 The study found no significant association between the 429T-C polymorphism of the rage gene and diabetic retinopathy or serum S-rage levels in Pakistani patients with type 2 diabetes. However, it did find that heterozygous carriers of the TC genotype had higher risk of developing severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy when compared to those with the DWR phenotype. Additionally, serum S-rage levels were significantly higher in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy than in those with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy. This article was authored by Shazia Kayem, Muhammad Afzal, and Abdul Kalik Naveed.