 Hello everyone, I am Dr. Rashmi Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Education, SS Khanna Girls Junior College, University of Allahabad and today we are going to start a new topic language development. There are various theories of language development in which known Chomsky's theory has a prominent space in it. So today we discuss known Chomsky's theory on language development. Okay and join my telegram group for further updates, explore education in this video will be useful for certain teaching examinations and this will be bilingual in nature that is beneficial for Hindi medium as well as Hindi medium, Hindi medium as well as English medium students. Okay so let's start, first of all who was who is known Chomsky? Abraham known Chomsky born December 7, 1928 is an American linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, historian, social critic and political activist. Known Chomsky is an American linguist, their job is to talk to people in a different language. philosopher is a cognitive scientist, he has spoken to people in a different language. history has a social critique, social critique is a point of view and he has shared his views on the issues and his views and his views and his views and his views and his views and his views and his views and his views. He is a historian and political activist. He works in various spheres and he created or co-created and many people have started it. What theory is it? Universal grammar theory. Now we will learn what is the role of universal grammar in the development of language. Generative grammar theory, the Chomsky hierarchy, and the minimalist program. So here we are reading the language development. That is why it will be based on universal grammar and generative grammar. Then Chomsky also played a pivotal role in the decline of linguistic behaviorism. Look, in so much behaviorism of B.F. Skinner, he has the right to share his viewpoints on many issues. And since he was a business man, he showed his viewpoints on everything, development, development, and area of human. So in language development, B.F. Skinner used to say that how does language development teach the other person's behavior? And if he teaches it right, he gets positive reinforcement for it. And if not, he gets negative reinforcement or punishment for it. So what did Chomsky say? Pivotal role in the decline of linguistic behaviorism. That is, what B.F. Skinner was doing, along with behaviorism, in linguistic psychology, he declined it. That means he was very critique. Critique, in fact. And he was particularly critical of the work of B.F. Skinner. That is, what B.F. Skinner said, he thought a lot that the development of a new language is not like that. So first of all, the development of language. The name of the paper is Development of Learner. That is, we develop more in the case paper. And we have to develop in every area. That is, cognitive development, moral development, emotional development, social development. So what is the first development in B.F. Skinner? Language development. That means, physical development is done and after that, the child learns to speak. So we have to know how language development works. So what is language? Language is a commission that truly makes us human. That is, language is also a kind of wisdom that makes us human. That means, why do humans make humans? Because only humans are such people who talk to each other in the language. People talk to each other. That means, all the other creatures don't have this kind of language. Then, language is an example of intellectual development. This is also a very strong development. That means, you can't say that the more intellectuals develop, the bigger the language is. But come on then, there are some theorists who believe language is learned. Through watching and learning about parents and other people in our environment. I mean, there are some theorists who say, how does language work? By listening to the case, by listening to who, by listening to their parents. And those who are talking about us. While others believe that this ability is innate. Whereas others don't believe it. This is a kind of birth. We can't do this without knowing. So this birth theory is the theory of Anom Chowk's game. Anom Chowk suggests that children are born with an innate ability to learn language. He suggests that children are born with this ability to learn language. Then, Chowk's notion that the brain is pre-wired for language. It's quite a contrast to the accepted beliefs of the time. I mean, for Chowk, we believe that our brain is pre-wired. But first, Chowk is pre-wired to learn language. This is the popular belief of that time. Like the popular belief of the time, the belief of behaviorism. The belief was that children learn from the inference, by listening to them, by watching them. It was quite a contrast to that. I mean, a popular belief is going on. And you come back to it. Which is totally against it. Then according to the Chowk's, people are born with the basic rules for language. It's said that children and humans are born with these rules which allows them to learn the language of any kind. He also believes that as there are stages of development for other parts of the body, language development can also be achieved up to a certain age. It is said that, there are many other things. I am, I am not. Up to the stage of development of genetic development, development of language development, certain age to achieve it. Okay, then we use on language acquisition. What is the name of the language? Chomsky. Chomsky wrote his famous book. He has written language in mind. He proposed some ideas that were new ways of thinking about language. The idea that learning of language is innate. And the notion that language acquisition occurs during development stage. Then he postulated that the mechanism of language acquisition is derived from the innate processes. And he believed that the nature of language acquisition is generated from the innate processes. Then in 1977 he said that all children share the same internal constraints which characterize narrowly the grammar they are going to catch. He said that all children share the same internal constraints. Then another postulate is the process of selecting the best grammar that matches with the data available. So he selects the best grammar on the child which matches with the data available. Okay, so this is on language acquisition. And what is the theory of universal grammar? Chomsky believed that it was more than a coincidence that the majority of human languages follow similar rules and patterns when it comes to grammar. He says that it is not just a coincidence that the majority of human languages follow the same rules and patterns when it comes to grammar. This means that all languages have basic grammar. Then he believed that while differences exist between languages, the fact that they all share poor formal grammatical traits was not just a chance occurrence. He said that we are born with a set of rules about language number minus. is the universal grammar. In every language, the same code is running, the same train is running. So what is this thought? There is a grammar that is innate, it is internal, it is born, it is biological, it is Javik and there are grammatical categories in it. Then the universal grammar is the basis upon which all human languages build. The universal grammar is the basis upon which all human languages are built. Then children do not simply copy the language. Children don't just copy the language like who was saying it, like the behaviorist was saying it. That they heard around them, they just don't copy it, but they deduce rules from it. In fact, children generate rules which they can then use to produce sentences that they have never heard before and they apply it on those sentences which they have never heard before. Then according to him, children instinctively know how to combine a noun and the verb into a meaningful phrases. This means that the child knows instinctively from inside it has this power, this art, this device which he knows how to make a sentence without the verb which is meaningful. Then they do not learn a repertoire of phrases and sayings as a behaviorist believe but a grammar that generates an infinite number of new sentences. They are saying that only we don't learn phrases and sayings as it is, like the behaviorist was saying, but they learn a grammar which they can make infinite number of sentences following the same name. Children are born then with the universal grammar. So what happens is that when it is connected with the language, this grammar offers a certain number of possibilities for example the word order of a typical sentence. And this grammar offers all the possibilities that it can make a particular sentence of that language. Then some languages have a basic subject verb object. Means how does the word come into some language? The subject verb object structure by adults prefer verb subject because in some languages the first subject will be called verb then object in some languages the first verb will be subject then object. Some languages such as Latin appear to have a free word order but even here SOV is very common. But even here SOV is very common. When the child begins to listen to his parents, when a child listens to his parents he will unconsciously recognize which kind of language he is dealing with. So what is the subject verb object language and he will set his grammar to the correct one, this is known as secondary parameters. And he will match his grammar with the data. So this set of language learning tools provided at birth is referred by Chomsky as the language acquisition device. So this language learning tool which we get at birth, Chomsky called it language acquisition device or LAD. And what is generative grammar according to Chomsky generative grammar should render explicit the implicit knowledge of this speaker. The implicit knowledge is given to the generative grammar. Then he proposed a set of well-defined rules to generate required sentence of words. He proposed to us that there is a rule which tells us which way we have to form the sentence of that word. Then individuals instantly decipher that a certain combination of words makes sense and different combinations does not make sense. And the child knows which combination we will go then he will say then he will be senseless. Then the explanatory theory of generative grammar is beautifully demonstrated by the rules of the English language system. This is a linguist, right? So he has told all his theories about grammar and generative grammar. Then if we want to know what is the key principle of Chomsky's model work, the first thing is that everyone is born to the capacity to develop and learn a language. That means that each person has the ability to learn any language. Then language development is a tool that is forming the brain. Then every child has a language acquisition device. Then the LED is a tool that is forming the brain. It enables the child to rapidly develop the rules of language. Then the role of LED is to encode the major skills involved in language learning but with the focus of the LED, it decodes which grammar, which rule will be followed by SOV or VSO. Then grammar is a vital skill needed for children to learn language. Then universal grammar exists for all languages and all languages exist. But there are some criticisms and doubts about Chomsky's work on language theory. There is lack of evidence to support the theory. The theory offers a hypothetical explanation and we do not know where the LED is located. Hypothesis is a type of LED in the brain. But we still don't know where the LED is located. He was interested in grammar and much of his work consists of complex explanations of grammatical rules. Since he was interested in grammar and linguistics, he did not study the rules of grammatical rules. He did not study real children. He did not study real children. The model ignores the importance of social interaction. We do not learn from social interaction. The model cannot explain why individuals with certain learning disabilities such as Down syndrome have delayed languages. He did not explain why some children have learning disabilities. If all the LED is born, then it should not be a problem. He rejects the idea that human mind is a clean state at birth and is filled in by experience. He rejects the idea that human mind is a clean state at birth. He suggested that there are components of mind which are innately determined about languages and other systems of knowledge. He suggested that there are components of mind which are innately determined about languages and other systems of knowledge. He suggested that children are born in a clean state and will be able to learn whatever language they teach. He suggested that every language has universal grammar, code of conduct, trade and rules. The child is pre-wired to learn any language. Simple as that. He suggested that the theory of known terms is most important. You should know about the theory of language and mind in 1970. It is the theory of universal grammar and generative grammar. It is the theory of language acquisition of a device, who is cycling, who is investing. Thank you. 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