of our present life is carried on to our next life through our soul or spirit after the body's death. So that means while the physical body of our present life disintegrates we are reborn in our next life along with the karmic depth from the previous one. And according to Buddhism once you achieve this Nirvana this cycle of rebirth stops because there will be no karmic depth remain. But this Nirvana is very difficult to attain and one has to live a very pure and blessed life to attain it. So by now you have a basic understanding of the term Nirvana as well as Parinirvana see Nirvana is nothing but it is a state of relief from misery due to enlightenment relating to cause of misery. And Parinirvana is the state of release after death from the karmic cycle that binds one to misery. And there is another term called Maha Parinirvana which means attainment of a state of eternal bliss after having been released from misery and samsara. So Nirvana means breaking the life circle and attaining a state of relief from misery due to enlightenment. And Parinirvana is a state of release after death from the karmic cycle. And Maha Parinirvana is attaining the state of eternal bliss after releasing from misery and samsara. Now coming back, so the Kushinahar which is mentioned in today's article is one of the four most important Buddhist pilgrimage in the world. See this Kushinahar is also known as Kushinara in Urdu is usually a town which is based in the Kushinahar district of Indian state of Uttar Pradesh See this place has got a long and ancient history even before the era of Lord Buddha and this place is said to have had Hindu influence during ancient times as well. In fact even in the famous Hindu scriptures Ramayana Kushinahar is mentioned as the city of Kusha who is the son of Rama the king of Ayodhya and during the era of Lord Buddha Kushinahar was believed to be the capital of Malas Kingdom. See Malas were great admirers of the Lord Buddha and Kushinahar was the capital of this Malas Kingdom. See the Malas were a powerful clan of tribal people who settled in the northern part of modern Bihar at the time of Gautama Buddha. So note this will be very helpful in your examination preparation. See besides being the place where Lord Buddha attained Parinirvana Kushinahar is also famous for Parinirvana temple is made of bricks and is surrounded by dense forests. Adding to this we can also find Parinirvana Stupa along with Parinirvana temple and because of its significance as one of the most sacred places for Buddhist supporters and followers Kushinahar has got an influential place in the tourism sector. So these are some of the important points that we need to have in mind whenever we learn about this place. With these take away points in mind now let us move on to the next news article discussion. Now for our next news discussion let us take up this news article. The article here reports about a submarine launched ballistic missile launched by North Korea from off its east coast and note that as reported by officials in South Korea and Japan this launch has come after the US and South Korea invoice meet in Washington to discuss the nuclear standoff with North Korea. So this is the news here. Now based on this context we are going to learn about missiles their basic types and particularly about the ballistic missile which is mentioned in today's news article along with suitable examples. First of all know that a missile is a rocket propelled weapon. So what do they mean by rocket propelled weapon? See when a rocket is equipped with an explosive warhead then it is called as a missile as simple as that. So it is designed to deliver an explosive warhead and it is designed to deliver them with great accuracy that too at high speed. See basically there exist both small as well as large missiles. When you take small missiles they are effective only for up to a few hundred foods whereas large strategic weapons are capable of covering ranges of up to several thousand miles. So have this basic understanding about missile and based on their types missiles all broadly categorized as cruise missiles and ballistic missiles. When you take a cruise missile note that they are an unmanned self propelled guided vehicle and most importantly majority of their time in the air cruise missiles fly in a relatively straight line and they are designed to sustain their flight through aerodynamic lift. So what is a aerodynamic lift? Understand this so that you don't have to mug up the types of missiles. See aerodynamic lift is nothing but it is a component of aerodynamic forces acting on a air foil that opposes gravity. So actually a cruise missile take off by opposing the gravity. This is how it works and generally these cruise missiles fly within the atmosphere of the earth and these cruise missiles make use of digit engine technology. And then very good example of this cruise missile could be Brahmos. Now let's move on to the ballistic missile which is in the limelight today. See a ballistic missile is a rocket propelled self-guided strategic weapon system and it follows a ballistic trajectory to deliver a payload from its launch site to a predetermined target. So what this word ballistic trajectory mean? See ballistic trajectory means that the missile will move on a path under the influence of gravity. What that means is that once the missile burns up the fuel that propels it the missile keeps moving the same way that a bullet does after it being fired out of a gun. So similar to a bullet the missile keeps moving even after the missile burns up the fuel that propels it. Once the fuel is gone the missile's direction cannot be altered. So what happens next? It follows a path determined by the speed of its launch and the force of the gravity trying to pull it back towards the earth's surface. Eventually gravity guides the missile and its payload which might be an explosive chemical biological weapon or a nuclear device down towards its target. So this is how the ballistic missile works and remember that ballistic missiles can carry conventional high explosives as well as chemical biological or nuclear munitions and they can be launched from aircraft, ships and submarines in addition to land based silos and mobile platforms. See silos are nothing but concrete structures that serve as a protective installation and launch facility for missiles. Agni 1, Agni 2, Prithvi 1, Prithvi 2, Sagarika and Dhanush are some of the example of ballistic missile in India. So these are the major difference between a cruise missile and a ballistic missile. Now think of a ballistic missile its flight path is as large as a large arc that goes up and comes back down again while the flight path of cruise missile is closer to a straight line. This is the first difference and another important difference is cruise missiles are designed to sustain their flight through aero dynamic lift. That is these missiles actually take off by opposing the gravity. While a ballistic missile follows a ballistic trajectory and this ballistic trajectory means that the missile will move on a path under the influence of gravity. Also remember one thing a ballistic missile in the beginning will take off against the gravity but when the fuel which propels the ballistic missile is burnt up that is when they are guided by the gravity. So understand this even though the ballistic missile take off against the gravity of the earth after reaching a certain height or after burning up all the fuel it takes up the path which is guided by the gravity. So these are the major difference that you have to note and if you know this major difference you don't have to mug up these facts and it will be very helpful for you in your preliminary and main examination. So these are some of the important take away points from this article. With this we came to the end of the news article discussion. Now let us see some of the preliminary practice questions. Now look at this first question. This question is about tax avoidance and tax evasion. With reference to tax non-compliance what is common to tax evasion and tax avoidance. So you have to find the common feature between the tax avoidance and tax evasion. First statement is both are illegal. Second statement both use legal methods to reduce tax liability. Third statement both involve hiding relevant documents and improper maintenance of records. Select the correct answers from the code given below. Option A all of the above option B one only, option C one and two only and option D none of the above. See now look at the first statement it states that both are illegal. But in the discussion we saw that only tax evasion is illegal and it is a crime under Indian law and tax avoidance is not illegal but unethical. So the first statement is wrong. Now coming to the second statement. It says both tax evasion and tax avoidance use legal methods to reduce tax liability. This statement is also wrong because only tax avoidance use legal methods whereas tax evasion use fraudulent and illegal methods to evade tax. So the second statement is also wrong. Now coming to the third statement. It states that both involves hiding relevant documents and improper maintenance of records. See only tax evasion involves hiding relevant document improper maintenance of records which is illegal as well. Tax avoidance involves bending of the tax rules or it involves bending the rules of the tax system to gain a tax advantage that parliament never intended. So all the three statements are wrong and the correct answer for the question is option D none of the above. Now let us move on to the next question. See this question is about beta-glucon. The question is the substance beta-glucon was recently in use which of the following is or or its properties and benefits. First one immuno stimulating property. Second one helps in weight control. Third one lowers blood cholesterol. Fourth one kills cancer cells. Select the correct answer from the code given below. Option A one and four only. Option B two and three only. Option C one two and four only. Option D one two three and four. See in our discussion we saw that beta-glucon is an immuno stimulating substance and it helps in weight control and it also helps in lowering blood cholesterol. Apart from that it also helps in killing cancer cells. So the correct answer for the question is option D one two three and four. Now moving on to the next question. See this question is about the place Kushinahar. In the context of Kushinahar consider the following statements. First statement it has been mentioned in Ramayana. Second statement it is said to be the capital of Malas kingdom. Third statement it is famous for the Parinirvana temple which is surrounded by dense forest. Which of the statements given above is or or correct? Option A three only. Option B one three only. Option C two one three only and option D one two one three. See from our discussion we can infer that all the statements given here are correct. That is Kushinahar has been mentioned in Ramayana. It is said to be the capital of Malas kingdom. And it is famous for Parinirvana temple which is surrounded by dense forest. So the correct answer for this question is option D one two one three. Now moving on to the next question. See this question is about ballistic missile. And you have to find which of the following is a ballistic missile. First one Dhanush. Second one Agni. Third one is Prithvi. And fourth one is Saharika. Choose the correct answer from the codes given below. Option A two one three only. Option B two only. Option C one two one three only and option D one two three and four. See all the four missiles given here are ballistic missile. So means all the four options here are right. And therefore the correct answer here is option D one two three and four. The main questions are displayed here. Please write answer and post it in the comment section. With this we came to the end of the news article discussion. If you like the video like comment and share and do subscribe to Shankar IS Academy YouTube channel. Thank you.