 Good afternoon, everyone. Welcome to today's briefing. That EESI is very proud to bring you in conjunction with NASIO, the National Association of State Energy Officials. Wait, just a second here. Today's briefing is the second in a series that we are doing with NASIO to really look at how we can build and maintain more secure and resilient infrastructure. As we know, states and localities are critical to the whole country's economy and in terms of maintaining and looking after in terms of building our country's infrastructure. I hope that those of you who were not able to join us in our briefing on Friday, and that briefing is online, but that briefing was the first in our series on infrastructure. That briefing really looked at the state of infrastructure across the country, looking at 17 different categories of infrastructure, and I think that is one of the things that is always amazing is in terms of how much and how many different systems of infrastructure we all depend upon in this country. And indeed, that the relationships among the federal state and local governments are immense, are very inextricably intertwined, and really depend upon everyone understanding those relationships and working together so that we can make our country run and so our economy can prosper. So today's briefing is going to be taking a special look at the whole area of energy emergency preparedness, a critical federal, state, and private sector partnership, because dealing with infrastructure, dealing with energy emergency preparedness involves everybody from all of these different sectors. And we're going to hear firsthand today from state energy officials with regard to this important role. And I think it's really important to have this chance to hear directly from directors of state energy offices. If you have not been aware of or working with states and with their state energy directors and their staffs, now is an important time to begin those relationships as they play an immensely critical role. And over and over again, I am amazed at the breadth of the issues in which they are engaged and also at the great ingenuity and innovation that you find in so many of the offices and in terms of how much they are able to leverage and to be a catalyst in terms of making so many things happen that are important to their states. And they do this with an amazingly small amount of resources, which they leverage very, very effectively. So we will start off our discussion this afternoon with David Terry, who is the Executive Director of the National Association of State Energy Officials of NASIO. David is the longtime director there. He has been involved with working at NASIO since 1996. And of course, in that capacity, he has been involved with an enormous range of issues that state energy officials are required to undertake because they serve as an important adjunct to their governor's cabinet. And David also in the course of his work has been involved with a number of gubernatorial coalitions, particularly in terms of biofuels and wind energy. And he also is Executive Director of Acerdi, which is the National Association of State Energy and Technology Research Institutions. And I am also very proud to say that David serves on EESI's Board of Directors. David? Thank you, Carol. And thanks everybody for joining us here today and via webcast. As Carol mentioned, NASIO represents the 56 state and territory energy offices across the country. As with all things at the state level, there's a little variation from state to state and region to region and place to place. But as a general matter, I wanted to give you a sense of a little bit of NASIO's work just briefly and more importantly, what the state energy offices are doing and we'll move on to our state presenters today. NASIO is really formed at nearly the same time that many of the states were going through the oil embargo of the late 70s and some of the oil stresses this country went through in that time frame. And at the time, energy emergencies were generally handled at the state level. So it's always been a component of what our organization is about and the component of what most of the energy offices are involved with. But they do many other things. If you think, if you're not familiar with the state structure of energy policy versus regulation and other activities, the energy offices, the energy directors are representing really the broad energy activities at the state level from an economic development perspective, whether it's advancing conventional fuels, renewable fuels, efficiency, transportation solutions, workforce development, certainly energy emergencies, what we're talking about today, energy efficiency in buildings. But most importantly, responding to the governors and the citizens in their state and their desire to promote good economic development, sound use of energy resources in their own state and delivering really on the priorities that their governors and legislators set. NASIO has structured around committees that address all of these areas. You can find those online. I won't go through them today except to say that we address much as the energy offices do virtually every energy sector and end-use sector. And so we're focusing today on a topic that really crosses many of those. But hopefully you'll have time to take a look at the offices in the very states and what they're doing and learn a little bit more. I wanted to give you a little bit of a sense focused on energy emergencies or energy assurances. We sometimes call it what it's about and why it should matter to all of you. This is an issue that's been around for many years. As I mentioned, it began with a lot of oil stresses some 30 years ago, but it's evolved to include all hazards. So when you think of hurricanes, tornadoes, certainly any kind of natural disaster can cause disruptions in energy supplies. There are accidents that happen from time to time. There are other kinds of disruptions. Certainly terrorist or cyber activity. We saw around a cyber activity this weekend that hopefully does not impact the energy sector in a serious way, although that is still unraveling. But it's a good wake-up call to the number of areas that the energy infrastructure is at risk and how interdependent it is with one another. I think we often think if you're not familiar with this space about the electric grid and the importance that that has, our electric utilities, both investor-owned and consumer-owned, do an amazing job of keeping the lights on. There's a long history of collaboration among the private sector in doing that. Same is true on the liquid-fueled side. Petroleum products, jet-fueled, diesel-fueled gasoline, but it is a much different area. It's, generally speaking, not a regulated area, so there's a little bit less attention to it. It's a much more complicated sector in terms of how it's, how energy is produced and distributed. The variety of private sector players involved in that process are much larger. So when there is a disaster or an emergency of some kind, it's often on the liquid-fueled side that the energy office is engaged in particular just because that is more difficult to address. And again, the private sector does an amazing job of making all of this run. So it's just a little bit of a glimpse of what you'll hear today. I'm not going to go on much more about that, but I do want to note a couple of important pieces of this. This is a very interdependent function. Quite frankly, the states, in a real emergency, the states cannot do this on their own. Local governments cannot do this on their own. The federal government cannot do this on its own, nor can the private sector. It is an interdependent function. It requires contributions from each. We have, in my career, gone through a period of about a dozen years with very little federal apparatus and a limited state apparatus. That is not a good outcome. In the last dozen years, we've had a remarkable partnership with the Department of Energy and other federal agencies. Remarkable commitment from the states, the energy offices, the utility commissions, and the private sector to do a better job in this space than we have. And you'll hear a lot about that today. The Department of Energy's Office of Electricity is largely responsible for the Emergency Support Function 12, ESF 12, at the federal level. They interact with the states on this issue. And also the Office of Efficiency and Renewable Energy, which houses the U.S. State Energy Program. A portion of those funds, the states typically allocate toward energy emergency preparedness and response. So this is really a cross-cutting activity and, again, plays both sides of this issue, both the emergency preparedness side and mitigation. The better job we do on constructing buildings in a resilient way in an efficient manner, having more distributed generation fuels, more diverse transportation fuels, the more resilient we are. So just a couple of important things to keep in mind as you hear from our presenters. And lastly, as I mentioned, the U.S. State Energy Program is a key component of how many of the states keep these activities alive and hopefully have exercises and planning in place to respond to emergencies and to mitigate before they happen. The mitigation side is particularly important. That's funded currently at $50 million a year by Congress through formula funding that goes to the Department of Energy. NASEO has requested $70 million for the coming fiscal year, particularly because of the cyber security threat, which we are all working to get our hands around and is incredibly serious one. And again, this is an interdependent function. So with that, I will turn it back over to Carol so we can hear from our state speakers and thank you all for coming and thank ESI for pulling together such a great event. David will have to leave early because of a family medical issue, so don't be surprised if you see him walk out. And I can't see it. A very important announcement. There are more lunches on the way. So anyway. So now I would like to turn to our first presenter and one of the things that we're hoping to do today that we also were hoping to accomplish was to have state energy directors covering different swaths of the country. So we have someone from Florida, from the east, someone from the Great Plains, and we have someone from the West Coast. And we hope over the ensuing months to bring you more perspective and more officials across the country as well. And we will first hear from Kelly Smith Burke, who is the director of the Florida Energy Office. Now in Florida, the Energy Office is part of the Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. And Kelly brings to this work a lot of experience in and where she is responsible for the development of energy policy, programs for the state, as well as promoting the use of renewable energy and all sorts of energy efficient technologies and their applications. She also is responsible for supervision and for oversight of policy development, program and grant design, as well as tracking all sorts of legislation at state and federal level. Prior to her work with the Office of Energy, she was part of Florida's Department of Environmental Protection, where she was, as part of her role there, she was part of the Governor's Action Team on Energy and Climate Change, where she was involved with looking at services, managing transportation and land use technologies. And through all of this, therefore, it meant that she had to really take a look holistically, understand kind of all of these systems, and I think all of which very much prepared her for this important work that she serves as director of the Florida Energy Office. Kelly? Well, thank you. So as I said, the Office of Energy in Florida is located in the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. I will tell you we are the only energy office in the United States that is in our Department of Agriculture. So I just want to throw that out there for your knowledge. But the Office of Energy serves multiple functions and responsibilities in the state. We are legislatively designated as the State Energy Policy Development Office. We evaluate energy-related studies and we receive stakeholder input. We promote and advocate for the development and use of renewable energy resources and energy efficiency technologies. We also use any available state and federal funding to develop and manage energy efficiency, renewable energy, and energy education programs. We are also, we also produce an annual report out of our office, which talks about the energy use within the state, as well as updates on what the energy office is doing programmatic-wise, and that's available on our website. And we also serve as the state clearinghouse for all energy information. So legislatively, that's what we are designated to do. But as it relates to emergency support functions, ESF-12 fuels, we actually serve as the support team for that particular function. And ESF-12 fuels, if you don't know, involves close coordination with the private sector, providers of transportation fuels such as propane, diesel fuel, and gasoline to acquire that fuel should it be needed within an emergency situation. Our Florida Division of Emergency Management has primary responsibility to monitor and coordinate with the private sector to ensure adequate supplies are available. And as I said, we serve as the support function. So once we are activated, our staff goes in normally for about four-hour shifts and helps with the coordination of those fuels. One thing I will say about Florida, which is pretty unique, is that all of our transportation fuels come in through our ports. Very little comes in through railway or trucks. It's mostly all through our ports. So when we have an issue or a disaster such as a hurricane that is coming through, all of our ports will close for safety precautions. And what that means is that the tankers who are in bringing in our fuel have to remain out in the ocean until the ports reopen in order to deliver that fuel. Any fuel that's on site at the ports at the time of closure is stuck there. We can't get on to get the fuel until the port is deemed safe and reopened. So that creates an issue, as you can imagine, within our state as far as moving transportation fuels around. So we do coordinate a lot with, we do have an emergency fuels coordinator who guarantees gas and diesel delivery, and that is an out-of-state entity that we use in order to make sure that we still have fuel coming into the state. But I just wanted to put that out there because I think a lot of people don't think about the fact of when all of your transportation fuels are imported, what that means when all those ports close. And we did have an issue with Hurricane Matthew in one of our ports close, Port Everglades. And so we were monitoring those levels. Fortunately, the port did not sustain any damage and was able to open relatively quickly. So during Hurricane Matthew of this past hurricane season, we didn't experience any fuel shortages. But one of the things that we also do at ESF 12 is that we make sure that there's delivery of gas or propane to critical stations along the evacuation route, as well as to critical entities such as hospitals, police, fire trucks and utility trucks as they're working to restore power should it be lost. There's another part of ESF 12 and that's the energy part. The ESF 12 energy coordination works with the electric and natural gas utilities in the state to ensure the integrity of the power supply systems are maintained during emergency situations. Our public service commission is responsible for ESF 12 and they provide updates on restoration. They provide and help facilitate restoration of power to high priority buildings and equipment that such as hospitals, police stations, fire stations, that type of thing. And they help alleviate some of the bureaucratic impediments that might happen as you are trying to restore power such as facilitating waivers and law enforcement escorts should they be needed for utility vehicles as they are trying to restore power. ESF 12 energy, the public service commission also works not only with our investor owned utilities, but also with our municipal utilities and our cooperatives that might be impacted from a natural disaster situation. One of the private parts of this partnership as it relates to emergency management is the utility preparation. So our utilities and we have five investor owned private utilities that operate in the state and they hold their own yearly hurricane preparedness workshops and it's in conjunction with the Florida Public Service Commission. And in these workshops they address hardening and preparation. So they look and inspect the distribution lines in the structure of the grid within the state. They look at flood mitigation and they look at smart grid infrastructure. They also inspect the poles to make sure that they are in good condition or as appropriate can be replaced with steel or concrete. We still have a lot of wooden poles within the state of Florida and so when a system comes through those are more likely to be knocked down or destroyed than something of steel or concrete. And they also discuss to make sure that communications issues are resolved prior to an emergency situation. I know with Hurricane Matthew FPL was Florida Power and Light which is one of which is our largest investor in utility. They were very good at providing updates to the public of where they were what outages had been resolved and how long they thought outages would last. Also in our preparation utilities have cooperative agreements with other utilities within the state and without outside of the state. This becomes vitally important as we are working to restore power. I can tell you with Hurricane Hermine who was our first hurricane in 10 years in the state which happened in September through the panhandle. A lot of the cooperatives received help from utilities and cooperatives in Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee who came down to help restore power. And there's also a cooperative agreement where we will also return that favor. So in Superstorm Sandy a lot of the utilities especially Florida Power and Light, utility vehicles and servicemen up to the northeast in help in order to help them restore power. And that's critical as you are trying to get the power back on as quickly as possible because citizens do not like to be without power longer than they have to. But there are some issues with this as far as municipalities and contracts with IOUs and cooperatives and contract with IOUs that we realized after the storms last year in Florida that we're working on to try to to ease those restrictions and those burdens as they create those cooperative agreements. One of the ways that we also address emergency preparedness is through resiliency. So in the early 90s Florida was devastated by a lot of natural disasters including Hurricane Andrew. And after Hurricane Andrew we started looking at our building code system within the state. And a study was conducted and they realized that code adaptation and enforcement was inconsistent across the state. And that local codes that we once thought were strong turned out to be not strong when tested by a major hurricane. And these weaknesses resulted in loss of life, economic devastation and statewide property insurance consequences. So to put this just to give you some numbers Hurricane Andrew destroyed 28,000 homes and caused damage to 106,000 homes. It resulted in twenty six point five billion dollars in damage. That's in nineteen ninety two dollars. If that same storm was to happen this year it would have caused approximately forty six billion dollars. And to put it even in further context the state of Florida's entire budget for this year was eighty three billion dollars. So it was almost half of what our state budget would be should a natural disaster like that occur. So in response to what that study found Florida reformed our building code system to provide optimal standards for protection, placing emphasis on uniformity and accountability. So in nineteen ninety eight the Florida building commission was established. As of now the Florida building commission has twenty seven members from across all the stakeholders areas related to building codes or building officials throughout the state. My office has a seat on the building commission. We were just confirmed so we serve there as part of the group to make sure that the codes look at energy efficiency and respond to that and make sure that it's part of our code. Since 2001 the Florida building code is updated every three years. We use the international building codes as our base and then we go in and we modify it based upon what floor is Florida specific. We strengthen it in a lot of ways to address the issues that we have in the state that a state of let's say even Georgia or Alabama or neighbors to the north would not have. So we just want to make sure that it's it's as strong as it can be. Unlike many states we require state licensure for building code enforcement. And we have our own product approval program as well as a strong education and training code for building code enforcers. And we do that because our code cycle is every three years we want to make sure that our building officials in our code enforcement and as well as our construction folks understand what those new codes are. So right now we have the fifth edition code. We are about to top the sixth edition so that'll take effect on December 30th 31st of this year. So starting next year we'll start training programs for all those involved in the building sector to make sure that they understand what those new code modifications are so that it's an easier transition as they go to build to a higher standard. But even though we have a high standard we still have some statewide specific codes that we have to include. And this is more we have an extra layer of coding for building codes for three counties within the state. Dade, Broward and Collier County they are at the very bottom of Florida where Miami Naples are. And the reason that we have this is because the way storms normally come across our state they get the highest wind velocity in those. So we add an extra layer of protection to make sure that those codes are built to withstand 100 plus mile an hour winds. So a lot of that is making sure exterior glass doors and windows are shatter proof. Making sure that there's water resistance exterior walls to the building envelope because of flooding that could occur where they sit sea level wise they're below it. We also make sure that residential design enhancement for wind speeds wind speeds are above 100 miles an hour. So there's a stricter layer of code that happens in those three counties just to ensure that they are resilient against those high winds. One of the other programs that we did in order to make use of some of our shelters in a hurricane was that we created the SunSmart Schools E shelter program. And what this is is that schools that also act as hurricane shelters we provided a grant and this whole grant program is about ten million dollars to provide a ten kilowatt PV system with battery backup to the school. What it did was it does system offset of utility electricity use for the school. We also included a curriculum for teachers so that they could teach their students about the solar panels the way that the system work they could monitor the usage and they could see it so they could understand how a solar panel impacts their school. But it also provided for a backup system like we said in case the power went out in a storm. This ten kilowatt system could normally run a gymnasium or a cafeteria for a few hours in order to make sure that they still had power before the utilities could restore it. We ended up installing a hundred and six systems that was with our funding as well as some of our investor owned utilities like the program they invested another nine hundred thousand dollars so we were able to do another thirty schools. But this resulted in over one megawatt of capacity and the systems produced thirteen megawatts annually. So that's been a really great program and I know like a lot of the schools are proud that they have the solar systems my son's school had one and I remember when I dropped him off at school he was very excited to point it out to me. But again it added an education component to it so that our kids could learn more about how renewable energy impacts them right there where they're learning and going to school. Even though we've been talking about hurricanes our state still faces other natural disasters. I'm not sure if you're aware but right now we say the state of Florida is on fire. We have about two hundred and five active wildfires and it covers twenty eight thousand plus acres within the state of Florida. And right now well as of April eleventh the governor declared a state of emergency due to the wildfires so our EOC is elevated at a level two. Which means we're wanted monitoring the situation. At this point we haven't had any issues with fuel supply or disruption. But as these fires continue to burn if we're not able to contain them or if we don't get rain there's the possibility that evacuations would happen. And normally when an evacuation happens that's when you get a little bit more of the fuel crisis or the wondering if there will be enough fuel. But right now it has not affected any of our fueling infrastructure. But this is just in you can't really see it but maybe you can if you look online. But this is just a map of where currently the majority of the fires are burning. And right now the state of Florida is sixty percent of the state is under a drought. So these fires continue to burn but our Florida Forestry Service is doing their best job to try to contain them. And I will say again just like the cooperative agreements that the utilities have. As far as providing services to each other. We have the same when it comes to firefighting. So when the fires were raging out west a lot of our firefighters from Florida went out there to help them. And I think as of this morning the state of South Carolina is sending down firefighters as well as equipment to help us fight some of these fires. So when we're looking at emergency management we're not just looking at the one thing you would think of with Florida where it's hurricanes. But we look at all hazards and all natural disasters. And one thing I will say about these fires too is that a lot of them were man-made meaning folks were outside burning trash or burning something and the fire got out of control. And it spread to now where we're having this issue with the two hundred and five fires. We also do in Florida have a Florida energy assurance plan. And like I said this plan provides guidance on how to respond with the loss of electricity natural gas or petroleum. Every plan that we do is an all hazards plan we don't just plan for one we plan for whatever may and could happen. So we do a lot with cyber security we do a lot of course with hurricanes but we also look at any potential other disasters that could occur. So what's ahead for us in Florida? Well hurricanes start June 1st through November 30th so we will of course be monitoring that. We will continue to work and monitor the fires that are occurring in the state. I can tell you we just did our yearly hurricane exercise on the week of May 2nd. And what our hurricane exercises do whether it's a hurricane exercise or any other but this particular one is it lets us run through the motions of they give us a scenario of a hurricane has hit this particular area. This is what's happened and then we respond to it. It allows us to run the scenario so that we can see where our strengths and our weaknesses are so that we can make adjustments so that when that natural disaster actually happens we're responding in an efficient manner in order to either restore electricity or restore fuel to and provide fuel to all of our constituents across the state. So that is what we do in Florida and I thank you for having us and I look forward to your questions. I'm going to say thank you to Kelly but I must say it is a bit overwhelming to think about what it is that she faces in terms of dealing with these kinds of disasters and planning and particularly when it is just part of her job. So now we will turn to Kyla McNabb who is the energy policy advisor with the Oklahoma Energy Office. As part of her day to day work she manages and oversees multiple revolving loaned fund programs spanning alternative fuels and energy efficiency as well as grant funded programs for clean cities energy assurance planning and other energy efficiency renewable energy and alternative fuel efforts. She is also a resource for renewable energy policy and technology development in the state and prior to her role with the energy office she was with the Oklahoma Wind Power Initiative a collaborative research group and for which she has actually won all sorts of recognition in terms of her leadership. So Kyla welcome. Thank you. Well that's a tough act to follow even though we all deal with our disasters individually in each of our regions. So as we talked about each of our regions provide different elements. Hopefully today I'll be able to give you a perspective from Oklahoma and what we deal with specifically with severe weather outbreaks and the role that our energy office plays. So our our state energy office you're looking at it. We are located within our cabinet secretary of energy and environments office. I am the sole full time staff person involved with some support administrative support from a sister agency that helps me manage my funding levels. But we operate purely on the appropriated state energy program funding out of our office. We receive no additional state resources for what we do. No additional state funding. So the state energy program funding is very key to the actions and efforts that we do within the state of Oklahoma. We see ourselves primarily as the convener of the stakeholders and the resources and holding a lot of the institutional knowledge and technical knowledge to be able to tie people together. We like bringing people to the table forming those relationships forming those friendships pulling together the municipals the cooperatives the investor owned utilities the natural gas operators the liquid fuels. We have a unique ability within our cabinet secretary's office to pull on each of those different sectors and pull those people to the table with our with the relationships that we have with them. So our energy assurance plan within the state of Oklahoma is actually primarily a guide more so than the actual plan within the state. It complements our state emergency operations plan. Again we have the coordination efforts across both the federal and state and local jurisdictions. We often have the ties in through the federal agencies be it Department of Energy be it FEMA to be able to let get the get the correct folks talking to each other within the room. Specifically in Oklahoma we know disasters are going to happen. All of us sitting here at the table and looking at things. We have the third most disaster declarations within the nation and the other two are sitting right here next to me. So we know disasters are going to happen. It's about what are we going to do when they happen. And this role I think what's really unique is how it is evolving. None of us probably considered cyber attacks as part of energy assurance as little as five years ago. And now it's prime central for for what we need to be considering to keep energy services is normal for us in Oklahoma specifically as well you might have heard we have a little bit of an earthquake problem and not necessarily a problem anymore. They are coming down and but this is a new area again as our original energy assurance plan was drafted in the 2010 2011 time frames. We did not account for earthquakes in Oklahoma because they were not happening then we are not California we do not have major fault lines. But the minor earthquakes that have taken place within the state we do have some considerations. I really can't stress enough either without our Department of Energy state energy program funding energy assurance would not take place within the state of Oklahoma. Again I'm representative of one of the smaller entities in the smaller state energy offices within the United States and we literally we just couldn't do it without this funding support it wouldn't happen. So as I mentioned before we are no stranger to natural disasters be it tornadoes I storms wind events taking place. We know from each new disaster that occurs we have to take away lessons learned because we know the same situation is going to happen again in Oklahoma. Our considerations range from populations to electricity concerns to the Cushing crude oil hub. Cushing is what sets the West Texas Intermediate crude spot price and it's located in the north central part of the state of Oklahoma. According to EIA data from last week it holds 66 million barrels of oil in their tank facilities as you can see in the picture here. So we have to make sure this infrastructure is protected not just for the state of Oklahoma but it has those overreaching national implications as well. So it's our role within the state energy office to coordinate those communications activities. As Kelly mentioned we do not actually hold the ESF 12 operations elements but we are in communication with those folks over our utility commission that do to make sure that they are getting the correct information they are making those correct connections across those industries that if there's a pipeline company if there's a utility company that's being a little bit difficult not sharing information we're able to step in and open those lines of communication to make sure information is flowing freely. So as I said Oklahoma City is no stranger to tornadoes. This is a map showing the Oklahoma City metro area within this yellow and every single line represents a tornado track that has happened since 1880 within this. To give you a sense so Oklahoma City is directly in the middle of the map which is directly the center point of the state of Oklahoma. Within these boundaries there's approximately one million people that live within this including myself. I am a resident of the city of Moore which is on the southern end of this map. So about where those blue lines kind of converge. We are a suburb of Oklahoma City of approximately 50,000 people within the state. What I'm going to showcase here for you shortly is from an event that took place we had a major F5 tornado come through my city of Moore May 20 of 2013. So an F5 tornado means winds of over 300 miles an hour in a mile wide path of destruction that took place. So what this has been our most recent recent major catastrophic disaster that we were able to take away several lessons learned from this. And again it's a bit personal to me just because I lived in the town at the time my son's daycare was hit by this tornado when he was two and a half and I can count it's beyond my ten fingers and toes how many friends that lost homes and were personally affected by it. And it gets to be this time of year and this is what's key on our minds as we come up to this time in May. So an actual count of the tornadoes within there was 162 if you'd actually like to know a number. During the May 20th tornado within the city of Moore so again a population of about 50,000 people we had over 1100 homes destroyed or completely or damaged. We also had the major hospital within the area of farm. Multiple commercial buildings resulting in again this was just in 2013 it was over two billion dollars in damage just to our small town. So I know it's not quite the numbers is like a hurricane but when you talk about condensing that into literally a localized population the impacts are great. So what we do as far as our energy assurance plan and making sure communications get set forth are key. And so what we wanted to take a look at are what are the energy efficiency opportunities following the storm. Again we know it's no joke by that map we're going to get hit by a tornado in Oklahoma again it's going to happen but these also relay across disasters. So what we found in rebuilding following the storm is that it provides an excellent opportunity to install energy efficiency and look at code improvements. So there's both short well there's short medium and long term elements that you can look at everything from taking a look at what you can do with storm debris to working with your big box stores for minor repairs. In case you guys didn't know I'm sure Florida is the same way a lot of times with your big box stores and their local staff is put on leave whenever storms like this occur because most often every single person has been affected by the storm. So Home Depot Lowe's your big box stores actually bring in staff from other states to man the stores that are open 24 hours a day seven days a week so that your minor repair folks folks that just have windows blown out fencing down some minor roof repairs that need to be done so they can get access to the materials. This is a perfect opportunity when you have to replace your windows go get the most energy efficient ones. You can come get them off the shelf oftentimes now with the wonderful products that are available out there. In the medium term what we're able to do is a state energy office again is coordinate these multiple agency efforts take a look at what funding we can redirect so that as people are buying new appliances for their homes and other elements that we can provide them rebates or opportunities so that maybe they take one step up as far as an efficiency measure or and get them the resources available. And then the long term I also put in home rebuilding into this because it is a process as I drive as I will drive tomorrow to go drop my daughter off at daycare there are still five home lots that are nearby her daycare that are just still cleared because they haven't rebuilt their house yet now most of them it's because frankly they've left but they're still in the process of rebuilding some homes. Again this is another opportunity you have an opportunity to work with home builders and others in the area to ensure that the homes that they're building are the most efficient possible because efficiency means resiliency. This is what we have learned and I think any one of us sitting here at the table can tell you that from experience. So to give you an example photo example of why efficiency means resiliency. This is an aerial photo that was taken place during the survey that took place following the May 20th tornado that came through our town. They took a look at several different structures to identify okay how were buildings built. How did they hold up because this is going to be the monster of all monster storms. This is going to be the ultimate test of structures and facilities. What you have here is a neighborhood that was built by a traditional large home builder within the area that builds all their homes to energy star specifications. And what this highlights is the box around the EF2 shows that is just somewhat minor damage. So when you talk about EF1, EF2, EF5 what a lot of folks don't understand is that's a rating of how much damage is done by the tornado. So EF5 as you can see on the top there that's foundation is clear literally nothing is left everything is swept away because in 300 mile an hour winds it's very difficult for things to stay put. EF2 damage comes down a couple notches and so essentially you look at the damage that's done there opposed to clearly an EF4 or an EF5. Homes that are built more efficient are stronger. They have less damage done to them which means that family does not have to tear down their home. They can have it repaired and continue to live in it. And what's drastic here is the short breadth of distance between that EF5 and that EF2. In a typical scenario if you have a generally built home that doesn't have these considerations put into place you're going to see a great deal more damage in that proximity. So what came of this survey was very similar to what Florida did the city of Moore so Oklahoma is a home role state when it comes to our building codes so we leave it to our local jurisdictions to be able to enforce and enact their own building codes. The city of Moore actually looked at Florida as an example of okay what can we do to build our homes more resilient. And the result of that has been an adoption of new codes that requires are the garage doors for instance have to be rated for 135 mile an hour winds. And when you take a look at what that means to put in such a garage door like that. They're the energy efficient ones. They're the double walled with insulation. I know this because I had to put one on my house and they work beautifully. So again efficiency means resiliency. So this is what energy assurance means in Oklahoma. It's about recognition of the fact that we know storms are going to happen. We know these attacks are going to happen. What can we learn from them so that we can make sure that coordination is taking place across the state that communication lines are correct are up and able to be done across the state as well as what can we do following the storm to rebuild and make things the most efficient means possible. Where this crosses over as well as this type of approach what we're taking is how we can apply these lessons learned to the new areas to earthquakes and to then to cybersecurity as well. What can we do in the forefront. How can we treat things. How can we bring things back to normal as quickly as possible. So thank you for this opportunity today and I look forward to answering your questions. Thanks so much Kyla. Okay we'll now turn to our third presenter from from states and that is Michael first who is the director of the Washington Energy Office and he as part of his overall job his division strengthens communities throughout the state throughout the Washington state energy offices office through a combination of policy initiatives emergency energy management efforts just as all of our other speakers have talked about as well as well as the low income weatherization program. After spending five years as the new Mexico mortgage finance authorities green initiative manager he joined Washington states weatherization program and then became later the director of the energy office for the state of Washington and so we are delighted to welcome Michael here. So as Carol mentioned I moved from Washington state from Albuquerque New Mexico up to Washington state so at the time I knew I was trading sunshine for rainy days. But I really had no understanding of the seismic underpinnings of the land that we had moved to. I learned a little bit about it when I showed up to work and there was an emergency preparedness kit that said earthquake readiness at my desk I had to ask about what that meant and then there was a New Yorker article that you might have heard about it from 2015 which my wife found first and asked me a lot of pointed questions about and so from that point forward our house was a little bit more prepared and the work that we were doing as the ESF-12 lead for the state of Washington took on a greater focus. So as was mentioned commerce strengthened communities in Washington we managed 100 different programs were sort of like the Swiss army knife of state government and we've got a problem, the community has a problem we've got a program that will solve it. And part of the challenge for emergency planning unlike the seasonality of tornadoes or hurricanes there really isn't seasonality for the earthquake that we're trying to prepare for and so we get into the situation where there's not a constituency for the problem that we're trying to solve which makes the challenge a little bit more difficult. As you heard from my colleagues the planning work requires intention there's a problem we're going to figure out a way to solve it. Iteration we're going to each year try and do a little bit better and learn from the mistakes and find new opportunities and also funding with partnerships through the Department of Energy's state energy program and with the Office of Electricity it enabled a lot of the planning that we've been able to do. Partnerships are something that come naturally into the Pacific Northwest we work with the Bonneville Power Administration who manages the transmission for Montana, Idaho, Oregon and Washington state and so we're used to doing that type of coordination which will be put to the test and during the exercise that I'm going to relay to you in a little bit. So I just want to give you a sense of the continuum of things that the energy office might deal with. So show of hands how many folks have lost power in the last month? Last six months? Last year? Okay. So depending on that outage it can range from a minor inconvenience or something you don't even notice up to a sort of a severe issue. So just thinking for a sec for most of us if you lose power for a second you're not going to notice. We've got advanced manufacturing folks with they lose power at the wrong second. They may lose $40,000 of production run but I think they're an outlier. If you lose it for a minute you might lose any unsaved work open on your computer at the time. Kelly talked a little bit about losing power for an hour or a few hours and needing generators to provide backup. What happens if you lose power for a day? We had a very fear storm come through the area a couple of weeks ago and folks lost power. They missed work. They had to eat their ice cream very quickly. I had a friend who could not get out of her garage to serve some clients. Now you can just lift your garage up. She'd forgotten that you don't need to click her to get out of your house. But nonetheless there was economic opportunity that was lost. And you know that generator what happens if you lose power for a week? How much fuel do you have on hand? And then what about if you lose power for a month or a couple of months? When we talk with folks about this the first thing that I see flash before their eyes is the walking dead or some other zombie show where you are just sort of civilization is broken down to some degree. And so it's that last one where people don't have any real world experience with being without power for a prolonged period of time that really is difficult to make connections with folks on. So I'm going to answer a couple of questions here. On the right side here what is the Cascadia subduction zone and then what was Cascadia rising? So what I learned from that New Yorker article is that there are two plates coming together represented by that red line coming from the west of east you've got the straight of Wanda Fuca that is going underneath the North American plate buckling up the nice Cascade mountains. And this pressure builds up and it builds up and it builds up over hundreds of years. And then every 300 to 500 years it lets go. So the last time this happened was about 1700 and there are oral traditions from the native communities about finding canoes and trees and more recently there was archaeological evidence that was found I believe both in Japan but also in the Northwest for that event. And as you can imagine there's been a lot that's changed since the 1700s. We've got Boeing, we've got Microsoft, we've got millions more people living from Vancouver, British Columbia down to northern California. So the devastation is going to be that much more severe. The models predict over a thousand fatalities in the immediate aftermath of the earthquake. 1,300 fatalities from the resulting tsunami from 9.0 or greater earthquake and then 2,400 people would be injured from there. On the right here you can just see a lot of colored squiggly lines and that's just to represent two things. One where we have infrastructure and two where that infrastructure would be damaged. I think it's fair to say that an event of this size folks are not doing planning or have not been doing planning historically for a resiliency of an event of this size. So what is the ESF-12 responsibility for this? The Cascadia Rising exercise occurred almost a year ago in June of 2016 and it was a buildup of two years of work resulting in a multi-day, multi-team, interdisciplinary exercise to test the plans that we had to see how we would do in an event of this magnitude. So our responsibility for ESF-12 as we heard is to assess the situation and organize and collect information to coordinate the response and to help other people solve problems. And there were four things that we did. We crafted recommendations for the governor, whether it was an emergency declaration or suspension of regulations. We coordinated situational awareness with situational awareness with energy providers that's folks in the electrical grid, the utilities, and we've got co-ops and we've got municipal utilities and investor-owned utilities to work with. Work with our natural gas stakeholders and then I'll spend more time talking about the work that we've done coordinating fuels. In addition to that, we knew that there were going to be fuel shortages in an event like this, so we developed a fuel allocation plan and we're able to do that with the help of the Office of Electricity and test that in some, I would say, fairly tense real-world situations or simulated real-world situations. And the last thing we did was coordinate requests for fuel, generators, that sort of thing from counties. Washington State has an emergency management system, which I think is the worst acronym that I have run across. It's called WASDATS and this is the Washington version of, you know, when things go wrong, here's the visual image. So what you're seeing up there is electrical outages by service provider. Those are the big colorful swaths. You've got yellow lines that represent transmission from the Bonneville Power Administration. Then you've got these green triangles, which are the transmission infrastructure that BPA has. And the color code is designed to give you a sense of how long these outages would take. There are areas that aren't either black or red, and it's not that they are without power outages, they just didn't have them up and running at the time. So the idea is for us to get a sense of how our utilities are doing. We can scrape some of this information from their websites and in other cases we've got a call and pick up information over the phone. And to be able to give this in more or less real time to the members of the State Emergency Operations Center, folks that aren't used to dealing with the grid so they can get a sense of where there is, where there is not power as they're coordinating logistics for the emergency response. What this map is showing is it's more focused on fuel infrastructure. And so we've got this sort of reddish color on the right and on the opposite side. You've got this yellowish color and the yellow looks great, but it's really strong shaking and it gets up to extremely severe shaking. So the expectation is that a lot of the energy infrastructure in particular fuel infrastructure is going to be damaged during this event. So that's refineries, pipelines, et cetera, being damaged to the point of possibly explosions, but certainly their operational capacity to help fuel the recovery effort is going to be limited. So it's our responsibility to, you know, with that eventuality, we don't have the fuel that we were counting on in maybe a seasonal fire disaster to be able to push out to communities. How do we get fuel from the outside, probably by ship into the state and then set up distribution systems so that first responders and second responders can get out and do the necessary repair work for the grid and for the communities that they're trying to serve? And so what we did was take a first cut at setting up a distribution system where we would put fuel depots, fuel depots would then supply at one level lower fuel stations where folks would go with their trucks and machinery to get fuel. And when you've got that situation and you know you don't have enough fuel, how do you make choices about who gets to use the fuel? So we set up a credentialing system showing three tiers here and this was the most tense debate that I was part of in the Cascadia Rising exercise because everyone's emergency was the top priority. And because of the interdependence that David mentioned, there's a lot going on simultaneously and how do you tease out a logical structure in real time when you don't have all the information to go through all the steps necessary to restore a community here, community there, community there. So what you're seeing here is sort of version 2.0. Initially we had different state departments listed under the tiers and so we got into kind of a rabbit hole conversation about who we valued higher as a state agency. And so we've stepped away from that, learned from our mistake and now we've got these sort of great tiers so we can get to the heart of the conversation. How do we first get fuel to the first responders, the priority folks and then how do we build out from there as fuel becomes more readily available? So there are a couple of things that we learned in the process. One, our plans, first of all, the planning activity, the exercise was a success because it tested our plans and we found out that some things worked and some things didn't. And where some things didn't work, it's time to go back a little bit to the drawing board and expand our thinking. You know, the tendency is to plan for the disaster you know and since we didn't know this one, it's sort of hard to wrap your minds around what multi-state, multi-jurisdictional coordination of, you know, for example, 1.8 million gallons of fuel distribution within a six month period might look like. And part of the issue really is starting to have conversations with folks. Now that we have this broad in perspective, we can have different conversations with our peers in Oregon, with our peers in Idaho, and even with our peers in Utah and Colorado. Because at some point, if we experience the type of event that is being planned for, it's possible that folks in my shop, myself included, might not be able to show up to work, to be able to respond to this disaster. So our plans need to be at such a level that anyone from the Department of Commerce can walk into an office or that we can reach out to folks in Colorado or Utah and ask them to go through our script and sort of devolve our planning so that anyone can take this on and move it forward. Having that conversation with your staff is particularly challenging, but it's sort of the next place for us to go. The other issue that came up is under a typical command and control structure, folks are gonna ask for resources and they get moved up a chain of an emergency management bureaucracy. And it's likely that that chain will take lots of time to set up. So how do you find ways to push resources out into a community before they ask for it and give them enough information to know how they should be using or could be using those resources? And how do you trust them to do the right thing when you're getting political pressure from above you? It's a difficult question. So with that, I'd like to say one, we've got more work to do and we've had a couple of different events that have come out of the Cascadia Rising. Part of that is the governor's pulled together a resiliency sub cabinet that's trying to look at ways that we can work with investor owned utilities and other utilities to identify areas in their infrastructure that are vulnerable to an earthquake and tsunami and prioritize some of the upgrades of those facilities. And at the Department of Commerce, we have a clean energy fund that the governor and legislature set up that kind of starts a nibble at the edges of grid resiliency. And so here are a couple of projects that while they don't address all of what would happen in Cascadia Rising, they certainly deal with the second outages in an advanced manufacturing situation and they speak to the lessons that the state needs to learn in order to figure out how to deploy micro grids and a smarter grid as a whole in order to deal with the Cascadia Rising experience whenever it might come. So these are four projects. I mentioned this, the one on the left side, this Avista Pullman project is set up in partnership with Schweitzer Engineering and the local utility. These are the folks when power would trip off frequently on a windy day, happens at the wrong time, they experience this $40,000 hit to their bottom line. And what they found is that with this system, they can switch controls very quickly and provide power whenever folks needed. The North Star there, which is up in the town of Glacier, is at the end of a very long line of our largest investor-owned utility, Puget Sound Energy. And at similar situations, wind storms, ice storms, snow storms, power goes out. These folks are at the end of the line and this gives them about the town, about eight hours of power in the event of one of those emergencies or in a larger one. So as I said, we're just starting to experiment and apply and demonstrate technology that we hope can go further in the next few years. And I look forward to answering your questions. Thank you. Thank you so much, Michael. And I have to say, I don't know about all of you, but if anybody thinks that being in these jobs is at all boring and when you look at the responsibilities on their plates to deal with all of this, it's pretty mind-boggling. And again, it's just a piece of what they are doing. And I also want to emphasize that over the years, as I have talked to so many state energy directors, I have learned over and over again what a critical role the state energy program, which against receives very modest funding from the Department of Energy every year, how critical it is in terms of enabling this very, very important function across each state to really occur and to work in tandem with other federal and other state partners. And so before we open it up for Q&A, I'd like to ask Jeremy Marcus to come up for a few minutes to talk a little bit about a bill that his boss is working on with other bipartisan members in an approach to sort of look at how we can do a better job in terms of coordination and dealing with resilience. Jeremy is the Deputy Chief of Staff and Legislative Director for Congressman Matt Cartwright of Pennsylvania. Thanks Carol. Well, this has been really great to be here in Washington and hear about so much important on the ground work, but I want to talk a little bit today about something that we can do in Washington at the federal level to help support the work that they're doing and help the federal government also prepare for these events. So back in 2013, the GAO came out with a high-risk report, something they do every Congress, but for the first time in 2013, they put the federal government's response to extreme weather events as a point of vulnerability for the federal government. My boss, we worked with GAO and in a bipartisan manner to come up with a prepare act. What the prepare act does, based on the GAO's recommendation, is three simple things. First, it creates an interagency council to look at federal government-wide preparedness for extreme weather events. The second thing it does is strengthens each individual agency's adaptation plans. And the third thing it does is it works with local and state partners to improve regional coordination and make sure best practices from the local level are both spread around the country and filter up to the federal government. So this is a no-cost plan. A lot of these actions are already underway in the administration, but this bill would strengthen those actions and expand them, and we think it's important to put them into actual legislation. So this is a no-cost bipartisan bill. We've got almost 60 organizations. We've got the private sector. We've got interest groups. We've got a lot of companies that are doing this type of work themselves that see the federal government not doing what they need to do to adequately prepare. So I just would invite anyone here who's from an asset organization who wants to work with us on this bill or anyone from congressional offices, we're planning on reintroducing the bill. We've introduced it in the past through Congresses and we're making a strong push this Congress. We'd love to continue the support and I'll set up here if anyone has any questions about the Prepare Act, I'd be happy to answer them. So thank you. All right, so we'll now open it up for your questions and comments. And I thought I saw a hand over here first. Go ahead and if you could identify yourself please. Okay, could you wait for the microphone? Here we go. Thank you. Denise Rayborn-Wickrisham, consultant energy environment sustainability. Jeremy, I just wanted to ask you, you mentioned this bill that's being created and I heard weather responses. I just heard something on digitization and emergency responses for the energy sector. Does it also include beyond weather to say cyber? So the bill concentrates on the effects of all extreme weather events, which we define as any sustained weather patterns or outside the norm. So that could be anything from tornadoes to rising sea levels to hurricanes. So I think that the bill would have to have a nexus to out of the ordinary weather, but it's probably defined in the most broad term. So we don't, it wouldn't have necessarily a focus on cyber in the bill, but I do think some of the instruments that we stand up to look at inter-agency coordination to prepare for those events could easily be brought in to encapsulate other types of threats that we would face. Okay, over here and then we'll go back over here. Thanks, Terry Hill with the Emerge Alliance. On one of the slides from Oklahoma, you had EMP. In this new bill is EMP gonna be or solar flares and the impact of particularly what are you looking at the role micro grids could play in mitigating EMP or solar flares on the grid? So for the prepare act, broadly speaking, we wouldn't get into the specifics of how agencies to prepare for such an event. What we would do is force the Department of Energy to come up with a more robust extreme weather adaptation plan, which would have to include both what types of threats they face and what their response would be. And in addition, currently there are similar plans that are required, but they're not reported to Congress and there's really not enough oversight within the federal government. So this would require these reports not only to be submitted for evaluation to the inter-HC Council that we put together, but also to be submitted to Congress. So while we wouldn't, the bill does not get into the details of solar flares, but we would be able to see in a much more transparent manner what the Department of Energy is planning for. And we would hope that that would engender some conversation if there are certain areas that are not adequately being planned. Okay, back there and then over here. Thanks very much, my name is Jared Blom. I happen to serve as Chair of the EESI. So I want to thank you on behalf of the Board of Directors for your efforts to come in here today and explain the difficulty of what you're trying to achieve at the state and local level. My question has to do with the reference all of you made to the issue of planning and to what extent federal assistance, federal research, whether it's national labs, whether it's data retrieval, et cetera, to what extent do you rely on that as part of your planning process? Well, I would say, I would have to check with our Emergency Operations Center. As I said, we're not the primary office that's responsible for that. We just serve as support once that emergency happens and we're activated. But I do think that they work very closely with the federal government when it comes to natural disasters and looking at the information that they have available. I think for us in Oklahoma, it's important. It's a piece of the puzzle. It's definitely required and is something that we look to leverage in the best way possible. So any additional support that we get is certainly welcome. We do manage things quite well on our own, on the ground with the experience that we've had. But with that experience also comes in figuring out, okay, where does it make sense to have that partnership? Where are those pieces that we need? Where makes sense? Where doesn't make sense? Where can we handle things on our own? So I think that's an important communication element as well. Yeah, the relationships I think are key. Everyone shows up with good intentions, but it's about how you put those intentions to use on the ground based on the situational awareness that folks at the local level have that really makes it work or not work. And I'm a relatively new director for the State Energy Office, so it's been nice to be able to go out and meet and introduce myself to my colleagues in other states and also work with federal partners to get a better understanding of the perspective that they're bringing. So that in the event that they do show up on the doorstep, I know where they're coming from to begin with. You also mentioned the National Lab. So I think we're fortunate in Washington to have the Pacific Northwest National Lab. I know that they've been doing work on cybersecurity preparedness and working with utilities in our state. And so there's a white paper that I think we're waiting to see at this point. I'm not sure if it's come out yet or not. But they've got high-powered folks that do a lot of deep thinking, and so it's great to be able to connect them with our utilities and see how to connect the dots from the research perspective that they've got to the engineering and sort of on the ground perspective. And sometimes that does require a little bit of crosswalk, but it's good discussion. Okay, and I know that a lot of places also depend a lot upon information coming out of NOAA and other agencies as a way to buttress all of your efforts within state, too. Okay, back here in the back first. And then we'll... Thank you. I'm Rachel Carrillo, and I am a volunteer leader with the Climate Reality Project, as well as on the board of United Nations Association of Boulder County. We're kind of the epicenter of climate research and certainly not in weather research. No strangers to flood and drought and a lot of climate events that have necessitated our resiliency planning. So I have one question for both of the coastal folks and then one for Oklahoma. Kelly, you mentioned solar for the shelters with kind of a limited capacity for, I guess, generation. And the nearly $1 million, it's been, I guess, put forward by the investor-owned utilities saying how successful these programs are. Is there anything on either in Florida or in Washington state that has to do with wave energy or even offshore wind that's tying into that? And then my second question for both of you is if any of the private sector, for example, in Cascadia rising, if private sector relief efforts are part of the resiliency planning, like through Amazon using drones to make deliveries of emergency food or water. And then for Oklahoma, I didn't hear much about wind. So wind again in terms of powering operations and if you could possibly speak to earthquakes that are resulting from fracking and how that may affect your resiliency planning. Thank you. Well, I'll start first. In Florida, we really don't have a lot of capacity for wind. Surprisingly enough, it's just, there's not enough in our state to be consistent. We do have a University of Florida Atlantic University that is working on an underwater turbine, often the jet stream to see if we can pull power from that. They've been working on that research for several years. They've also partnered with a lot of private companies to test different types of systems to see how those would work. But that's really, other than solar, which I think is our primary renewable energy source, that's another one that we're looking for, that offshore underwater energy. So in Washington, I think there's been interest on the coast for tidal energy, for wave energy. There are some transmission hurdles that really prevent it from being economically viable at this time, is my understanding. We do have a couple of startups that are trying to do interesting work in that space. A couple have gotten funding both from the state and from the Department of Energy to pursue their technology. So it remains to be seen at what point. We've got very low cost power. We're predominantly a hydro state, so the economics are gonna have to work out for that to be viable. In terms of interesting ideas for gathering situational awareness, drones did not come up in the exercise. As I mentioned, I think other people have talked about as well. You kind of plan for the disaster that you know and build from there. So that really wasn't in the toolkit, so to speak, for the utilities and the folks that we were working with. We're gonna spend probably a good portion of the next two years doing this work across all of the emergency support functions to figure out where we need to go, and I can see in all of the above strategy any resources that can be put into play and we'll figure out a way to make them work. It'll be interesting to see what role, if any, drones will play in that. I would add something to that. It's been 10 years since we had storms in Florida and we had two this year, and they were pretty close to each other. But the use of social media, I think had an impact for our citizenry, especially as it became to power outages, the utilities, I know mine in particular when Hurricane Hermine came through, I was without power for two days, two and a half days. And through Facebook, I was able to look and see, or my utility, which I'm in a co-op, would post where they were doing, what they were doing, what their outage numbers were, how many had been restored, what their timeframe was, if there were issues with reporting, they would use that social media to help get the information out. So while it wasn't a drone delivering supplies or anything, I think that became very critical, both in Hurricane Hermine and Hurricane Matthew, for citizens to know what was going on when they don't have access to TV or radio or wherever they might be. It became a very important information tool, not just for the citizenry, but for us at the emergency management level, because we could see in real time what was happening out there. And quickly to Oklahoma, so thank you for not letting me feel forgotten. Interestingly enough, when it comes to drones, we actually have our electric utility operators using drones to check lines after storms. It's a new area for unmanned aerial vehicles, UAVs, that they do consider it. And so we have several cooperatives starting to utilize that now. They're also using it in hardening exercises because by using drones, they're able to GIS map where their poles and lines are and know more accurately where things are without the manpower. And with regards to wind, yes, it's in our state song, so we have a lot of wind in Oklahoma. It does account for 25% of our utility usage within the state. And that in general, just a large energy mix between renewables, wind for Oklahoma, natural gas, and then some little bit of coal that comes in, that's the energy security within our integrated market. And to the earthquake piece regarding earthquakes from injection wells, it's a new piece. It's something that was not, again, it was not taking place originally when our original plan was created. So we're working to see in our future tabletop exercises what it means and what the possibilities is as we learn more and more data about the earthquake situation within Oklahoma. Kelly, you wanna add? One thing I wanna add too, I'm sorry, Kyla, just reminding me of it. The Florida Building Commission actually went out and did a contract with the University of Florida to do a study on the damage after Hurricane Matthew. And they ended up using drones to fly over to look and assess what damage had happened to houses. A lot of those areas were in evacuation areas, so you couldn't get in physically, but they were able to send the drones in to look and see where that damage was and what type of damage had happened. So there is use being made of those to assess it in those areas where you can't get in yet because it's still cordoned off, yeah. Fascinating, okay, here and then we'll take over here. Just, Laurie Timmerman? Yes, okay. So Ted Capon, his book Lights Out, really highlights an issue of the vulnerability of our 250 transformers at that level, either to cyber attack or EMP or a nuclear explosion 250 miles above the, and he also mentioned how woefully lacking the response or not at the level of what this means for, you know, our grids going out on a regional basis. And we're here in Congress and there's been attempts by some physicists to say for the funding of a stealth bomber you could harden these 250 transformers which would be extremely hard and very lengthy to repair and replace. Okay, so you're just asking about plans in terms of dealing with the hardening of transformers in terms of the whole grid? Right. Okay, and actually one thing I would just mention to you there, it turns out on the 25th of this month, May 25th, we will be doing a day long seminar looking at grid modernization and transmission issues. So that might be a very good opportunity for you to actually get a little bit more information about that very topic. Did any of you want to respond? So that's an issue that comes up in discussion with our emergency management folks in the military department in Washington. As best I can tell, there's not a great solution for it. I'm not hearing the testimony of the folks that you mentioned, it's tough to scrape together the cash in the state of Washington to pay for something of that cost. But I know that it's an area of interest for a lot of people. Okay, we'll take these two and then over here. Tom Horner with water management. I'm curious how much coordination there's been with the water authorities and the wastewater authorities. And also if you've looked at backup water for some of the critical facilities. I think, as I said, we have two EFF, ESF-12s, their split ours is fuel, which we concentrate on and then the other side is energy. And I know that they work with all the utilities on that and I believe that there's a separate ESF-12 or an ESF-4 wastewater and water. So I think that they would coordinate those activities. But I think anytime there's a disaster, any type of critical infrastructure is gonna have to be at the table in order to have those conversations about how we keep either water flowing or those utilities still moving in order to provide for our citizenry. Yeah, and similar, the way we're looking at it. So we're trying to coordinate our efforts. There's another federal program, the Community Development Block Grant, the CDBG program that oftentimes provides funding for municipalities to upgrade their wastewater facilities. We find that's also an excellent opportunity for efficiency and renewables. Very similar to what Florida did with their solar program, with the school. Under our funding, actually, out of the state energy program, we actually funded a wind turbine for one of the municipalities on the northern side of town for their wastewater treatment operations. And they love it and are looking to complement it with solar. So again, we see that as another opportunity to make the systems as efficient as possible so that when they come back online, it doesn't take necessarily as much effort, but also see it as a prime opportunity for renewables installation. In Washington, as I mentioned, the Department of Commerce runs a bunch of different programs. We're trying to find ways to braid those programs together. And one of those ways is around community resiliency. So we're starting to have conversations with communities so that they can help us to identify those areas. And we can pull funding like CDBG to be able to develop that type of work. But it's an opportunity, I think, at this point for us to continue to pursue. So a lot of communities are looking at more and more ways to do some distributed generation to get systems back up to at least a minimal level so that you can deal with really, really critical things like wastewater treatment facilities. Okay, over here. Hello, I believe it was advisor McNab from Oklahoma mentioned that some of the more efficient homes tend to be the most resilient in case of a natural disaster. And they also tend to have the least amount of damage during a disaster. And I was wondering, does that also apply to things such as grids and to generators where the more efficient ones are also more resilient and are more sustained less damaged during disasters? From a grid scenario, it's difficult. When you're actually talking about power lines, of course, metal poles are stronger than wooden poles. And so from a resiliency standpoint, those is what we look to have installed and what they try to do. Those aren't necessarily more efficient because they don't serve an energy efficiency purpose. But on-site generators do make a difference. Hospitals are critical infrastructure facilities. For instance, when the more hospital was hit, it wasn't completely wiped out. It was a very large building naturally. But when you're talking about grid services down, an MRI machine needs to have power to it or it explodes because of how the batteries are made up and how the magnets and chemicals are made up. So when you have an F5 tornado come through and you have no power lines or any other abilities for a couple miles around, how do you handle that besides a gas generator sitting on plant? I think those are efficiency opportunities because natural gas generators, for instance, they would be able to quickly bring those services back up in the case of an emergency for critical facility services. So generators do play a good part. Okay, over here. Thanks. Richard Hoy, I'm a retired firefighter and a local CERT member. Now, the earlier question about water and sewer as being a component of the grid, I think it was a very appropriate ask here. And I see the siloing of the industries that utilize our rights away that develop a grid as a potential solution as well as a part of the problem. And I'd like your comment on that. A super authority overseeing all uses of the public lands and private lands that our utilities use might make a more rational approach and a more sustainable approach in times of disaster toward the development of the infrastructure. And maybe you could comment on that. My first reaction to that is that it seems like an interesting conversation starter. The political will and capital necessary to generate that type of a shift in Washington at least seems like a significant challenge just to having those conversations. So, but I'm contrasting that with what I would imagine would be the governor's directive to solve the problems in the event of the Cascadia rising exercise. So I think that the shorter term solution that we've got is to set up conversations between the disparate groups or the potentially disparate groups, both at the state level and then at the community level so that folks have got a better understanding of what's going on. That's probably where I would start with that problem from where I sit. Can I follow up with just one fact that caught my mind in this area is the data from the U.S. Forest Service that one third of the lumber production that is claimed from forest land could be supplied by urban hardwood that is felled during utility exercises. So with that fact in mind, I see the pathways for utility rights away as a aggregated, a very large area and that can supply multitudes of services if looked upon in aggregate which we don't do with our traditions. Okay, thank you and we'll take one last question right back here, okay. Well, first of all, thank you to all of you for the very interesting discussion. My name's Katie, I work with Nathan Associates we're an economics infrastructure consulting firm here and I had a few questions for all of you first was if you have the opportunity to shape your state project pipelines in terms of new energy that's being constructed and if so and considering resiliency as being an energy mix as Kyla had mentioned and also that there's limited budget constraints in terms of the public sector is if you have been considering in the future project pipelines leveraging private sector through true PPPs and if you haven't if what would be the constraints to that? Who wants to go first? You're probably out of here. I was expecting a whole bunch more questions so I mentioned the Clean Energy Fund in Washington state and so that is a public-private partnership with utilities it's something that we've been doing for the last four years at this point and hope to continue into the future. We do a lot of work in grid modernization our folks are sort of they're getting to the place where they're on par with California, Hawaii, Nevada, California, Hawaii, New York in terms of the complexity of what they're trying to do and we're trying to do it in this low cost and low carbon environment so it's difficult for us to just sort of make the economics work. That said, we're starting a conversation with the utilities in the state around whether or not the grid is ready for the highly electrified future that's going to come in Washington state and that's really our way to get in and so whether or not it'll be additional public-private partnerships because I can't imagine us getting doubling, tripling or a 10-fold increase in the amount of funding that's available for our Clean Energy Fund. How do they prioritize their work so that they can pick off the most vital infrastructure and prioritize that using the lessons learned from what other utilities are doing right now with our Clean Energy Fund? Yeah, I think it's an interesting concept and with Michael bringing up economics Oklahoma has the cheapest overall power in the nation and when we're talking our retail power to my house is 10 cents a kilowatt hour and it makes a lot of things difficult to do and so which I greatly enjoy. I am not complaining about that and neither are citizens nor are businesses and so when we take a look at the energy mix it needs to be right. I definitely think there would be a role in an opportunity for public-private partnerships. We do have a situation, the Clean Line Energy Company, so Clean Line is looking to build a large-scale transmission line that would take renewable energy from the Texas and Oklahoma paint handles to Tennessee to serve their needs and there will also be capabilities beyond renewables as well. I hear beyond on that line. So those opportunities are taking place and I think it's an area to definitely look into. I would agree with Kyla. In Florida we have fairly low energy rates as well. I think we're at 13 cents per kilowatt so it does make investment in some renewables difficult. I will say our utilities submit a 10-year site plan to the utilities and that's the information that they use to see what the utilities are planning on bringing online within the next 10 years. A lot of our utilities have started to look at more community solar projects, installing the solar themselves as opposed to consumers putting it on their rooftops. So they're moving in that direction more community solar and I think pretty much all of our investor-owned utilities as well as our two largest municipalities have all invested in some program like that. We don't oversee that new energy pipeline but we always are looking for ways to partner with our utilities or with the public or private sector to see how we can diversify our portfolio. In Florida we're about 67% natural gas and so that diversification is important for reliable, stable power to our state. So we're always looking at it but I don't think we've seen anything yet a program that we've been able to move forward. Okay, I would like to ask you to join me in thanking this terrific panel. And I would just like to say I am very appreciative of the whole partnership and the long-term relationship that we have with NASIO and therefore with all of you and really look forward to working with you in the future and I hope that we all have gained a new appreciation for all of the things that are put on these folks' screens that have to be dealt with and an appreciation by all of us in terms of how many things there are in terms of thinking about overall infrastructure that are so interconnected and upon which we are all so dependent and therefore it means that we all have a real responsibility to look at things in a very holistic way to really try and problem solve because it has a very basic impact up on our economies at the state level but that all affects our national economy and how we run and has a very, very huge effect upon all of our people in every state and locality. So thank you all for being here. Really appreciate it and we have a briefing coming up on May 15th that is going to be taking a look at renewable natural gas and also biogas and how waste can become resources and then of course on May 25th we'll be looking at transmission and grid modernization again. So and we will be doing more in this whole series on infrastructure with the states and with the national labs. So we thank you for your participation and feel free to contact us with ideas and reaction and thank you all so very, very much.