 Welcome, I welcome you all to this lecture in the course Sandhi in Paninian Grammar. In this lecture we continue to study Hal Sandhi or Consonant Sandhi. Hal Sandhi is the Sandhi that replaces a Hal or a Consonant, Hal is a Consonant. We have classified Hal Sandhi broadly into two, Ekasthanika Ekadesha and Ekasthanika Dvyadesha. Ekasthanika Ekadesha refers to the state where there is one substituent which is replaced by one substitute Ekasthani and Ekadesha. Ekasthanika Dvyadesha refers to that state where there is one substituent which is replaced by two substitutes. Ekasthanika Ekadesha is broadly divided into two, Purva Nimitaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha and also Purva Nimitaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha. And in today's lecture we are going to see another exceptional case in this regard. First let us study one more instance of Purva Nimitaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha. This can be diagrammatically shown in the following manner where you have A followed by B in close proximity, they are in Samhita mode and in this environment of B following which is Purva, A is substituted by C, A gets replaced by C. So this is Purva Nimitaka this is Ekasthani and this is Ekadesha. So this C can be described as Purva Nimitaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha. So A plus B is the input and C plus B is the output. Today we shall study Anunasi Kasandhi which is another instance of this Purva Nimitaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha. The Sutra that states this Anunasi Kasandhi is the following. Yaro Anunasi Ke Anunasi Ko Va, 8, 4, 45, Yaro Anunasi Ke Anunasi Ko Va. There are four padas in this particular sutra. The first one is Yaraha, 6 one of Yara and Yara means all consonants minus her. So Yaraha means in place of Yara, Anunasi Ke is 7 slash 1 of Anunasi Ke. So Anunasi Ke means immediately before an Anunasi Ke sound. Anunasi Ke is 1 slash 1 of Anunasi Ke. So this means Anunasi Ke is the substitute and Va is an in-declinable it means optionally. The word continued from the previous sutra na padantat toranam that word padantat is converted into the genitive case Shasti Ekavachana Padantasya which qualifies Yaraha in this particular sutra. So 6 one of Padantah is Padantasya, Padantah is at the end of the padha and as we said this qualifies Yaraha. So Yara should be such that it occurs at the end of the padha. Then in place of such a Yara put the substitute namely the Anunasi Ke. This is the meaning of the sixth case and the first case. This is how Padantah is explained. Now let us look at the overall meaning of this sutra Yara Anunasi Ke Anunasi Ke Va. The meaning is the following. Immediately before an Anunasi Ke sound Yara that is all consonants minus her which appear at the end of a padha is substituted by an Anunasi Ke sound and that is also done optionally. I repeat immediately before an Anunasi Ke sound Anunasi Ke Yaraha appearing at the end of a padha Padantasya is substituted by an Anunasi Ke, Anunasi Ke Ha optionally Va. This particular meaning can be shown in the form of an equation in the following manner. If you have this padha and at the end of this padha a Yara occurs and in the following padha the first consonant or first sound is a consonant and is an Anunasi Ke. Then in this environment of an Anunasi Ke this Yara is to be substituted by an Anunasi Ke. Obviously this Anunasi Ke is going to be close to this Yara so it will be having the property of being a nasal which matches with this environment and it also has to be close to the Yara. So this Anunasi Ke will be close to both the sthani as well as the nimitta and the most important point is that this output Anunasi Ke plus Anunasi Ke this output is optional. So Yara plus Anunasi Ke or some other modifications will happen to this Yara that will be the other optional output generated. Now let us look at the term Anunasi Ke. What is Anunasi Ke? Anunasi Ke is defined in the Ashta Dhyayi by Panini at 118 and the Sutra reads Mukhanasi Ke Vachano Anunasi Ke Ha which has got two words in it Mukhanasi Ke Vachano Ha and Anunasi Ke Ha. What this sutra means is that Anunasi Ke is that sound which is produced from both oral as well as nasal cavity together. I repeat Anunasi Ke is that sound which is produced from both oral as well as nasal cavity together. So C5 that is column 5 in the class consonants is an example of Anunasi Ke sounds. In fact when the word Anunasi Ke is used it invariably refers to these 5 sounds amongst the consonants. Here are the Anunasi Ke sounds listed together with the place of articulation from which they are produced from the oral cavity plus Nasika. So N is Anunasi Ke because it is produced from Kantha in the oral cavity and Nasika. Nya and also Anunasi Ke Ye Nya. These two sounds are produced from Talu in the oral cavity and Nasika. Then we have N produced from Murdhan and also Nasika. Then we have N and also nasal Le. These two sounds are produced from Danta in the oral cavity and Nasika. And finally M and also Oma these are produced from Ushta and also Nasika. So these are the Anunasi Ke consonants. Amongst them the 5 Nya Nya Nya M they are the ones which are mentioned as the environment right hand side environment by the word Anunasi Ke. And these 5 plus the other 3 they are mentioned as the substitute. Primarily because the positions that these sounds may occupy may not match with the environments required for this rule. Now we can rewrite the examples in the template format in this particular way. So if we have year ver le at the end of a pada like this followed by another pada at the beginning of which appears column 5 that means an Anunasi Ke. This is a Samhita mode and obviously 8445 applies and replaces this substitute and namely year ver and le consonants by the nasals. Year ver and le and C5 remains as it is. Now year ver le are part of year. Year is divided into 4 groups as is visible on this slide. The first one is year ver le. Second one is C5 column 5. The third group is that of columns 1, 2, 3, 4 of the classes consonants and finally consonants shir, shir and sir. So first we looked at year ver le plus column 5 and the sutra 8445 applies and the output generated is the nasal variety of year ver and le plus C5 and this is generated optionally. So year ver le plus C5 would be the other optional output. Then we have C5 plus C5. This is a peculiar case in this particular environment C5 is replaced once again by C5. So in a way we can say that the output is the same as the input but nonetheless technically the output is different. C5 in the output is the substitute. Is there a need for the sutra to apply here? Actually there is no need but technically the sutra should apply here because the Paninian grammatical tradition describes a particular material saying that a sutra applies wherever there is the condition for that sutra to apply and this is stated also by Prajanyaval Lakshana Pravrithihi. The sutra applies like the rain. The rain does not see the conditions if there is enough water or less water or no water or abundant water etc. It rains. Similarly the sutra applies wherever the conditions are fulfilled. If we come back and look at these year ver le we also note that there is one consonant which is missing that is re. Now in this case the Paninian grammatical tradition is quite clear and it says that there is no nasal variety of re and therefore this consonant re will not become a part of the group of substitute events over here even though it is listed as part of year. We can say that the year Pratyahara is redundant as far as re is concerned. Then we go to class consonants column 1, 2, 3 and 4 that is when they are followed by column 5 of the class consonants there are multiple operations that are happening over here. So these C1234 they first get substituted by C3 by the application of Jalaam Jashonte and then this C3 gets substituted by C5 and then the output generated is C5 plus C5. Similar is the case with Sher-Sher-Sher plus C5 column 5. So Sher-Sher-Sher will be first substituted by the respective column 3 consonants and then this column 3 consonant will be substituted by C5. So C5 plus C5 will be the final output generated by the application of this particular sutra and all these outputs are optional. So when these optional outputs are not generated the immediately preceding output will be generated. Now let us take a look at the specific examples. The first one is Yauvala plus Ananasika and the output generated is Yauvala nasal plus that Ananasika. Remember Yauvala occur at the end of the padha Ananasika sound occurs at the beginning of the subsequent padha. So here we have Aya plus Nasti. Aya plus Nasti here is appearing at the end of this padha. Aya is a padha and there is this nasal nir that appears at the beginning of this group of padhas. So we have Aya plus Nasti. Similarly, Aau plus Nasti. Similarly, Al plus Nasti. Now this regards the sutra Yaraonunasikeno-Nasikovaa. So this sutra applies here and substitutes Yauvala and lar respectively by the nasal varieties of Yauvala. So we have Aya, Av and Al Nasti. This is the output generated. Now let us look at the next set of sounds column 1, 2, 3 and 4 plus Ananasika and the output generated is column 5 plus that Ananasika. So here we have Vaach plus Nayati. Vaach is a separate padha. Vaach is a separate padha followed by Nayati another padha. Chha appears at the end of this padha. So this is here at the end of the padha followed by nir and Ananasika. Obviously 8445 applies and then the output is generated. But first following the principle of Asidha, first this Chha is substituted by Gha in accordance with the sutra Jalaam jashonte. So we have Vaach plus Nayati as the first output. Then this Gha because it is still here is substituted by the Ananasika which is the Ananasika of this class that is Gna. So we have Vaang, Gna is the Ananasika of the class C5. So Vaang plus Nayati and finally Vaang Nayati. This is the output generated. Similarly we have At plus Nasti and here T appears at the end of the padha and so obviously this is going to become the input for the subsequent sutras. The first sutra applies over here is 8239 Jalaam jashonte which substitutes this dha by dha. So we have Adu plus Nasti and once again 8445 applies at this particular stage and we get this dha substituted by the nasal of this class namely nir and we have Anu plus Nasti. Anu plus Nasti and finally Anu Nasti as the output. Then we have Tad plus May. Dha appears at the end of the padha. Jalaam jashonte has already applied and so now we have 8445 applying over here which substitutes this dha by the nasal namely nir. So Tan and May that is Tan May. Then finally we have Tristubha plus May where Bhha appears at the end of the padha. Now this Bhha is substituted first by Bhha which is a jashj by Jalaam jashonte. So Tristubh May and then this Bhha is substituted by M which is the nasal of Bhha class. So Tristubh May and finally Tristubh May is the output generated by the application of this particular sutra. Then we have next Sha Sha and Sir plus Consonant 5 and we have C3 plus C5 first and then C5 plus C5 as the final output generated. Here are the examples. So Dish plus Nasti. Dish is a padha at the end of which appears Sha followed by this group of padhas Nasti at the beginning of which appears nir. So we have Dish plus Nasti. Now this Sha is substituted by the third Consonant which is Jha in this case which is close to Sha because of the place of articulation and there is one more rule which applies optionally and so we have Sha generated as well. So Dish or Dish Nasti that is the second step. This is generated by the Sutra Jalaam jashonte and this Sha is generated by the Dish plus Nasti. Then this Jha and this Sha then gets changed into the further substitutions and we have Did Nasti and then Din Nasti and Din Nasti. So we get Din Nasti and Din Nasti as the output generated. Similarly we have Mush plus Nasti. Jalaam jashonte applies and Sha gets substituted by D. So Mud Nasti which is then substituted by N and then we get Mud Nasti as the output generated. For Sha this particular operation will not happen as 8266 applies before the application of this particular Sutra following the principle of Asidha. There is a Vartika on this particular Sutra which is Pratyaye Bhashayam Nityam. This Vartika states that in the language immediately before a suffix this Sandhi operation is obligatory. The examples that we saw so far those were the examples of year appearing at the end of the Pada and Ananasika appearing at the beginning of the subsequent Pada. We have already seen that there is something called internal Pada which comes into effect in the environment of a subsequent Pratyaye. Now when this Pratyaye follows if the Pratyaye begins with a nasal then Yaro Ananasika and Ananasika Va can apply but now this Vartika says that this Ananasika substitution is obligatory. There is no option available. So, we have Vaj plus maya, Vaj plus maya Chha is substituted by Gha first. So, we have Vag plus maya then this Gha is substituted by the nasal of Gha and then this Gha is substituted by that is Wang and maya that is Wang maya is the output that is generated Wang maya. Similarly, Chit plus maya, Tha is substituted first by the. So, we have Chid plus maya then this Tha is substituted by Na, Chin plus maya finally Chin maya these are the outputs generated there is no option you cannot have Chid maya or Vag maya that is not possible. It has to be Wang maya it has to be Chin maya this is what is the Ananasika Sandhi in a nutshell. Now, let us also look at something very peculiar which is called Chhatva Sandhi. This is peculiar because there is this other kind of structure that is visible in this Sandhi which is also visible in some other types of Sandhi namely the Swadhi Sandhi etc. This structure can be stated to be and can be represented in the form of a diagram as shown on the slide where we have a followed by b followed by c. So, a b is having the left hand side environment in the form of a and the right hand side environment in the form of c and then b is substituted by d. So, this is Purvanimitta, this is Paranimitta. So, this b getting substituted by d is conditioned by both a and c. So, this substitution d is Purva, Paranubhaya, Nimittaka, Ekasthanika and Ekadishna. So, a plus b plus c in the Samhita mode is the input and a plus d plus c is the output. This is the Sutra which states the Chhatva Sandhi which fits into this particular structure. The Sutra is Shasthoti, 8463. This Sutra has got three puzzles. The first one is Shaha, Sixth one of Shr that is in place of Shr, Chhaha is one one of Chh that is sound Chh. So, this is the substitute. So, in place of Shr substitute Chh, when Ati seven slash one of At means all vowels plus here were r and her. So, immediately before all these sounds substitute Chh in place of Shr. There are three words that continue in this particular Sutra from the previous Sutras. Padantath continues from Nappadantath Toranam and Padantath is five slash one of Padanta that is immediately after the end of the Padha and Jaya which is also five one of Jaya. Jaya stands for consonants 1, 2, 3, 4 columns and Jaya stands for immediately after these class consonants. Padantath is the qualifier of Jaya. Va means optionally. This is also continued from the previous Sutra. Now, after having put all these meanings together, the Sutra would mean something like this. Immediately before Ati that is all vowels plus here were r and her. Shr coming at the end of a Padha and also immediately after a Jaya is substituted by a Chh and that is also optionally. I repeat immediately before Ati, Shr, Shah coming at the end of a Padha, Padantath and immediately after a Jaya which is Jaya is substituted by a Chh that is also optionally. Now, this is the Padha at the end of which appears this Jai. So, Jai is coming at the end of a Padha followed by Shr which is at the beginning of the subsequent Padha followed by an At. So, this is A, this is B and this is C. So, in the environment of Jai on the left hand side and At on the right hand side, this Shr is substituted by this Chh. So, Jai plus Shr plus At is the input and Jai plus Chh plus At is the output and remember this is an optional output. So, as the other option, Jai plus Shr plus At remains as It is. So, here are the examples. First we have Vaj plus Shastraya. Here Chh appearing at the end of the Padha, this is a Jai followed by Shr. Now, this Chh first of all undergoes the operation Chokku. So, this is substituted by K first. So, Vaj and Shastraya. Then Jalaam jashonte. So, K is substituted by G then. So, Vaj plus Shastraya. Then one more Sutra applies Kharicha which substitutes this G once again by Chh and so we get Vaj and Shastraya and then this particular Sutra applies which substitutes Shr by Chh. So, we have Vaj Chastraya as the finally derived output. Then we have Tasmat plus Shastram where T is a Jai appearing at the end of a Padha followed by Shr followed by A which is an At. So, in this case this Shr is finally substituted by Chh. First this T is substituted by D by Jalaam jashonte. Then this D once again gets substituted by Chh and then finally this Sh is substituted by Chh and we get Tasmat chastram as the finally generated output. Then we have Lit Shabda and Tubh Shabda. So, Lit Shabda here we have T which is a Jai at the end of the Padha followed by Shr followed by A which is at T. So, this T first gets substituted by D then once again by T and then this Sh is substituted by Chh and so we get the output Lit Shabda. This is optional. So, we will get the other output namely Lit Shabda. Similarly, Tubh and Shabda first this Bh gets substituted by Bh then by Per and then this Sh gets substituted by Chh and we get the output Tubh Shabda. Of course, this is optional. So, the other optional output generated is Tubh Shabda, this one. Once again we have another Bhartika over here which says Chhatvam Amiti Vachyam. The Chhatva Sandhi takes place immediately before Am that is the meaning of this Bhartika. The scope of the right hand environment is increased from At to Am by this particular Bhartika. This is a statement of the later commentator and this statement tries to account for the change in the course of time. Here is the example Tath plus Shlokena where T is a Jai followed by Shr followed by Le. Le is not part of At but when you say Am, Le becomes part of it and so finally, we get Tath plus Shlokena as the output where Shr is substituted by Chh and there are Jalaam Jashonte and Chhatva Sandhi and Chhatva Sandhi they take place. So, we have Tath Shlokena as the finally generated output of course this is optional. To summarize, so far we have studied different instances of Ekasthanika Ekadesha. Purvanimittaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha first when we looked at Shchitva Sandhi and Shtutva Sandhi and interpreted the word Shchuna and Shtuna then we have Paranimittaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha several instances of this Sandhi. Then we also looked at Purva Paro Bhayanimittaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha, Shashchoti. Now remains to be studied the other type of Hal Sandhi namely Ekasthanika Dvyadesha where there is one substitute even which gets replaced by two substitutes. This we shall do in the next lecture. Thank you very much.