 Mais j'aimerais maintenant que nous tournions donc vers le monde région par région quelque sorte pour entendre trois perspectives régionales and the next speaker would be Juliette Toakley giving us a perspective from Africa and the African continent Juliette. Good morning, thank you. We learned several lessons from the COVID pandemic in Africa, not the least from observing what was happening elsewhere and looking into our own resources. And one of the major lessons, I believe, was a recognition of the need for strong political will and a focus on in-country public health systems. There was also a greater unity of purpose between countries in Africa. Yes, certainly there was a regional emphasis, but there was also a Pan-African approach, which I think also was very helpful to us in the medical arena. There was certainly a recognition of the need to build our own capacities, which thankfully was supported by international agencies decision to build up African vaccine responses as a global public good. And of course, as many of you may remember, this was partly in response to the disappointment in how vaccines had been promised and often not delivered. We received barely a third of the promised vaccines ultimately. And so there was a very rapid recognition of the need to change course that was supported. And very strong support from the African CDC that was located in Addis Ababa. And we were very fortunate in having very strong leadership of that institution through a Dr. John Kingesong, who was the director of it at that time. He was absolutely magnificent. Unfortunately, because he was so magnificent, he's now been swiped up by the US government to manage PEPFAR, but still he has a worthy successor in place. And the CDC, the African CDC, harmonized and strengthened surveillance systems in a way that we had not experienced previously, as well as strategic sampling frameworks, which was very important for identifying the different variants as they arose throughout the continent. He also focused on strengthening the supply chain once it had been developed or once it became apparent for the need to develop a strong supply chain of various goods and shared surveillance data across all country or all in country programs. And you may remember after the B1 Omicron variants had been recognized in South Africa. We were given daily, if not twice daily, accounts of its gradual migration upward from Southern Africa to East Africa, West up through North Africa, which allowed us to prepare adequately, but at least to some extent, as it made that transmission across the continent. And number two, vaccine production facilities were developed. There were some incipient facilities available, but they have been considerably strengthened and enhanced. Across six African countries, we have 12 facilities that are based primarily in Algeria, Egypte, Morocco, Senegal, Rwanda, and South Africa. And these have been particularly effective and particularly strong in their output. We also, not we, but in Africa, there was a group African Vaccine Acquisition Trust established, Avat, that not only has focused on the manufacture of vaccines, but also manufacturing tests, treatments, and protective equipment, even though each country, of course, took on what they could locally and certainly Ghana was very busy in this regard. The CDC also ensured that there was the development of an Africa Medical Access Supply Chain for Pharmaceuticals. This is currently based in Rwanda and has been very, very effective because of the impactful funding and support from many bodies that have included the African Union the African Development Bank, PEPFAR, and WHO, to mention BuzzFu. I think it's shown that we have worked together as a collective in so far as we have already been faced with our new pandemic. Well, it's not quite a pandemic, I take that back. Our new illness, i.e. Ebola, which showed up initially in West Africa and Sierra Leone, and then subsequently in Uganda, where it's been a little bit more severe. But I think it is coming under control, not the least because of this group work together, especially by our in-country public health systems. And so I think we've really learned to work together, if you will, finally, in an important aspect of our development, that being health and politically, in so far as it's been necessary to work in the public health arena. But I'm quite proud of how we responded overall. And I do think we're well prepared for future outbreaks. Thank you. Thank you very much, Juliette. And I think we'll come back to Africa and to regions in the next session because clearly what we're seeing now is a welcome trend to decentralization and the regionalization of manufacturing, of research and development and manufacturing. And that has implication when we will be discussing the governance and whether sort of governance of health in the future, how much will that be global at the New York or Geneva level or how much will that be a sort of federation of regional governance hubs and how much regions in the future will be autonomous in their ability to prepare and to respond to pandemics. Let's now, maybe before we move to Yid-e Chao, Juliette, can I turn to you and ask you what's the current status, what's the current vaccine coverage of healthcare workers in Africa that was an issue, of course, in the first year of the pandemic? Well, as you know, we did have an initial problem with accessing the vaccines and then we had a political problem of which vaccines we would encourage per country and within certain countries and regions. But I would say that right now and I'm not basing it on very specific facts, but certainly anecdotally, I would say that most healthcare workers, perhaps 60% thereabouts, have been vaccinated because I think we will put into the position of having to recommend vaccination to populations that were somewhat skeptical about the need for them, were skeptical about the onset and origin of COVID and their own exposure rates to it because, as you know, notwithstanding the discrepancy of numbers of cases, I do think that Africa still did come in a little bit lower in terms of active cases and mortality. And so I think that there was a moral imperative for those involved in health to take the vaccine themselves and then persuade the citizenry, if you will, especially high risk citizenry to vaccinate. Thank you very much.