 Waterborne pathogens and related diseases pose a significant threat to global public health. The costs associated with preventing and treating these diseases can be high, and the problem persists despite continued efforts to maintain safe drinking water. Diagnostics tools are being developed to detect both cultivable and non-cultivable pathogens, as well as those found on biofilms. Additionally, quantitative microbial risk assessments, QMRAs, provide valuable insights into the risks posed by waterborne pathogens. This article was authored by Floor Yasmin Ramirez Castillo, Abraham Loramuro, Mario Jacques, and others.