 Okay. Once again, good morning to everyone. So, for this morning, for today, our discussion will be about lipids and lipoproteins. So, this discussion is also divided into three, okay? So, the first part is more on an introduction on the different lipids and lipoproteins. The second part, I will be discussing the different minor lipoproteins and the third part will be about the different laboratory tests needed in the determination and in the measurement of your lipoprotein. So, as you can see in your screen right now, okay, this is our outline. Okay, this is the outline of our discussion. So, the first topic that we're going to cover will be the forms of lipids until the general lipoprotein structure and then lipoprotein physiology and metabolism and then lipid and lipoprotein population distribution. So, how are they distributed in our body? How are they distributed in the different individuals? We're going to discuss them today. And finally, okay, finally, we're also going to talk about the different lipid and lipoprotein measurement. So, just what I mentioned, this is divided into three. Although the second part is shorter, that's why it will be discussed altogether by Thursday. Okay, you'll be receiving your asynchronous class on Thursday. And then, okay, you'll be receiving your asynchronous class on our second meeting this week. So, let's get started. So, we're going to talk about lipids and lipoprotein. So, similarly with your carbohydrates, your lipids and lipoprotein are also one of the biomolecules that we consider very important in the body. So, there are actually three, okay, your carbohydrates, your lipids, and also your proteins. So, remember that all those three are very essential in our body. Essential in the sense that it is being utilized by our body, by the cells to do their function. They are also the one that produces the structure of your cells. So, just take for example, your carbohydrates. Your carbohydrates are also component of your plasma membrane. Similarly to your lipids, they're also component of your lipid bilayer. The one that you see on your plasma membrane that provides a semipermeable membrane for your cells. As you can see, okay, these carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, all of them are needed in the formation of your cells, in the functioning of your cells, and in the maintenance or in the homeostasis of our body. So, to get started, let's talk about the different forms of lipids for today. So, when we talk about lipids, okay, it is very much synonymous to fats, okay. It is synonymous to fats, so lipids are soluble in nonpolar organic solvents. So, when we say nonpolar organic solvent, these are generally hydrophobic solvents like chloroform and ether. So, your lipid can be dissolved in there, can be soluble in your nonpolar organic solvent, but are relatively insoluble to your polar solvent such as your water. And listen up guys, because this part is already very important. The reason why today, the title of our discussion is lipids and lipoproteins because of this fact about your lipids. Lipids are insoluble in your polar solvent such as your water. And if you are going back to your anatomy, your plasma, okay, your blood, your plasma, is seven, is composed of almost 90% of water. Okay, 90% of your plasma is made up of water. So, meaning to say, this lipids cannot be transported in your plasma on its own. Kaya, it will need the different carrier proteins. And these carrier proteins are what we call your lipoproteins. Can I share, Lisa Vannick, we're clear on that part. Again, your fats or your lipids, they are insoluble in water. That's why they would need carrier molecules to help them be transferred from one place into another and that is what we call generally as your lipoproteins, okay? And there are different lipoproteins. Just as today, we will be discussing different forms of lipids. There are also different forms of lipoproteins that carries the respective lipid all throughout our body. So, going back to your lipids, your lipids similarly to your carbohydrates and your protein, they are also composed of carbons. But for lipids, they are composed of mostly carbon-hydrogen bonds, okay? Carbon-hydrogen bonds, which we will be discussing later, okay? So, generally, once again, your lipids are water-insoluble. When we say water-insoluble, it is synonymous to nonpolar. So, get acquainted with these terms because you'll see this more often in your exams and in your quizzes. Again, they are insoluble or they are nonpolar. That's why they need to be transported by your lipoproteins. So, generally, these are our lipids. So, your lipids can be of different forms. There are different forms of lipids. But generally, your lipids are a rich source of energy and it's an efficient way to store excess calorie. As you all know, guys, right now, when you eat a lot of carbohydrates, remember our discussion about the metabolic processes in the body concerning your carbohydrate. If there are excess glucose inside the body, it will be stored up through the process of lipogenesis. If carbohydrate will be converted becoming now your fats and these fats will now be stored in your body not only as insulators but also as a way to store excess calories. So, again, your lipids are a rich source of energy. If you're writing down, I want you to highlight the rich source of energy because as early as now, I also want to get this across already that your lipids are, yes, a rich source of energy except for cholesterol. I think I was able to mention this already during our carbohydrate lecture but again, I'm repeating it for the sake of our discussion today. Again, your cholesterol cannot be used as energy source, okay? But all the other lipids can be utilized as energy source. What process is needed for me to utilize my fats, my lipids into energy? What process should take place first? Okay, I'm giving you five seconds. What process should take place first before my lipids or my fats can be utilized as energy source? Can be utilized or not stored? Okay, what process is needed by the body for the fats? The triglyceride can be utilized as energy source? Okay, assuming that I'm seeing answers like lipogenesis, it's not lipolysis, not also. Lipolysis, ano, it's your, correct, it's your gluconeogenesis. Okay, it's your gluconeogenesis. Remember that lipolysis is merely the, take for example, you have excess calorie, you store it, that is lipogenesis. When you try to use it up, like when you try to retrieve it from your storage, that is the process called lipolysis. We break down the fats into simpler form like your glycerol and your fatty acid. But for it to be utilized as energy, we need to undergo the process gluconeogenesis. Again, the science behind your ketogenic diet as well. So having said that, okay? Having said that the lipids except for cholesterol are rich source of energy and are very efficient way to store excess calorie. These are also integral part of your cellular membrane. Again, I mentioned this a while back. Remember your phospholipid bilayer? That is a kind of lipid. And not only phospholipid bilayer because you also have cholesterol units found in your cellular membrane. Again, providing a semipermeable entry of your substances. And finally, your lipids are also important because they are precursor to your steroid hormone. And I want you to put behind this is that the main lipid, okay? The lipid which are main precursor of your steroid hormones are your cholesterol. Your cholesterol cannot be utilized as energy but they are important precursor for your steroid hormone. When we say steroid hormones, this are usually your adrenal, your glucocorticoids, your glucocorticoids, and most importantly, your sex hormones, your testosterone, progesterone, estrogen. So all of them are actually what? They are descendants from your cholesterol. So with that being said, with that being said, so this oil that you see here again, they are important because they are energy source of the body and they are also major component of your plasma membrane. Now, having said that, let's go straight and talk about the different forms of lipids. So we are going to talk about your fatty acids, your phospholipids, your triglyceride, and your cholesterol. For this morning, I will be discussing the forms briefly because ideally, they should have been discussed to you already during your biochemistry so that I'll be able to concentrate more on lipoproteins. But again, I also understand that there are some gaps that had happened during your biochem, so we'll be discussing them quickly. So sir, what do we need to get from this? What do we need to get from this discussion on the different forms of lipids? Number one is obviously what are the different forms of lipids? Second is their unique characteristic. What are the unique characteristic of each forms of lipids? Because that's what makes them different from the other. And of course, aside from what makes them different, what are the different types if there are different types of this lipids that we're going to discuss. So before we get started, so that I'll be able to know if we're on the same page, can I see a reason if we're ready to go? Thank you so much. Now let's talk about your fatty acids. So your fatty acid has a carboxyl group as you can see, it has a carboxyl group at a polar end and a hydrocarbon chain on a non-polar end. Meaning to say, your fatty acids are ampifatic. Meaning, lagay mo na dyan or put that beside your notes. Your fatty acids are ampifatic. When you say ampifatic, these are compounds that has a polar and a non-polar group. In other translation, it is a type of compound that has a water-loving and a water-fearing group. Water soluble and water insoluble group. So again, that is your fatty acid. They are ampifatic. They are ampifatic because they have the carboxyl group and a non-polar hydrocarbon group on the non-polar end. So a fatty acid that occurs in living system normally contains an even number of carbon atoms and hydrocarbon chains is usually un-branched. So kung makikitanin nyo, these ones are no longer branched into it has no connections already or bonds connected to it already. These are usually un-branched. Fatty acids are rarely found free in the nature, but they form parts of many commonly occurring lipids. So in simplest translation, most of the time, you do not see fatty acids alone. Usually fatty acids are always bound to another compound. Take for example, your fatty acids, the one in our body, most, I will say most because I will tell you something later. Most of the fatty acids in our body are in the form of triglyceride. Your fatty acid attached to your glycerol that is the most common form of fatty acid seen in our body. Although, I just want you guys to write this down. These are new discovery about a short chain fatty acids. There are short chain fatty acids that are usually byproduct of bacterial metabolism in our gut. Remember your gastrointestinal tract, there are billions, if not trillions of bacteria, fungi and other organisms leaving in our body. So if you ever felt alone, you're not alone because there are a lot of organisms living in you, in and through you. So they actually produces short chain fatty acids. Those short chain fatty acids are actually predisposing factors to different diseases. They found out that these short chain fatty acids can actually influence either your immune system and even your metabolism. Remember, take for example, we have student A. Student A diet is all meat, proteins, none of the veggies, and then student B, we have a vegan, only eats a strict vegan. Their microbiome inside the body are different. When I say microbiome, the bacteria leaving inside their body are different. So they also produces different fatty acids. That's why you would see a complete difference in the build and the health of a patient based only on their diet. Sabi nga nila, you are what you eat that is actually true. That is actually true. So again, going back, I just had to say that because those are one of the rare cases that you would see a fatty acid free in our body because most of the time, again, in combination or they are bound to a different compound such as your glycerol. So your fatty acids, again, your fatty acids aside from being amphiphatic, they can also be classified into two. Your saturated fatty acid and your unsaturated fatty acid. So if we say saturated fatty acid, saturated fatty acid, if they are only one single bond on the chain and that single bond in your chain are usually found in your carboxyl group. Carboxyl group which is the polar or the water loving group. So remember that the saturated part, when you say saturated, you only have one single bond or one single bond. There are only one single bond in the in the chain. So examples of your saturated fatty acid or your loric, your meristic, your palmitic, your steric, your arachidinic, or your arachidonic acid. So these are your saturated fatty acid. Saturated fatty acid. Saturated fatty acids are the complete opposite of your unsaturated fatty acid. Why? Because your unsaturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acid, are carbon-carbon double bonds in a chain and the fatty acid is now considered to be unsaturated. In an unsaturated fatty acid, the stereochemistry of the double bond is usually cis. Usually cis. So when we say cis and trans, remember these are just stereochemistry. Similarly to our discussion in carbohydrates, di pa meron tayong D glucose, meron din tayong L glucose. These are more on the orientation of your fatty acids. Can I see a race of any for clear on this part? When you talk about unsaturated fatty acid, there are cis, unsaturated fatty acid, and trans, unsaturated fatty acid. Sir, what do you mean by cis and trans? Cis and trans are usually the formation or the configuration of your lipids. So in the body, most of the time what we have are your cis. The most common is your cis. The one that you see on your animals, the one that you see on your food products, when I say food products, yung mga natural lang. Take for example, your meat, the fat of your meat inside our body. Usually those unsaturated fatty acids are actually in cis form. They are in cis form. So I want you first to look at the your unsaturated fatty acid. So as you can see, your unsaturated fatty acid, they have not just the double bond in your carboxyl but also in their carbon chain. So you have your linolenic, your linolenic, and your arachidonic acids. Your arachidonic acid. Your arachidonic acid. And before I forgot, so here there's also another form of your fatty acid which we call now your trans fat or your trans fatty acid. Trans fatty acid is not commonly found in the nature. Why? Not commonly found in the nature because these are synthetically being done or chemically being done in the laboratory or in the factory where food are being manufactured. And the process of how we do or how we create trans fat are what we call now your hydrogenation. Hydrogenation is the process of creating an unsaturated fat but the problem is since this is a synthetic way of creating your unsaturated fat, you're not creating cis unsaturated fatty acid but rather trans unsaturated fatty acids. Sir, why do you need to highlight this? Okay? Why do I need to highlight this? It is for the reason that trans fat are actually dangerous in our body. Okay? Oops, wait. Trans fat are actually dangerous in our body. The one that form or the one that blocks the artery of your blood or of your heart these are actually trans fat. Those are trans fat. Why trans fat? Because as you can see this is not a natural type of fatty acid meaning to say our body also doesn't have the natural way to digest or metabolize these trans fat in our body. That's why if you go to your groceries, you would usually see their labels that would say zero trans fat. Zero trans fat because again a process of hydrogenation may prolong. Maybe some of you will wonder sir, why do we use hydrogenation? Hydrogenation would prolong the storage of your fatty acid, of your oils, of your fats but in return, you preserve it if you created trans fat and those trans fat are harmful to the health of humans. So can I share anything for clear? So there there's a question here. Sir, pwede po bang maging artificial cis if same lang yung orientation or pagsynthetic trans automatic. Most of your synthetic na fatty acids are synthetic in a way that you are trying to prolong them. You're trying to prolong them. Hindi siya hindi siya based on the orientation. So lahat ng cis natural all your cis fatty acids are natural all the other fatty acids those are trans fat na kapagsynthetic. And let us just draw the line. Whether say synthetic you applied hydrogenation to prolong its longevity or yung storage niya. So yun lang naman. So remember that. So the process kasi once na take for example you have a unsaturated, you have a fatty acid and you want to have a particular you want to change the orientation. Hydrogenation talaga yung solution. So when you do that, you create trans fat in return. So I hope I answered you the question on the chat box. So there these are examples. As you can see here, I'm not going to discuss this further. So as you can see apalmitoleic apalmitoleic fatty acid has 16 carbon. So that the 16 is the 1. So the 1 represent the number of double bond. So it has 1 double bond aside na ito ha, aside from the carboxyl group. And as you can see the double bond is found on the 9th carbon. So that's how you interpret it. Oleic you have 18 carbon with 1 double bond found on the 9th carbon. You have arachidonic. You have 20 carbon, 20 carbon with 4 double bonds. And those double bonds are found in the 5th and the 8th and the 11th and in the 14th carbon of your chain. So again the notation used in your fatty acid indicates the number of the carbon. The number of the carbon atoms and the number of your double bond. So if we say 18 is 2, 0 that denotes that the 18 carbon saturated fatty acid with no double bond. On the other hand when we say 18 is 2, 1 this denotes that the 18 carbon fatty acid is number 1 unsaturated fat and also containing 1 double bond already. So depending na lang on the notation if they would include the number or the location of the double bond. Aside from that another thing that I also want you guys to remember is that your unsaturated fatty acids has lower melting point than saturated fatty acids. So when we say lower melting point they have lower melting point. Your unsaturated fat are usually liquid in room temperature. They are usually liquid in room temperature. Cooking oils yung nakikitanin nyo na ginagamit natin pang cook. So those are unsaturated fatty acids. So in a room temperature in a room temperature your saturated are solid your unsaturated fatty acids these are actually in liquid form. They are in liquid form. One moment this had to turn on some lights. So they are again they are solid and liquid in room temperature. So that is your saturated and your unsaturated respectively. So that these are again your fatty acids and remember your plant oils your unsaturated fatty acids they are usually liquid in room temperature. So take for example yung canola oil you want to prolong the longevity of your canola oil. Some say would resort to hydrogenation and when they resort to hydrogenation they create trans fat and when you use that in cooking or in preparing your meals you also ingest those trans fat that get deposit in your heart or in other part of your body causing coronary causing cardiovascular diseases in the patients or in the humans. So these are your fatty acids so I hope we are clear with fatty acids so just to wrap it up fatty acid you have they are amphiphatic there are two types of two types of fatty acids you're saturated in your unsaturated fatty acid so I hope you will be able to differentiate one from the other now let's proceed to your second phospholipid second lipids which are your phospholipid your phospholipid are also known as your phosphoacil glycerol so in such lipid molecule you have two fatty acids so sabi ko nga sa inyo your fatty acids are usually bound to other compounds here when we say phospholipid you have two fatty acids that are sterified to your glycerol molecule when we say sterified what we mean is sterified is that they are bound to your glycerol because remember ester bonds if you're in your carbohydrate it is glycosidic bond that connects one monosaccharide to another monosaccharide in your phospholipid they are ester bonds ester bonds are what you can see among your lipids so two fatty acids are connected to your glycerol molecule resulting to a compound called your phosphatidic acid or your phosphoacil glycerol so one molecule of phosphoric acid can form ester bonds both to glycerol and to some other alcohol creating your phosphatidil esters and as early as now I just want everybody to know that your phospholipid is actually the most abundant type of lipid inside our body again your phospholipid is the most abundant phospholipid inside our body there are some phospholipid that are considered to be important like the following you have I think I will be able to show it later so again your phosphoacil glycerol are the most abundant so as you can see this is your phosphatidic acid and this is your phosphatidil ester phosphatidil ester because it's already it was already bound to other fatty acids so if you can see it's already connected to your sterile so this in itself is your phosphatidil esters phosphatidil esters and this is your phosphatidic acid so in our body there are different forms of phospholipid it's very small but these are just figures and what are these phospholipid we're talking about so these are the phospholipid we are gonna talk about so again phospholipid are the most abundant lipid in the body it also serve as a surfactant that's why if you guys are already on your amniotic fluid in your hematol in your phospholipid surfactant ratio so that you would see the normal the normal development of your fetus but inside our body the most common forms of phospholipid are as follow your lecetine also known as your phosphatidilcholine your sphingomyelin and your cephaline so they are the three most common most important phospholipid in the body let's try to explain why phospholipid is the most abundant lipid in the body remember that your body is made up of different cells and for all your cells like literally every single cell that you have in the body they all have a phospholipid by layer making your phospholipid the most important not among the most important but making your phospholipid the most abundant lipid in the body okay so can I see if I'm clear on that on that part okay so again remember your lecetine, your phosphatidilcholine your sphingomyelin and your cephaline are the three forms most commonly found in our body so majority 70% are your lecetine 20% are your sphingomyelin and 10% are your cephaline so a quick highlight for your sphingomyelin sphingomyelin is the only phospholipid in membranes that is not derived from glycerol but are actually derived from an amino alcohol called sphingosine that's why kanina di ba sabi natin your phospho your phospholipid okay your phospholipid can either be bound to your glycerol or can be bound to other alcohols an example of this now is your sphingosine so these are essential component of your cell membrane and if you have a inborn error of metabolism your sphingomyelin can accumulate in your liver and spleen of a patient suffering from nemen pic disease your nemen pic disease is because you have a deficiency in an enzyme that metabolizes or that digest your sphingomyelin okay that digest your sphingomyelin therefore this fats now will accumulate kasi lipids pa rin yan it will accumulate in your liver and also in your spleen and at the same time there's also a white blood cell specific to your nemen pic disease the one that are the one with our vacuos because of the formation of your because of the formation of those um because of the formation of those fats in your RBC and because of the formation of your fats on those WBC rather okay WBC okay so with that being said that is for our phospholipid quick review for phospholipid let me go straight and ahead to the other form of lipid next is we have your triglyceride okay your triglyceride or your triacylglycerol aka neutral fat okay why do we call it neutral fat again neutral fat because they don't have charge so your triglyceride compared to your phospholipid your phospholipid has how many fatty acid on the chat box answer me in 5 seconds 5 how many fatty acids does a phospholipid has phospholipid phospholipid 5 3 okay your phospholipid it has 2 your triglyceride it has 3 molecules of fatty acid attached to a glycerol which serves as its backbone okay I want you to look at this now again so here this is your phospholipid so as you can see this is your glycerol and then one fatty acid another fatty acid just 2 unlike your triglyceride okay your glycerol the backbone and then you have 1 2 3 fatty acids are we clear now these triglycerides now may are considered to be main storage of lipid in man in the form of your adipose tissue okay so low calorie intake would mean low triglyceride level why because if your calorie intake is low it would just be enough for your body's need for that particular day then you won't have excess calorie that needs to be deposited or that needs to be stored in the form of your fat okay that's why for some who also want to lose weight they are doing the calorie deficit why calorie deficit because it is known that when you decrease your calorie intake the deposition of your fat would also decrease not only that if your body needs more energy they will just simply use up the one that are stored okay so what happened in our bodies that if your body is already full of fat full of storage and you keep on eating excessively it's like hoarding in real life you hoard a lot of things in your house didn't become cluttered similarly in our body instead of using up those fats inside our body we keep on eating and eating then we just accumulate and accumulate more fat in our body but just I also realize that a lot of people already have considered fat as a bad thing okay when we say fat it's already something that they would avoid when we say sugar it's already something that they should avoid which is also very wrong why? because fats sugar and even amino acids are still important in your body you need that to function you need that for your body to grow to repair and develop and if you try to deprive yourself from that it will also just lead to a more detrimental diseases the best I'm also guilty with this but the best thing to actually have is a balanced diet when you say balanced diet you have a piece of carbohydrate you have your lipids you also have your proteins you just don't simply eradicate your carbohydrates okay so that's very important so why am I saying this because triglyceride might seem to be so negative to other people especially those with dyslipidemia those with carjack with carjack diseases but the thing is your triglycerides are actually important factor in our body until it became in excess in your body okay maganda naman yung naidulot niya hanggang nung sumobra dun siya nagkaroon ng masamang effect in our body so the function of your triglyceride okay when they are being metabolized when your triglyceride are being metabolized they are released into their components you have your glycerol and you also have your fatty acids the fatty acids are released into the cell and are converted to energy and this energy this energy are being produced now in the body through the process of gluconeogenesis and aside from that your triglyceride also provide an excellent insulation so an excellent insulation so yung mga mas fluffy like us we have our own natural insulators okay and also shock absorbers so those are important functions of your triglyceride again when triglycerides are in excess it is bad for your body but if it is in moderation they are very much useful and important in the body can I say a raise of hand if we are clear people thank you so much so always remember that okay so these are your triglycerides so in your triglyceride when your organism uses fatty acid fatty acid the esterilinx of your triglycerol or your triglyceride are being hydrolyzed by your enzyme called lipases to remember lipases because this will be important in our succeeding discussion so if I personally take for example I ate my my triglyceride and then it will be used up by my body as energy source it will need to be released first again it will not be using the triglyceride as a whole it will hydrolyze it first your starch is a complex compound that needs to be hydrolyzed or digested before metabolite similarly in your triglyceride it needs first to be hydrolyzed into different components so you already have one glycerol and then three one glycerol and then three fatty acid and that is through the help of your lipases so the same hydrolysis reaction can take place outside the organism with an acid or base as your catalyst so again in the hydrolysis of your triglyceride it is important for it to be utilized as a form of energy if you guys could go back doon sa notes ninyo in carbohydrates the pathway that I gave you on the lower left you would see there triglyceride as a whole and glycerol will enter your pathway similarly to your fatty acid entering your Krebs cycle entering your Krebs cycle so those are already the three forms the three forms of fatty acid we talk about your fatty acid your lipids rather your fatty acid your phospholipid, your triglyceride all of them can be utilized as energy source so go to the last type of carbohydrate last type of lipid which are your cholesterol so cholesterol, these are not a source of fuel because it is not catabolized by animals when we say catabolized we cannot break down your cholesterol your cholesterol contains four rings in a single carboxyl chain tail similar to your fatty acid it is a precursor precursor of five major classes of steroids such as your progestines glucocorticoids mineralocorticoids androgen and your estrogen makikilagay an example of your glucocorticoids are your cortisol an example of your mineralocorticoids are your aldosterone your aldosterone so androgens, these are your sex hormones and of course your estrogen when you say androgens these are male hormones like testosterone so those are your androgens and aside from that your cholesterol is also found in the surface of your lipid bilayer and it is synthesized by your liver again, this might be a a new information for some of you yes, cholesterol are synthesized by our liver ok, you create cholesterol just ask how yes, you do eat food with cholesterol but you also produce cholesterol in the body ok, so yun yung isa sa mga bagay na kailangan yung marialize today that cholesterol is not only being not only from your diet it also is produced by your by your liver so much about that in a short while so this is your cholesterol, again you have 4 rings 1, 2, 3, 4 and they are precursor to your steroid hormones ok, so like testosterone estradiol and progesterol so estradiol estradiol, why do we say na estradiol so I want you to read on that because your estrogen has 3 forms your estrogen, estradiol and estradiol so there are 3 forms of estrogen ok, so much of that kapag nandun na tayo sa CC2 next semester, hopefully I'll see all of you there ok, so in cholesterol there are also 2 forms of cholesterol we have your cholesterol esters and we also have your free cholesterol so cholesterol esters are 70% of the total cholesterol in the body and free cholesterol only comprise 30% so mas madami po ang ating cholesterol esters so cholesterol esters composed of cholesterol cholesterol ring and a fatty acid it undergoes esterification it is your lecithin cholesterol aciltransferase that catalyzes the esterification when we say esterification the binding the esterification of cholesterol by promoting the transfer of fatty acid from your lecithin to your cholesterol which result now in the formation of your lysol, lecithin and your cholesterol esters ok, now I want you to remember that your cholesterol esters being now being a type of cholesterol with a fatty acid chain remember your fatty acid has a hydrophobic and hydrophilic part your cholesterol esters are actually hydrophilic ok, they are hydrophilic meaning to say they are polar these are polar cholesterol your cholesterol esters again are polar cholesterol meaning to say water loving hydrophilic on the other end of the spectrum you also have your free cholesterol your free cholesterol these are an esterified cholesterol when we say an esterified cholesterol mag-isa lang siya these are just simply your cholesterol cholesterol lang siya they are no other fatty acid attached to it these are just plain an esterified cholesterol unbound it's just cholesterol on its own ok, so these are usually found on the surface of your lipoprotein sir bakit why are they found in the surface of your lipoprotein lipoprotein these are already the carrier molecule correct, the carrier molecule so your lipoprotein needs to carry your free cholesterol because they are hydrophobic they cannot be transported in your body on their own so they need your lipoproteins to transport them all throughout your body ok, so are we clear with the two different types of cholesterol, can i just see a race when you are clear people you have your free cholesterol and your cholesterol esters so please remember that now, ok so just a quick how does your body produces your cholesterol so cholesterol are actually from your acetylcoenzyme A yes the very same acetylco coa in the Krebs cycle ok your acetylcoenzyme A will undergo not the Krebs cycle but your beta oxidation when we say beta oxidation this is the attachment of fatty acid into your acetylcoa ok so conversion of acetylcoa is derived from the beta oxidation of your fatty acid now that acetylcoa will undergo oxidative the carboxylation of pyrobat to become beta-hydroxy-beta-metal-glutaryl-coa or your HMG coa your hydroxy-beta metal-glutaryl-coa this is now the precursor of your cholesterol your MHG coa will be converted to mebalonic acid through the help of your MHG coa reductase and the cycle will just go on and on until your mebalonic acid becomes your squalene and your squalene becomes now your cholesterol ok so again let me repeat that so from your acetylcoa it will undergo beta oxidation acetylcoenzyme A beta oxidation beta oxidation forming now rather your fatty acids your fatty acid will undergo beta oxidation forming your acetylcoa and your acetylcoa will undergo oxidative the carboxylation of pyrobat forming now your MHG coa your MHG coa will also undergo further oxidative the carboxylation para-parayat lang ng process oxidative the carboxylation forming now your mebalonic acid ok and then eventually it will now become your mebalonic acid and then your squalene and then eventually becoming now your cholesterol sir why did you highlighted the HMG coa reductase ok so a quick and a very important lesson for everybody your MHG coa ok your MHG coa is an enzyme being inhibited by your statins what are statins statins these are actually the component of your maintenance yung makainiinom ng tatay nanayinin nyo yung makasimba statins yung mga ganon those are all statins so statins these are ok that will inhibit your MHG coa so that your cholesterol levels will be decreased ok so that the production of your cholesterol in the body will be decreased can I see a raise of man if we're clear in that sense so sir how do I stop how do I prevent my cholesterol from increasing you take your statins your simbastatin whatever brand or whatever generic brand or your loved ones are using all of them are the same they all inhibit your MHG coa what is MHG coa hydroxy methyl blotaryl coa ok that is your MHG coa ok so what are they inhibiting in specifics ok HMG coa reductase be specific with the reductase ha so yan yung enzyme that they are inhibiting so if you take statin your MHG coa will be inhibited there will be cessation in the production of your mebalonic acid so kapag wala ng mebalonic acid cholesterol cannot be produced inside your body can I see a raise of hand if we're clear ok there's only a few so are we clear or not ok so again ha statins are being taken so that it inhibit your MHG coa reductase and then decrease eventually the level of your cholesterol ok so with that it's already 1123 so let's just have a quick 2 minute break ok let's have a quick 2 minute break so ayan if you have questions or clarifications please type it in on the chat box and then I'll try to answer when we return ok so let's um continue our discussion ok so can I see a raise of hand if everybody are still here pataas na kamay ok so we have time pa so the question sir ano ulit yung sabi nyo kanina sa glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids example of your glucocorticoids your glucocorticoids are your cortisol example cortisol and then your mineralocorticoids are your aldosterone both of them are also steroid hormone ok steroid hormone ok so now moving forward let's proceed to the general lipoprotein structure ok so the general lipoprotein structure so let's get started so again just like what I was mentioning kanina your lipoproteins are large macromolecules ok large macromolecular complexes of lipids with specialized protein known as apop lipoprotein so let's try to explain and decode that one by one later so your lipoproteins again in its simplest definition these are the transport protein for your lipids again your lipoprotein are your transport protein for lipids what? why lipids? because some lipids that we discussed a while back some of them are hydrophobic some of them are hydrophilic some of the hydrophobic some of the hydrophobic lipids that needs transport protein are number one your triglyceride your triglyceride even though it's a neutral fat it is very hydrophobic and aside from that your cholesterol more specifically your free cholesterol when we say free cholesterol they are not bound to anything so these are very hydrophobic and in contrary ironically these lipids are very important in development and the metabolism of human that's why they need your carrier protein for them to be delivered all throughout your body so si nung gumagawanon who does the job that these are your lipoproteins so having said that your lipoproteins are carrier protein the specific the specialized protein found on your lipoproteins are what we call your apolipoprotein again very important for you to take note that your apolipoprotein it is the protein portion of your lipoprotein can I see our days of hand if we're clear in that part kasi baka nalili ito sa terms again ha apolipoprotein is the protein portion of your lipoprotein similarly in your enzyme your enzyme is an entire structure but the protein part of your enzyme we call it your apoenzyme we call it not apoenzyme your hollow enzyme rather that is your apoenzyme so remember that again your lipoprotein the main purpose is to transport triglyceride and cholesterol to sites of energy storage and utilization site of energy storage where will they be stored or cells where will they be utilized as energy sources these are your lipoproteins and there are different composition when we say composition there are five here I will just put a mark there are actually four four major classes of plasma protein but in your Henry's they included your IDL your IDL is your intermediate density lipoprotein so there are different lipoproteins what are the different lipoproteins ladies and gentlemen let me introduce to you your lipoproteins your major lipoprotein so well follow Henry's na lang I will include your IDL so according to Henry's the five major lipoproteins are as follow your chylomicrons your VLDL also known as your very low density lipoprotein your IDL your intermediate density lipoprotein your LDL which is your low density lipoprotein and finally ladies and gentlemen your HDL also known as your high density lipoprotein and I want you to familiarize yourself with this specific table not to memorize the numbers but I want you to generally see the structure or the component of each of your each of your each of your lipoproteins so let's start with your chylomicrons your chylomicrons are considered to be the main mamaya, iisay sain ko naman to they are actually the main transporter of your triglyceride what type of triglyceride kaya yan later we'll talk about that aside from that your VLDL as you can see your VLDL they also can carry a little bit of your cholesterol but majority is your triglyceride again people of the Philippines children of the universe please take note that what I'm trying to highlight here are the major lipid they are carrying again the major lipid they are carrying because as you can see in this particular in this particular table all of them all of them really carry a little bit of everything they carry a little bit of coli a little bit of phospholipid a little bit of cholesterol ester on the side but the point is what we are trying to identify here are the main lipid that they are carrying can I see a raise of hand if we're clear what is the main type of lipid they are carrying for your chylomicrons these are your triglyceride also your triglyceride and later I'll explain the difference between your chylomicrons and your VLDL but in that sense you would see that between the two the major parent will be your chylomicron because your VLDL also carry a little bit of cholesterol and even phospholipid then you have your IDL your IDL is just intermediate molecule in between your VLDL and your LDL that's why on my take I don't usually consider it a major lipoproutine because it's just a phase in the life of your LDL your VLDL will be converted into becoming your LDL and in between that is your IDL so VLDL naging IDL naging LDL yun yung life cycle ng buhay ng LDL okay but moving forward your LDL on the other hand the major lipid it carries are your cholesterol esters in some book in most of the book they just simply call it your cholesterol your LDL is the major carry your molecule for your cholesterol but if we're going to be more specific these are actually cholesterol esters cholesterol esters in the body sir bakit cholesterol esters ediba sabi mo kanina ang may kailangan the type of cholesterol that needs your transport protein the most are your free cholesterol yes I'm not backing up that statement okay I'm not removing that statement reason why your LDL carries more cholesterol esters is because what your cholesterol esters are more abundant in the body they are 70% in the body okay so did you get my point there why even though free cholesterol are the one needing most of your lipoprotein pinakamadami paan si cholesterol ester it is because again your cholesterol esters are what they are they are the most abundant in the body and finally okay we have your HDL your HDL your HDL carries your cholesterol sir what you say cholesterol but it's only 15-20% yes but the majority majority of your HDL is actually composed of your apolipoprotein it is composed of 45-55% and I will explain why HDL has that kind of characteristic can everybody hear me loud and clear can I share a raise of hand okay so here's the thing about your LDL and your HDL I guess by this time you already are familiar with the term bad cholesterol and good cholesterol is the term we denote for your LDL or your low density lipoprotein are they really bad should I remove it all together in my body I would say no because again the only time that they become bad is when they become in excess in your body your HDL these are good cholesterol good cholesterol here's the your LDL are a type of lipoprotein that delivers your cholesterol remember your cholesterol like what we mentioned in our discussion a while back they are synthesized by your liver correct being synthesized in your liver eventually okay after being synthesized in your liver they would need to be delivered in its proper in the proper places where they will be utilized correct so how will these cholesterol be transferred from the liver going to the different types of your going to the different parts of your body that is through the help of your LDL okay your low density lipoprotein are the one that delivers your cholesterol to all your cells to all the different organs that might need cholesterol or that might need it in their cell membrane or that might need it take for example in the organs your adrenal gland that will utilize them as a precursor for hormone production are you getting my point now so in a sense LDL was not bad in the first place okay they are actually very important in the body it's just that when LDL are in excess they get deposited in the different parts of your body example of that a very common is in your heart are you getting my point now can I see a raise of hand now those who are listening asynchronously if you have questions please feel free to rewind it or send me a question through the chat so that's the that's the point of your LDL now why did we call each the good daughter the good cholesterol the good cholesterol it is for this reason LDL is the one that delivers the cholesterol from the liver going to the different parts of your body where it will be stored or utilized now what would what is the job of your HDL HDL is known for the reverse pathway when we say reverse pathway HDL is the one that collects excess cholesterol in the body and will return it back to the liver that is the reason why we call it your good cholesterol it is also a cardio protective component a cardio protective molecule because it will prevent you from having cardiovascular diseases that's why we call it your good cholesterol the excess cholesterol okay and then will return it back to the liver so take for example take for example LDL's job is just to deliver it doesn't mind if it is an excess or not what I will do is to deliver all throughout the body and then of course there will be some that will just be taking a few okay and then there will be excess and that will now be the job of your HDL it is the one that will clean up the excess cholesterol in the body now sir if I do have that mechanism inside my body why is it that some people still develop cardiovascular diseases and this is the funny part about it your LDL and your HDL are inversely proportional if your LDL starts to be in if your LDL production increases your HDL goes down so in a sense if you eat a lot of cholesterol if you eat a lot of fat if you are living unhealthy lifestyles your body will produce more cholesterol paving way to an increase LDL and a decrease HDL that's why there will not be enough HDL to clean up the excess in your body now are we clear people malinaw po ba tayo everyone can I see a raise of hand if we're clear in that part don't worry on the second part of our discussion next meeting I will be discussing there the lipid pathway from absorption from the moment you eat your food being digested in the body being absorbed in the intestines and then how does it become from your chylomicrons whatsoever so clear tayo doon so I hope na you are the foundations for lipids and lipoprotein are very much clear to you now okay because as we move along if you're quite lost in the middle you'll have a hard time understanding the succeeding topics so again it's important that you know the reason why I first discussed the characteristic of your lipid so that you would know easier that lipoproteins are very much important now let's talk about the different lipoproteins so your lipoproteins are like this this is your general lipoprotein of course you have your hydrophobic this is where you see your cholesterol ester your fatty acid fatty acids and even your triglycerides this is where you would store carry the lipids that they need to transport so this is your apolipoprotein your apolipoprotein is specific for each of your they are specific for each of your what do you call this they are specific for your lipoproteins so if you have your chylomicrons you have your apobb48 if you have your VLDLLDL that is apobb100 and then for HDL that is apoba1 your apoba1 now maybe some of you are wondering how do we know how would I know the one that I am seeing right now is a chylomicron a VLDL and LDL or HDL well simple there are two methods on how we can determine the lipoprotein and listen up now these are very important there are two ways on how we can determine them first that is through ultra centrifugation and the next one is through electrophoretic mobility I will explain this further in our next discussion I just want you guys to see this so that you would know how do we classify your lipoprotein we classify them first through their boyan density which one is the lightest which one is the heaviest obviously the principle here is that the more protein they have the heavier they are the less protein the lighter they are and again I will go back to this as you can see you would know which one is the lightest and which one is the heaviest based on the protein component so that's the first way of differentiating or classifying your lipoproteins through their boyan density and the process is what we call your ultra centrifugation again your ultra centrifugation on the other end you can also classify your lipoproteins according to their electrophoretic mobility again electrophoretic mobility now in your electrophoretic mobility aside from their charge aside from the charge of the molecule another way on how we also classify your molecules in this particular sensor lipoprotein is through their size so here we are now able to differentiate the different lipoproteins according to their sizes and as you can see guys sir on the left okay on the left picture the name were VLDL low density very low density, high density why is it that in the electrophoretic pattern I am seeing now beta lipoprotein I am seeing now pre-beta lipoprotein I am seeing now alpha lipoprotein which one is HDL here which one is VLDL here which one is LDL here those are the things that we aim to answer by the end of this meeting even if I only have 15 minutes left for this discussion can I as a favor can I extend like 10 minutes lang if ever can I be okay can I see a raise of hand if ever lang, if I need it can I see a raise of hand if it's okay, 10 minutes lang para para the flow in your mind will also be better later haba balikan natin to will go back to this in a short while first let's talk about your kylo-micron there no problem because your kylo-micron you see this on the top most because it's the lightest you see this on the origin why do we see it on the origin because it didn't move because it's the largest lipoprotein now I would introduce to you your kylo-microns your kylo-microns are considered to be the largest yet the least dense among all lipoproteins it is the lipoprotein with the lowest density meaning the lightest and in our discussion a few slides ago okay, we mentioned that kylo-microns are the major carrier molecule for your triglyceride and I want to be very very specific these are triglyceride that are exogenous by nature your kylo-microns are the one that transport your exogenous triglyceride sir what do you mean by exogenous triglyceride meaning to say these are the triglycerides that came from your diet like take for example later by 12.10 you'll eat your lunch and of course there are fats there once that it goes to your body, to your intestine it will be absorbed in your bloodstream and it will be transported by your kylo-microns again these are your exogenous triglyceride yes much of that when we go to your VLDL okay so again your kylo-microns they are produced in your intestines and they are completely cleared within 6 to 9 hours post-prangjan which explain at 10 hour fasting for your lipid profile can I see a raise of money for clear so is it making sense now that your kylo-microns are the one that carry the exogenous triglyceride that came from my diet that came from my food now it would take around 6 to 9 hours before it can be cleared out in the body well some of you would say sir 6 to 9 hours pala why is it that the fasting hours is still 10 hours that is to standardize all your fasting nap fasting for your lipid profile is 10 hours the minimum is 10 hours and that is not for your call but more for your triglyceride can I see a raise of money for clear malina ba tayo okay so we're clear now having said that having said that when present in high levels as you can see if your triglyceride are present in high level in your body it will create an appearance of a milky it will an appearance of a milky plasma and it will accumulate on top creating a floating creamy layer when left and distributed for several hours okay so your kylo-microns your kylo-microns are the one responsible for the milky appearance of your plasma okay I'll say this para mabilis tayo if your serum or your plasma looks milky it is because of your triglyceride it looks turbid that is more probably due to your cholesterol okay that is due to your cholesterol now okay so when present at high level again the major composition of your kylo-microns is 90% triglyceride and only 1-2% protein okay so 90% triglyceride meaning to say more specific these are your these are your exogenous triglyceride sure do we need to specify it in our quiz and in our exam yes okay I'm very particular with this okay so your kylo-micron carries your exogenous triglyceride okay so talking about the apolipoprotein there is a 1-2% protein in your kylo-micron so the apolipoproteins in your kylo-micron include your apo B48 it also has apo A1 and apo A4 apo C1, C2, C3 and apo E sure ang dami nang imememorize hindi naman yan madami because what I want you to remember is your apo B48 is the major apolipoprotein for your kylo-microns can I see a race of any for clear people are we clear? now aside from your kylo-microns again your kylo-microns the lightest the lightest the largest it carries your exogenous triglyceride it causes your blood to be milky it is produced in your intestine apo B48 done now let's go to your VLDL your VLDL okay your very low density lipoprotein your VLDL is derived from your ultracentrification these are names derived from your ultracentrification okay your VLDL your very low density lipoprotein are also known as your pre-beta lipoprotein your pre-beta lipoprotein so balikan natin this is your VLDL right after kylo-micron your VLDL but here it will change because right after your kylo-micron this is your beta lipoprotein or your LDL your pre-beta lipoprotein these are your VLDL okay these are your VLDL now bago pa kayo malito at bago pa kayo magpanik your VLDL again is your pre-beta lipoprotein so your VLDL are particles in the liver almost all your VLDL, LDL, HDL at sila sa liver except for your kylo-micron produced in the lactil cells of your intestine so as you can see here your VLDL particles are produced in the liver so they supply the tissue of the tissues of the body with triglycerides of endogenous primarily hepatic origin what are we trying to say here yes your liver is also able to produce triglyceride in this particular sense these are your endogenous triglyceride these are your endogenous triglyceride so your VLDL contains 50% triglyceride 40% cholesterol 10% protein and a density of 0.95 1.005 kg per litter so this is now your VLDL to wrap it up your VLDL is also known as your pre-beta lipoprotein it is produced by the liver it carries your endogenous triglyceride mainly your endogenous triglyceride although a little bit of cholesterol and also protein now when it comes to your VLDL the major apolipoprotein for your VLDL is your APOB100 again, your APOB100 but you can also see your APOE kung makikita ninyo there are some overlap but I want only to highlight what is unique to them in your chylomicron it is your APOB48 in your VLDL it is your APOB100 can I see a raise of hand before I proceed to your VLDL clear? I hope you are remembering the characteristics because these are very important next we also have your LDL excuse me your LDL also known as your beta lipoprotein also known as your bad cholesterol I'll explain to you your LDL is produced through the metabolism of your VLDL from your VLDL it will become your IDL intermediate density lipoprotein and will become LDL 50% of your VLDL will be converted to your LDL LDL is produced to the metabolism of your LDL and constitute 50% of the total lipoprotein mass in human plasma so it transport the cholesterol from the liver to the peripheral tissue ladies and gentlemen I was the one who discussed cholesterol in the laboratory so I did mention there that the reason why we do not have fasting for cholesterol it is because of this reason the cholesterol that we are measuring in the laboratory are the one produced by your liver and not the one from diet can I see a raise of hand again the cholesterol being measured in your lipid profile are the cholesterol produced by the body and not from your diet okay it transports your cholesterol from the liver to your peripheral tissue for utilization and also storage in some cases about 50% of the total lipoprotein are LDL majority sila so as you can see the apple lipoprotein that we usually see are your apple B100 yes the same with your VLDL and then your aposin they are also known as your bad cholesterol okay so again that is your low density lipoprotein and finally you have your high density lipoprotein your high density lipoprotein is your HDL your HDL also known as your alpha lipoprotein your alpha lipoprotein so it is the smallest that's why it is the fastest but it is the heaviest because it has the most percentage of apple lipoprotein or protein in their structure so it is produced by the liver and they can exist either in this shape or spherical particle I will explain that this shape and spherical particles next meeting in the pathway sir, back at this back at spherical it has something to do with the conformation that it needs para makapag-collect ng excess cholesterol okay so HDL is involved in the reverse ang sabi ko kanina reverse cholesterol transport because if LDL delivers the coli from the liver going to the tissue HDL will do the reverse it will collect the excess cholesterol from the tissue going back to the liver and the major lipoprotein ladies and gentlemen are your apple A1 these are your apple A1 so they are also known as good cholesterol because they are a cardio-protective agent meaning to say the higher your HDL is the less chances that you will develop a cardiovascular disease okay now, aside from that there are also subclasses of your HDL according to density you have your HDL2 and HDL3 according to surface charge you have your pre-beta pre-alpha and alpha so these are just minor minor these are just minor details about your HDL one thing that I want you to remember on the other hand we have your pre-beta HDL okay your pre-beta HDL is also known as your lipid-poor apple A1 okay meaning to say it is a type of HDL that has very low apple A1 it cannot perform its function it cannot perform its function so yun nyo ano natin so I guess I will not be I won't be extending too long but before we go let's have some active recall okay everybody to answer on your chat box or wherever you are while you are listening to this whether synchronous or asynchronous so let's have an active recall I'll flash it and then you tell me what lipoprotein are we pertaining to okay that lipoprotein that is considered to be the least dense anyone on the chat box everybody most dense these are your okay 5 seconds 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 what is the answer people of the universe okay these are your kailo microns okay what is the most dense most dense na ano natin most dense na lipoprotein most dense it is your okay good this are your HDL what is the other name for your HDL other name for HDL good cholesterol aside from good cholesterol based on electrophoretic pattern what is the other name of your HDL based on electrophoretic pattern these are your alpha lipoprotein okay next what lipoprotein carries your exogenous triglyceride what lipoprotein carries your exogenous triglyceride these are your what your kailo microns correct okay your kailo microns what about your endogenous triglyceride what are the main carrier molecule of your endogenous triglyceride carrier molecule of endogenous triglyceride 5 seconds 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 3, 2, 1 that is your VLDL what is the other name for your VLDL or other name for your very low density lipoprotein what is the other name for your VLDL that is your okay 5 seconds 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 okay missing answer that's correct it's your pre-beta lipoprotein pre-beta okay VLDL what about your good cholesterol good cholesterol is also known as your good cholesterol is HDL may nakita kong iba okay may naibang sagot okay hindi ang kailo microns your good cholesterol is your HDL your bad cholesterol which one is your bad cholesterol people bad cholesterol now is your LDL okay your bad cholesterol is your HDL okay so I hope you remember that but before we go let me just try to reiterate this as you can see your kailo microns okay it is the lightest it's the largest I just want to show this because there is an exchange in the position if you are pertaining to the ultra centrifugation lightest to heaviest lightest to heaviest your kailo microns VLDL HDL but if you are pertaining to your electrophoretic mobility it is your kailo microns your beta lipoprotein your pre-beta lipoprotein and your alpha lipoprotein and if I'm going to put it in using their boyan density this is your LDL okay this is your VLDL okay this is your VLDL are you getting my point? that's why I need to reiterate this part just so you won't interchange the two as we go along so that's it for today thank you so much for listening so here's our here's our references so thank you so much for listening so if you don't have any questions or clarifications I will be ending this recording already and I'll see you on our next meeting okay?