 Yng nghymru? Llywodraeth a gweld, rydyn ni'n ei ff respectful o gIK os yw'r gwybod a llunydd yr ystyried o'r Llethaeth Ion Age Carych Beryl gyterddai Ion Age Tlerich. Rhyw unig elwod na'r hyn am yr ystyried o hwy gydag o'r ffym Fygin Grych, o crofyn i'r mynd i'r sérfi a chyfynod rhagorau yng Nghymru o'r rayon mwy o fynd yn 2018, ac rydyn ni'n gwneud o'r rydyn ni'n credu rydyn ni'n credu rydyn ni'n credu Opyrll Trifon yn ymddiol, i gael eu cyfnodd ar gyfer y ffordd o'r disgustiwn i'r gweithio i ddweud ar y gweithio'r ffordd o'r gweithio'r gweithio. First, we need to acknowledge the partners and funding bodies for this project. Anghiedd Vachamri, National Museum Wales, has worked in partnership with Doved Archaeological Trust and CADDM to make this project happen. In developing a strong engagement and community strand to the project, we've partnered with Pembrokeshire College and Planet ensuring this project has strong Pembrokeshire roots and relevance. We'd like to acknowledge the support of the National Lottery Heritage Fund in Wales who have provided significant grant funding to enable this project to happen. We're also very grateful to the Heady Trust who have just agreed to provide a significant grant award towards our acquiring the artefacts from this site as a treasure group for the National Collection in Wales. So the story begins in February 2018 when meta-detectrist Mike Smith reported a stunning group of charity fittings decorated the late Latin art style with red-class insets as a possible treasure find. They date to the first century AD and they were made and used just before or around the time of the invasion of Western Britain by the Roman army. This is the first contact I had with Mike early last year when he sent me this email with attached photographs. Dear Mr Wilt, my name is Mike Smith. I'm a member of Pembrokeshire prospectors and believe I found a Celtic chieftons with chariot burial. Could you please ring me on? I was initially skeptical about it being a chieftons chariot burial. The existing comparable evidence we've had from Wales suggested the greater likelihood of a hoard of objects buried in a pit but without a human burial. However, on the basis of what we've now discovered, I'm very happy to take my words on this. As a National Museum Curator, one of my responsibilities is to report to coroners in Wales on prehistoric treasure finds to help them to determine whether finds are legally treasure. So in March last year I met with Mike and visited the site of the find spot and here you can see on the left Mike with his metal detector. As this group of reported chariot fittings represented one of the most important groups of Celtic art from Wales and the first from Pembrokeshire, I was keen to investigate the find spot more closely, firstly to see if more artefacts still remained in the ground as additional potential treasure items and secondly to try to understand why and how they were buried here. During this visit we re-identified and marked the exact place of the find together. Remarkably in the immediate vicinity of the find we discovered a previously unrecorded iron age promontary fort with three lines of ramparts surviving them. Given the significance of the find located close to an impressive upstanding archaeological monument, Amgyrtha Cymru also commissioned Dr Tim Young of GeoArc to undertake a small geophysical survey over the immediate find spot to see if any linked archaeology survived buried here and you can see Tim taking readings with the magnetometer on the right hand slide. Here are some photographs of the three lines of upstanding ramparts of the fort with their still traceable external ditches. To give you some scale here at the top right is my colleague Mark Lewis at the bottom of a ditch with our volunteer Adele at the top of one of the rampart banks. It's still around four metres high from base to top. When Tim accessed the Lidar survey coverage of the area the shape of the three ramparts cutting off a promontary were clearly indicated. The promontary was defined on two sides by steep-sided valleys with converging stream beds at their base so if I just mark you can see the lines of the ramparts there and then the promontary defined there and you can see on the left Tim's geophysics survey plot as accurately superimposed over the Lidar plot on the left hand side. This survey clearly showed two further hill fort ditches and additional circular monuments to the west of the visible fort and in the area of the find spot and when we looked at the detail we could see that the chariot finds had been made in the middle of an apparently circular ditched monument nine metres in diameter which was located in a rectangular enclosure seemingly added as a late addition to an elaborated hill fort entrance. At the centre of the circular feature was a very high peak or archaeological anomaly suggesting a central feature containing metal artefacts. This provided really strong evidence that the original burial context of the chariot fitting was still survived and needed to be explored further. To show the outstanding ramparts in more detail this is the contour survey of the promontary fort and the site was surveyed in early spring of this year before the ground vegetation in this woodland had grown up too much. The ramparts are most impressive on the southern side and defining the presumed entrance. The inner two ramparts are close and spaced and parallel however the outer third line is separated by a wider gap and appears to have a more irregular curve. We know very little yet for sure about the occupation of the interior or the dated development of the fort however the features that we can see now from the survey in geophysics suggests the multiple-phased fort. So in June last year we were able to undertake a week of preliminary excavation to have a look at the artefact find spot as part of an ongoing treasure case. The work was carried out by Angi Ofer Cymru and Beved Archaeological Trust staff working in partnership with additional cadw grant funding and here you can see some of the working shots of the work undertaking in very hot weather and on the left hand slide I'm talking to the landowner. At this point I'd like to thank the landowners and their family for all the help support and interest they've given throughout this project while we've been working on their farm. They're quite proud to be the people currently caring for and farming on this land now known to have been occupied for so long by their ancient ancestors. Here on the bottom left you can see the trench area we opened over the middle of the circular ditch monument feature. At the centre we identified a large sub rectangular shaped patch of clay infilling a deeper archaeological feature. This is shown in the top left photograph. We caught a section of this clay layer excavating down into the pit feature and what we revealed on the western side of the pit were the tops of two curved iron wheel tyres on an east west alignment and running parallel with each other. You can see one of these on the top right slide. This provided strong evidence for a chariot burial where the chariot had been buried whole and upright with the wheels still attached to the axle. We could identify these as wheel tyres by comparison of examples in the national collection from Sinc Eric Bach on Anglesey. As the chariot wheels were potentially large and buried deep it became clear that this unexpected discovery could not be excavated in a rush and need more time and resources to investigate properly and carefully. Dr Mark Lewis, a conservator and expert in the care and treatment of ancient iron work advised that the iron was both fragile and now unstable but could be temporarily re-stabilised by re-burying with sift soil over the tyres. We were also fortunate that Dr Kate Roberts chief inspector at Cadu was able to visit the site to inspect the find whilst it was uncovered and it was decided the best course of action would be to carefully cover the site to protect it and then to return to excavate the grave when more time and funding had been made available. This slide shows the group of metal detector finds and the artefacts discovered during last year's excavation. I'll talk further about their interest and significance later in the presentation but for the purposes of treasure reporting I was able to identify them as being an associated group of iron age artefacts of consistent style and date of manufacture during the mid first century AD. In other words this was a prehistoric base metal artefact association which satisfied the legal definition. They were accordingly declared treasure at the end of January this year and they're currently going through the treasure evaluation process at the British Museum and at the end of October will be acquiring them for the national collection in just the next week or two. A continuing concern over the autumn and winter of last year was the desire to protect the site now potentially at risk from night hold, hawk, metal detectorists who might damage the site and remove artefacts still in the ground without having permission to detect on the bound. With this in mind Cadu scheduled the fort and find spot to protect it by law and we were not able to release any information to the public about the site until after the archaeology had been fully explored. We also worked with Dovid Powys police and the landowners to make sure that the ongoing threat was being monitored. So the pressure was now on to form a funding plan and partnership enabling the grave to be excavated and the remaining artefacts to be safely lifted before they decayed in the ground or were robbed. It was agreed that spring this year was the best time for an excavation. The partnership was set up with both Angerthe Cymru and Cadu contributing significant resources to the project however further financial support was needed to make this happen so we applied to the National Lottery Heritage Fund in Wales and in February this year we were told we'd been successful. In our funding application we said we wanted to work in a particular way in delivering this major museum and heritage project to reflect the commitments and values of Angerthe Cymru. We wanted to work through partnership with other organisations developing opportunities for participation volunteering and community engagement. The excavation team would comprise a mix of Dovid Artological Trust experience volunteers, three PhD students of archaeology from Cardiff University and a team of young student volunteers from Pembrokeshire College. In particular we wanted to work with young people interested in their heritage to offer them genuine opportunities to be involved with a major archaeological discovery on their doorstep to be part of the team to learn new skills and to create film and archive footage which would itself become part of the national collection and would be core to presenting the project in years to come. Hadn't noted there that one of the concerns was that this site was only vulnerable to a legal method of testing and during the winter last winter I did visit several times just to check on how it happened to it and it was quite clear that it had them and the landowner reported that he had seen no suspicious activity whatsoever in the area so he was fairly confident that things would have kept fairly confidential. Can you hear it? Is that better? We had concerns about the site but they were not justified as it was that the landowner was quite confident there was no interference with it. So in March this year we went to the site and stripped the area over the Charyc area itself and some of the changes were which I'll talk about just at the end there briefly. We see there the area exposed, the changes we've done in the period of spring time and I think on the bottom of the photograph you've just got to see the green difference appear. I will say the site was not the easiest to work on. The geology is not good and people have worked on or have worked on siloing shales on fishing shales in South West Wales just to know how tractable they are. Particularly when they are at the top meters so is very much damaged by periglaceous activity. So the geology was very difficult and you can see there that the election of English does not show particularly well even when cleaned up. But there is a plan that has probably exposed this on the pre-expression plan and you can see from now that the power lines are plough marks and the site has been deep ploughed seven years ago with the potatoes and the two little holes in the centre they make out where the fire spots the one on the right hand end of the subectarian feature is where a vital bit was found and the one in the centre is where a large pass approach was found which happened at the top about days along and it looks as though both of those have been disturbed by ploughing and the rocks are surface so hence the detectors could actually discover them and detect them when they are perhaps in the base of the top site otherwise it may have been more securely let them lower down and not be discovered. You see also that English does seem to be parallel with a possible gap on English on the south east side again hidden on that later on. The weather was not kind to say at least we had a shelter but for the first two weeks we were unable to put it up we had gale force winds constantly for two weeks our portals blew away and the things blew away but eventually did get it up over the barrier itself and you can see there on the bottom left I think you might just be able to make out the chariote of time for you to be exposed to the tops of them and also between the sorry to the right of the small major pole the smaller saw that you can appear there which I'll show you in a second metaphor for that. This is the saw position between the two wheels and where you expect to find the box of the chariot. Other artefacts are there as well but I want to emphasise here first of all the severity of this particular artefact in Wales. It's a type 4 longsword, late iron age, 1st century ADBC, of which is only three and this is one of them known for Wales. One was from the Tyncobach port which I haven't mentioned earlier in the Google network Neve Small Lake and another one is from a Pobl burial town in 909 Anglesey and that's it so they accept your bare objects but also just how bare artefacts are in West Wales generally in the Iron Age. Those of you who have worked on a site in Western Wales may excavate a complete small hill foot large-gendered enclosure and that's the excavation hallway with a spindle wall part of the crone stone and a cover piece of Roman pottery if you're lucky. So actually to get this quality of material is not just unusual, it's unique for the Iron Age. So here's the saw and you see that it's probably not in good condition and so the decision was made to lift it as a whole piece so you see a concerto there to the National Museum, Martha's, Mwne's Mumford, the Baptist in Clingford and then in Caster Parish branches and undermining to get some bores underneath it to get it as best you can lift it whole. I think that it's fairly successful because it has broken slightly but that was a reasonable escalation to go down to the ground and that's again you see some slides that have been excavated and so have gone very well. There's just some of our volunteers and I would say at this stage that we couldn't have done the excavation without that input. As Adam said about six volunteers altogether some of them have got a lot of experience probably more so than many professional archaeologists so they are working as volunteers on various sites for the 10 years and that's to acknowledge that their input in not good conditions at least it wasn't the best time to excavate it otherwise and they were just soldiered on every single day turned up at eight o'clock and that way through to five, six o'clock something. The wheels are chariot, you can see that rather mutually they are squashed down and damaged and we've been making them longer about this on site and later on about how that's happened. A general feeling now is actually what has happened there is that the wheels have been squashed down post deposition actually we feel that the chariot was from the ground complete and the wheels are about one meter ten in diameter which is considerably larger than standard chariot wheels which are about nine centimetres and half each of the ones known from elsewhere and Britain and they were we've got a lot of it half any organic remains any staining of spokes or wooden beams for those wheels and it was not so I think so I was just not conducive to that sort of preservation unfortunately you can see there the we did quite carefully excavate it to try and expose the spokes that had been there so our feeling now is what happened is that those wheels were put on the ground complete I sort of would have rotted that there must have been a mound a substantial mound over them squashing down the wheels and the two hubs you can see there then just dropped down complete as a word of decay the work that the hubs dropped complete simply because within them you feel there's a lot of animal grease and fat lubricant actually it's held together while they pretend to gain complete where they fell down the hubs themselves or naves will have had inside outside bronze couple alloy hoops to them which I think they are decorated hoops and two linch things one to make the wheel iron linch things with bronze decoration at the ends which again I'll show a few more cycles later on that's the joys of those two wheels you can see quite squashed down there's no evidence of any box the chariot surviving by them so the actual between them we do feel it's just about scope for the chariot to put on the ground with the actual axle resting on the shallow base of the pit which is done between the two deep wheel pits so essentially the chariot to put on the ground two deep wheel pits are done to take the chariot and it looks only driver bits are placed at the end of where the horse's heads would have been there was no evidence of the horse themselves would have been very there the practical evidence of any directness of anybody actually in the ground itself although we do again feel that she was one there which we're going to say right now at the end of that fact again the acid soils on the side means any bone just what a day could is nothing in a trace of bone no staining or what's leather the mark the list of the National Museums was the basic analysis of the many of these deposits below where the burial may have been and the highlights that actually have been made that indicate the burial on the ground and we will do phosphate analysis and post excavation to try and determine what the possibility of them being at the burial was there. There's some of the students at the work on the sites and the young people from Cambridge College I think one is going to do archaeology university and modern history so it's been a useful experience for them that's the plan of the site post excavation you see the central grave pit the subelval pit very shallow about 15 centimetres deep total the two wheel pits deep off the surrounding circular ditch pan the ditch quite well defined there within the gap our entrance into it two graves or two graves shaped hollows one cutting through another one the latest one at a large stone on a surface we should feel it could have been up like a marker stone so that it would be too high and again we've been making this long and hard whether what we're seeing here is a quite a large mound which is over the chariot itself it's different to how it works exactly within a gap on our entrance on the southeast side it isn't just to know that's about the size of a mound house you'd expect to get in south west wales another significant enough way to reuse a mound house or a symbolic mound houses is open to debate two other features there as well so at the very top is a nice oval shaped pit which we suspect would have been a crouched burial again we'll do some analysis on ourselves to try and turn it back and the only feature which has got the possibility of conveying carbon dates from that small pit on the side of the bottom which cuts through the ring ditch quite a chart on which it goes there which we'll get some dates from and that's the site that's excavated the bottom left hand photograph is looking across was the ring ditch chariot down towards the hill fort and she'd seen the trees in the background i think it was an idea of scale from that while we were doing the excavation we took the opportunity to do more of the survey across the whole field and to the joining fields and they haven't got the sight of showing the results of that we are trying to keep this information a bit confidential at the moment for various reasons but there's a lot of data from that field essentially what we've got there as far as the two ring ditch we have shown earlier this particular one the chariot and one a bit further out we have about 12 ring ditches slightly further out from the hill fort itself at which you indicate a cemetery they're not normally in south as well they've been in terms of the bondage cemetery this so it's the largest bondage cemetery perhaps in Wales but some of the centre features those pics are very large the largest one is probably about two and a half meters long very on the bondage like the nature of the grave so we could well have an iron age cemetery associated with the hill fort in which case it's unique and could contain more artifacts although none of them indicates those things indicate the size of the iron objects which the chariot has got here so that's a bit of a headache for protection and to keep the cadre of how to do it because it's a site for legal purposes because it's a very, very large site and they're up on their hands which they probably will schedule if again that was only legal protection. I mentioned a couple of dictionary sections we've done this is the GH4 survey show those outer defensive ditches this is just a section across one of them there just showing the size about four metres across two to two and a half meters deep I'm supposed to be a bit deeper I mean normally we dig these ditches on an iron age sites and as well they are B shaped rather than something you can U shaped but that's the side right there on the right hand side within the the story layout's midway down having a lot of iron working within it and Roman Pottery not a lot of Roman Pottery perhaps 20 shares altogether which but that is in this particular ditch is third, fourth century in date which suggests severe activity the section we looked through the other ditches had a few shares of Roman Pottery which was first century in date which suggests emergency activity so at this point I'd like to spend a few minutes covering the dating and some of the significances of the chariot fittings and the grove artefacts stylistically they're late decorated with the combination of style five and style six decorative motifs in the late the 10 art style which can confidently be dated to the first century AD and provide strong dating evidence for the chariot, chariot burial on the left is the large horse broach in his 1952 paper it was a Searle fox who suggested that large horse broaches may have been attached to a horse blanket covering one of the ponies interestingly our single example was located approximately one and a half metres behind the large territ perhaps suggesting a method of attachment between and to the rear end of the pony pair a single fitting the two legs are on separate hinges and would have moved with the ponies in form the piece looks like a pony face with legs and this was probably a deliberate matching of the decoration to the intended use the equine display it's decorated with red glass insets of distinctive iron age rather than roman technology a close published parallel from britain has shown at the bottom of left comes from the poldin hill board in the sunset now in the british museum's collection this hoard is securely dated to around AD 50 to 70 and i'd suggest a similar date of manufacture is also likely for our broach on the right hand side is a large decorated territ or rain guide it would have been located centrally on the chariot y oak and the reins of the two ponies would have gone through the central ring this flat ring type with impressed red glass decoration is one of the largest and most ornate known in britain in wales the nearest parable shown here at the bottom right comes from the less agarthe pentech hord myr cardiff which is also thought to be dated to the early or mid first century AD here at the top left is a decorated harness mount called the strap union and it's an example of a class with a large decorated flat plate surface and with four projecting loads as described and published by richard futuren as a note in the antiquies journal for 1991 in derivative terms the exhibit style five and six of the tenard motifs and are generally dated through other hoard associations to the first century ad at the bottom left are two further examples in the national collection for wales from ash when nithport talbot and main decan pilffort ronddach yn tawd on the right hand side you can see the bridle bit we found during the excavation the central links would have gone in the pony's mouth and the leather rings would have attached to the side rings this is a two length bit with elaborate links and two decorated terminals with an opposing double trumpet design similar two length bits are found in large numbers in the pole and hill board although these do not have decorated circular link terminals as on this example on typological and stylistic grounds though this bridle bit may also be considered as first century ad in date here then is the combined group of bronze and glass fittings it was apparent that pairs of bridle bits and strap unions are represented so at the bottom right we've been able to identify fragments from a second strap union with exactly the same form and decoration as the complete example while at the top left are fragments of a second identical bridle bit two points are worth highlighting here firstly that these fittings form an elaborate and chronologically coherent set secondly their dated manufacture during the first century ad marks out as chariot burial a significantly later and younger than all the other known chariot burials in southern Scotland in Yorkshire which span from the fifth to early second centuries bc this means that this chariot burial has an unique story to tell it was probably buried during the mid to later first century ad around the period that the roman army was invading and campaigning in western britain since the completion of the excavation of the grave the artifacts retrieved from the excavation which are now largely encased within plaster bandages are being monitored in our conservation laboratory for the large tire fragments and wheel fittings we needed to be able to access an industrial x-ray facility with a large chamber as a first step towards understanding them and stabilising them we're grateful to Ian Nicholson and colleagues at twi technology centre of Wales and Port Talbot for their help and input here they've worked with us on two days in june getting the large artifacts scanned and here top centre you can see one of the nave hoop and lynch pin soil blocks in the x-ray chamber on the second day of x-raying our student volunteers were also able to visit twi and see the new scans being generated at the artifacts on the 26th of june a day visit was organised to the archaeology conservation laboratory at the national museum Cardiff so our student volunteers could come and see the conservation care processes and stabilisation work now being undertaken on the artifacts on this day we also released the story of the discovery to the press and media so the students were involved with give a tv and radio interviews on the day to bring things up today the student volunteers have just recently presented their film for the first time relating to their experience of the excavation on the night of november at the temperature archaeology day held in their college in hafford west 200 people attended this event and the film was very well received i was also able to present on the archaeology of the project and we sought the views and feedback from those attending about how they would like the project to develop in its next stages so here on the left is the x-ray of the hilt end of the sword careful analysis of the images on a large screen revealed that the handle grip of the sword was made of segmented pieces of bone or antler iron corrosion was gathered at the joints between the segments mineralised wood impressions in the corroded surfaces suggests that the sword was buried in a wooden scabbard on the right is an x-ray scan image shown one of the large elaborate curved lynch pins with a rim head simpler iron parallels for these are known for example in the chynkerid bath religious lake deposits and the polder hill cord our elaborate and large matching pair have iron shanks with copper alloy rim heads and base caps the outline of a distorted copper alloy naethroop is also visible while an unexpected discovery was the survival of four iron rims two on each wheel originally fitted around the wooden chariot axle and importantly giving us the dimension of the missing axle located beside the sword at the blade tip end with these two iron fragments the upper fragment appears to be a federal of a sphere while the lower one appears to be an iron chain containing the blade tip of a possible dagger or second sword to corroborate the presence of a wooden shaft probably of a spear we've also pieces of spiral iron binding attached to which are mineralised fragments of a wooden shaft they extend in a line beside a complete sword however unfortunately no spear blade was discovered so these add to the range of weapons accompanying this burial and further serve to emphasise its high status there are additional iron artefacts in the central grave area which we're still looking at and considering they include number of iron rings and bolts that are probably fittings linked to the chariot platform structure at this point we ought to return to the difficult question of where the inhumation burial was placed and consider who this person may have been unfortunately as ken has already mentioned in this acidic soil no human bone has survived which is so frustrating for us in wanting to tell the full story of this chariot burial but we can explore some tentative evidences and make comparisons and inferences next to the sword and between the wheels we did observe patches of a darker organic soil stain so as ken has said we're hopeful that analysis of these may provide some tentative evidence of where the burial was once placed the location of the sword where the platform of the chariot structure would want to be is also suggested elsewhere where chariot burrows have been excavated in more alkaline soils where bone does survive human burials have been found in the location of the chariot platform in front of the wheels and also sometimes as burials accompanied with swords as grave goods so here at the bottom centre we have a burial placed on the box or platform of the complete chariot at ferry freist in west Yorkshire and on the right we have a skeleton with sword placed in a grave beside a dissembled chariot from wetwam slag in east Yorkshire so with our burial it does seem highly likely that the sword was placed next to the person in the grave unfortunately we cannot say whether the person was male or female old or young the evidence is simply gone what we can suggest is that the presence of a sword and spear in a grave denoted a person of high standing in their iron age community and society and burying a person with such an elaborate and highly decorated chariot is also an exceptional mark of their social standing i've just slipped this slide into the presentation to give you some visualisation of what these chariots may want to look like. Sir Cyril Fox, then director of the National Museum of Wales, was the first archaeologist to attempt this reconstruction drawing bottom left of what a British Iron Age chariot looked like in 1946 based upon the chariot fittings discovered at Schenkerry's Bath on Anglesey. Full-scale replicas have been made based upon more recent chariot burial finds made in east Yorkshire and Scotland. Robert Herford, a wheelwright and chariot maker based in Somerset, has already been involved with our project and funding permitting would be very keen to be able to commission a wrap-up based on this find and as an engaging means of public interpretation. To return to the question of the person buried a little more may be suggested by considering the placing of this grave. The grave within its defined circular ditch and probably mounted over after the burial was placed is the focal feature within a rectangular enclosure attached to an elaborate entrance of a long-established promontory fort. This has a deliberate and ceremonial feel as if the person was closely linked with this important defended place. People would have walked past this grave on the approach to the fort being made aware of the ancestral presence protecting or watching over them. The character of the ring ditch surrounding the grave pit with its southeast-facing entrance has, as Ken has said, it's not dissimilar its shape, size and alignment of an Iron Age roundhouse although there were certainly no post holes within this ditch to indicate the house structure ever existed here. Soon after the channeled burial was placed two intercutting graves were deliberately inserted precisely blocking its entrance. No human bone survived in either however Ken has pointed out the possible marker stone or lining stones and the features are of a human proportion and there's the further probable flexed or crouched burial found immediately to the northwest of the ring ditch. This entrance blocking must have been a conscious and symbolic act soon after the channeled grave was created and will wonders how these three individuals may have been related or associated with the person in the central grave. On the basis of these observations we can reasonably suggest that the circular enclosure may have served as a temporary mortuary enclosure marking out and defining the house of the dead when the burial was laid out on the chariot. In seeking to find some broader parallels for the ceremonial aspects of this exceptional first AD burial it's perhaps helpful to look at the kinds of structures and sites also appearing elsewhere at the same time. Here is the East Anglian site of Thredford, Fife and Way excavated by Tony Gregory in the early 1980s. In the later two phases the site was dominated by a central ceremonial enclosure and gathering place but it is clear that there are a range of interesting circular burial enclosures and mortuary structures placed within rectilinear enclosures around the peripheries and during the middle decades of the first century AD. Some further resonance may be found in looking at the ceremonial burial enclosure later converted into a Romano Celtic temple at Folly Lane in the opidum of Berylaming. Here a cremation burial was inserted into a central sunken rectangular shaft located at the centre of a rectilinear enclosure during the mid first century AD around AD 55. The burial was then mounted over. Amongst the grave goods which had been burnt on the pyre of the body were a rich array of high status metalwork items including chariot pieces of iron age and romanising style. The large horse broach on the left is similar to our example from Pembrokeshire. While certainly not suggesting a direct correlation between the two sites the layout as a central primary feature within a rectilinear enclosure the expression of an elite identity making reference to horses and chariots and the mounted over of a chamber are common and contemporary themes. These perhaps help us to interpret what we are for the first time seeing in Pembrokeshire. Similar burial sites and structures may now quite plausibly start to appear and be identified in greater numbers in this region which will enable better regional contextualisation of this evidence. The presence of such burrows does have important implications on how we interpret the internal processes of social development and the expression of elite identities within these western late iron age communities and societies and this is a key issue we will need to address in taking the interpretation of this evidence forward. Now Ken's just going to cover the last few slides. It's a bit of an additional context. South West Wales the iron age is the area which is dominated by small hill forts and defended enclosures. You see a distribution map there. About 700 or perhaps 800 now have known some of the integrated district handful. We see that the poverty forts are quite well represented in that particular list and the one which is newly discovered one in the Socialist Chariot is fairly typical of the poverty fort at South West Wales. Quite fairly defended, multi-ballot and closing quite a small internal area. It's probably about 70 or 80 of the number of poverty forts that are made to know in the region. I'm just a bit about the known Roman conquest of South West Wales. This is the pattern of forts and burrows as known during the conquest period. Since that, this is a new fort for newly discovered round about the heading west of the most far west road there just about the heading west, quite a large round of the fort. Essentially, the conquest is from 72 to 74 AD and the troops were withdrawn and returned about 80 to 82 AD to finish the conquest and by about 110 to 120 the military teams were withdrawn. So we're right on spot on for the Chariot to be in that sort of conquest period. One of the things that's come out of this particular project is that we haven't really been looking outside the ports and poverty forts. We've looked at the internal areas of some of them. The Chariot School has really sort of raised that particular issue to the front, particularly for conservation and management of these particular sites, normally when you schedule a site, it's right at the edge of the earthworks and what's outside is just left. So we're doing a project at the moment and she put in some handful of sites through geophysics and this is one of them. I just looked at the results of just two of those. You may recognise and may be aware of them. This is excavated by Geoffrey Wainwright in the 1960s. The excavated was just up in there. It's about 50 metres across to the site. Once the excavated, it's actually in the southern border of the pattern strangely. Anyway, put outside that, you can see at least two lines of the problem, a ditch running out in that port itself and there is at least one green ditch further out from that. So practically these sites are far more expensive than it appears to some of the earthworks to survive. I'm just another example here, a small site. The poverty forts is at the bottom in the trees. The tree cover of the internal areas is again very similar to the chariot, the chariot is shaped. Again, you see there, no surface open is outside and I feel quite clear, substantial ditch with small enclosure attached to it. What that is, is anyone's guess, but one assumes that it is associated with the poverty court. We've done about six to seven of these sites so far. Every single one has had positive results. So it has a big implications for management of these sites, but also increasing our knowledge of what is happening outside. I'm just to range on to this. It's a fairly self-explanatory site, what's going to happen. The second treasure report is having to prepare at the moment for the death of Collin, which was done stewing before after Christmas. Just after Christmas. It's okay. Then the National Museum has been going out and applying all the objects and quite clearly we've got a lot of post-execution work to do. The main part of the work is going to be concerning on those objects. Before community engagement, we were hoping to do some of good work on this site, but it's had him not to keep us to do so. They've taken us in now that they have nothing to show of a very large area associated with the hellport outside the hellport, and they're loving to just go back and do some further juicy work. It's rather pity, and they've ruled out a possible research project sometime in the future when you can be proud of it. And then possible reconstruction of the chariot, and of course exhibitions some years down the line, hopefully with a magnificent chariot, and I'll have some display. So, this is only the beginning of the story at the moment. It's the long way to go