 The results of the Chamaco study were published recently, the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas Valley, California, investigating the relationship between the exposure to flame retardant chemical pollutants in pregnancy and childhood and subsequent neurobehavioral development. Why California? Because California children's exposure to these chemicals are among the highest in the world, considered to be endocrine disruptors and neurotoxins. What did they find? Both prenatal and childhood exposures of these chemicals were associated with poorer attention, fine motor coordination and cognition, particularly verbal comprehension, by the time they reached school age. This study, the largest to date, contributes to growing evidence, suggesting that these PBDE flame retardant chemicals have adverse impacts on child neurobehavioral development, and the adverse effects may extend into adolescence, again, affecting motor function as well as thyroid gland function, something that may extend into adulthood. These chemicals go skin to the moms, and then get into the amniotic fluid, and then into the breast milk. And the more that's in the milk, the worse may be the infant's mental development. Breast is still best, but how did these women get exposed in the first place? The question is exposure mostly from diet or from dust. Researchers in Boston collected breast milk samples from 46 first-time moms, and vacuumed up samples of dust from their homes, and questioned them about their diets. They found that both were likely to blame. Diet-wise, a number of animal products were implicated. That's consistent with what's been found worldwide. For example, in Europe, these flame retardant chemical pollutants are found mostly in fish, meat, and other animal products. It's similar to what you see with dioxins— fish and other fatty foods, with a plant-based diet offering the lowest exposure. Well, that's the case. Then, do vegetarians have lower levels of flame retardant chemical pollutants circulating in their bloodstreams? Yes, vegetarians at about 25% lower levels. Poultry appeared to be the worst. USDA researchers compared the levels in different meats, and the highest levels were found in chicken and turkey, with less in pork and even less in beef. California poultry had the highest, consistent with strict furniture flammability codes. But it's not like chickens are pecking at the sofa. Chickens and turkeys may be indirectly exposed through the application of sewer sludge to fields where feed crops are raised, contamination of water supplies, the use of flame retardant materials in poultry housing, or the inadvertent incorporation of fire retardant material into the birds' bedding or feed ingredients. Now, fish have been shown to have the highest levels overall, but Americans don't eat a lot of fish, and so they don't contribute as much to the total body burden in the United States. Here's the level they found in meat-eaters. Here's the amount found in the bloodstream of vegetarians. Just to give you a sense of the contribution of chicken, here's where higher-than-average poultry eaters ended up, compared to lower-than-average. Where did the vegans end up? Well, we know the intake of many other classes of pollutants is almost exclusively from the ingestion of animal fats in the diet. So what if you take them all out of the diet? Well, it works for dioxins. And dioxin levels appear markedly lower than the general population. But what about for the flame retardant chemicals? Vegans came out down here, with long-term vegans who've been vegan around 20 years, even lower. This tendency for chemical levels to decline the longer one eats plant-based suggests that food of animal origin contributes substantially. But note the levels never got down to zero, right, so diet is not the only source. Do USDA researchers note that there are currently no regulatory limits on the amount of flame retardant chemical contamination in U.S. foods? But look, reducing the levels of unnecessary persistent toxic compounds in our diet is certainly desirable.