 The study aimed to determine the presence of INA in exosomes from human saliva, plasma, and breast milk and whether these exosomes can be taken up by macrophages. Exosomes were purified using ultracentrifugetaphygen and filtration steps and detected by electron microscopy and flow cytometry. INA was detected in all three body fluids with a portion of the detected INA in plasma exosomes being characterized as mRNA. The study also reports for the first time the presence of INA in breast milk exosomes. Additionally, the results show that saliva and breast milk exosomes can be taken up by human macrophages, supporting the notion that exosomal INA can be shuttled between cells. This article was authored by Gabriel Saint Cézanne, Stostrand Margarita, Bossier's Apostolais, and others.