 This study found that lead exposure can cause significant damage to the testes, leading to decreases in sperm production, motility, and viability. It also causes increases in the levels of uric acid and santhine oxidase, which are both known to be harmful to sperm health. Additionally, lead exposure leads to decreases in the levels of NIF2, GSH, TAC, SOD, and catalase, all of which play important roles in protecting the body from oxidative stress. Finally, lead exposure was shown to induce apoptosis and inflammation in the testes, which can further exacerbate the effects of lead poisoning. This article was authored by E. E. Besong, P. J. Ashonaga, O. O. Ben, and others.