 Good morning, good afternoon, good evening, dear participants, I would like to welcome you all to the parallel session 2 of the 2021 Global Symposium on Soil Biodiversity. It is a great honor to be here with all of you today. My name is Rosa Cuevas and I will be moderating this to our session. During the first hour we will be listening to four presentations of 10 minutes each. I will kindly remind the presenters to keep to the 10 minutes so that we can have time for the Q&A sessions at minute 9 of your intervention. I will let you know that there is one minute left in order to have time to discuss. And before starting I kindly ask you all of you to check the Zoom chat as some rules and information on this session will be now posted. For the Q&A session please use the chat to post your questions and include at the beginning the name of the presenter and to whom your question is addressed. We will choose a few questions to be answered live and the rest will be answered via chat. The host of the meeting is Julia Sheldon. She is here to help you for any technical issues so please do not hesitate to write to her directly using the private message. Without further ado I would like to give the floor to Mrs. Nolwenn Bougon from France with the title of the presentation, Soil Biodiversity from Science to Action, feedback from two decades of soil indicators development as agricultural soil management tool. Thank you Rosa, can you hear me? Yes. Yes, I will try to share the screen. Oh, it will be good, where is my presentation, sorry. Maybe you have it, it will be here soon, okay. Can you see it, it's okay? Yes. Could you share the screen in the presentation? Please. I try, is it okay here? Yes, perfect. Okay. Thank you. So hi everyone, I'm Nolwenn Bougon from the French Biodiversity Agency and I speak today on behalf of my co-authors and I will give you a feedback of two decades of soil bio indicators development as agricultural soil management and most of those works are the results of collaboration between researchers, French Ministry in charge of agriculture and the one charge of environment and the two French environmental agencies, the Agency for Ecological Transition and the French Biodiversity Agency. So I will not be able to present you in detail all the different projects, so if you have any questions, you can contact us at the end of the presentation or later and I put some contact at the end of the presentation. So why do we need to study soil biodiversity? So biodiversity is part of the solution to the two most pressing challenges of our time, biodiversity laws and climate changes and the concept of soil health as we define as the capacity of soil function as a living and dynamic ecosystem. The healthy soil also contribute to contribute to many ecosystems function. For example, for contribute to the mitigation of climate changes by maintaining or increasing its carbon content. Recently, a mission board of the European Commission for Soil Health and Food submitted a target of 75% of healthy soil in European Union by 2030 and preservation of soil is no longer an option and it is one stake of the French biodiversity plan. So we introduced the concept of soil health but how do we diagnose them? A parallel can be done to human health. To set the diagnosis, doctors use different types of indicators to determine symptoms of signs of specific disease or dysfunction. To follow the health of the court, monitoring can be used. It helps, for example, to gain knowledge of factors of transmission to gain references of new medicines, for example. And when new tools or treatments are available, the medical community has to be trained to update the diagnosis. So sorry, for soils, this device can easily be applied. In fact, in France, the implementation of the French biodiversity plan is built on Serence Initiative launched the last two decades to explore, understand soil biodiversity and to develop indicators for soil quality and land use decisions. Different projects were dedicated to the development of soil bio indicators and their applicability to assess soil functions. For example, the program bio indicators add to the objective to promote standardization of bio indicators to monitor soil quality and to identify relevant indicators for ecological risk assessment. Here are presented sets of indicators that can be used for monitoring agriculture soil and also can be used to manage soil organic matter or agricultural practices. So example is a group of experts published a guidance at the demand of the French Ministry of Agriculture and that guidance inventories are the most usable bio indicators and tools that can be used by farmers by themselves to assess their organic and biological states of soil. That large scale indicator can be implemented in monitoring network to specifically assess their soil quality to gain references values and also to monitor the states of soil biodiversity. In France, inventories on soil microbial biomass and bacterial communities were conducted at the national level based on the French soil quality network. It represents around 2,200 sites for all measure land uses. It permitted, for example, the production of the first French atlas of soil bacterial community and it's presented here on the right of the presentation. Also a new initiative is actually in progress. It's a soil biodiversity survey based on the French soil quality network also and it will be presented tomorrow by Camille Imbert during the session 3 C1. In addition to research programs, participatory networks are also under rise. It's another way to gain amount of data throughout the territory and repeatedly over time and it's also another way to alert and awareness and training tools and alert to citizens, farmers, professionals on soil preservation. For example, in France, volunteer professionals and gardeners are encouraged to participate to the observatory of earthworms and the agricultural observatory of biodiversity. If you want some information, you can directly go to the sites that are indicated here. And as we say before, training is also and sharing is a big part of the use of indicators. In fact, to be used indicators need to be known, to be usable and also to be understood. So transfer from research to end users are essential. And training is one of the key steps. A collaborative project called Agrinov project has involved researchers on soil bioindicators with a network of 250 farmers and it has developed and transferred training and dashboard indicators on soil biojocular indicators directly to farmers. And the experimentation and monitoring network for cultural innovation takes over from the Agrinov project to train farmers with the aim of changing their farming system towards environmental and economic sustainability. Also to be the appropriation of biological tools require that the methods are recognized reliable and comparable. So standardization is one of the solutions. Here are presented indicators standardized at the International Lover by the ISO TC 190 Committee. And the appropriation also of biological tools requires the existence of a supply market to meet the needs. In France, we have programs that support the development of the French industrial sector of future. And since 2014, different projects were funding, considering soil biodiversity services, brownfield redevelopment and environmental monitoring. And last but not least, we focus our presentation on bioindicators. But to communicate with non-users and land managers, talking about soil function and soil and ecosystem services are more powerful. And we can see an increasing need to assist ecosystem services. And methods are actually in development and are already used by consultants. And for information, a new ISO working group on the evaluation of ecosystem and function provided by soil as is first meeting in March 21. And if you are interested, you can contact directly my colleague, Antonio Bispo. And I think he's here today, so you can ask some questions if you want. And to conclude, the last two decades has permitted the development of biological tools and some are being relevant and can be implemented to assess ecosystem function and services of soil. But we still have work to do. For example, we really need to develop and standardize the interpretation framework. We need to improve database and reference values. We also need to improve the links with agriculture practices and to soil function and ecosystem services. We also need to keep an effort in rising awareness and training, for example, with participatory approach, but also by implying notably citizens and politics. And here I can show you, you can here see two awareness raising of game, account games produced during a program called GESOL. And the French variation of soil UNDs. Yes, and I'm finished on soil UNDs that you can see in French is hashtag content slip. So it's another way to to alert and to awareness of citizens. So if you have any question, you can contact us directly and thank you for being here today and for your attention. Thank you very much, dear Nolwin. And also it's interesting to know about this new ISO about the evaluation of ecosystem services. I would like to give the floor to the next presenter. Eva, Mrs. Eva Bellemine with the presentation using environmental DNA to assess global soil biodiversity and build a soil quality bio indicator. Please, Eva, the floor is yours, Mrs. Eva. Can you hear me? Yes. Yeah, sorry. So I think you didn't hear the first slide so I can present it again. You can see the screen, right? OK, so yeah, I'm Eva Bellemine. I'm the president of Argaly. This is a company specialized in the use of environmental DNA to assess biodiversity, especially in terrestrial ecosystems. So here I'm going to talk about bio indication of soil quality based on environmental DNA. So why do we need a global indicator of soil quality? I guess everyone in the audience is aware now after two days of symposium why we need to assess soil quality. And in the context of polluted and degraded sites, for example, in France, we have about 7000 polluted sites and actually more and more money is spent on soil restoration. For example, it was more than 470 million euros in 2010. But actually we like adaptive protocols and indicators to assess the recovery of ecosystems. Actually, it's quite difficult to characterize the potential, the biological potential of the soil at a point in time and to follow its restoration through time and to recover functionality. So we need to construct degraded indicators in link with the ecosystem services for an efficient monitoring of the soil compartment. So those indicators need to be standardized, reliable, of course, ideally inexpensive and also easily applied. So we can use, of course, traditional indicators, but some of them have some limitations. For example, with physical chemical indicators, looking at pH or nitrogen carbon contents, we cannot assess the level of soil functionality of richness. So then we need to complement with biological indicators. And in this case, we look at richness, abundance of specific groups, bio indicator groups, usually, for example, analytics, nematodes, microtropods, bacteria of fungi. And actually, they can be a high temporal and spatial variability in those groups according to the soil, according to climatic conditions. We also need experts to look at morphological identification and this can be quite time consuming and quite expensive. So this is why I'm going to present now the use of the EDNA meta-marketing tool as a tool to assess biodiversity in soil and in soil quality. So EDNA stands for environmental DNA. It is now recognized as an efficient and reliable tool to assess biodiversity also to detect the presence of target species. And there are several advantages of using this method. So first, from a single analysis, we can assess the diversity of taxa of the target group. So let's take this example. We collect a soil sample. So this would be like 15 grams of soil from a sample that has been a much nice beforehand. We extract the DNA, we amplify it, and then we sequence it. And from the sequences that we obtain, we compare to reference databases and we can identify the organisms that are present in this sample. So here, if we use the Eukaryote primus, for example, we can identify plants, animals, and fungi that are present in the sample. So it's possible to standardize this analysis most properly and especially. And this is also quite independent of climatic conditions or seasons. The analysis can be made without any appraisal. So we don't need to know in advance what organisms are present in the soil to be able to assess the diversity. The sampling protocol is actually quite easy, fast, and can be standardized. This was back in 2012 and this was one of the first studies to look at soiled EDNA. And it was comparing botanical surveys and EDNA metavocuiting. So here the size of the picture represents the observation with the botanical survey on the left and the EDNA metavocuiting, the proportion of sequences on the right. So actually the same species are identified with both methods, but with different proportions. And actually there were 71 plants identified with botanical survey and six of them were not identified with the DNA. So this is a limitation of the EDNA metavocuiting approach, but they actually represent less than 1% of the biomass. So globally this study was a proof of concept that the EDNA tool can be used to assess climatic diversity from soil samples, a proof of concept. And now I'm going to talk about the pilot studies that we have conducted, mainly on polluted sites or rehabilitated sites. In this study the objective was to evaluate if a DNA signature can be established from soil samples with the objective to assess the degree of restoration of soil quality in polluted environments. So here we have a soil that has been polluted with hydrocarbons and heavy metals. You can see on the figure on the map actually the part in gray with the gravels is the site that is being rehabilitated, rehabilitated, and actually the actions include the spreading topsoil as well as gravels to re-establish ground habitats. And we also have the brownfield site where we took five samples to compare with the rehabilitated sites. So we sample a quadrant of one square meter, the 10 first centimeters of soil, seven samples in total corresponding to 20 pooled sub-samples, and we take 15 grams of soil and two replicates per sample. Then we preserve the soil dry using silica so it can be preserved for several days, weeks, or even months dry before we analysis it in the lab. So in the lab we do the gene extraction, we extract extracellular DNA in this case. We amplify the DNA using eukaryote primers with four replicates per sample, and then we run NGS sequencing. The bioinformatic and bio statistical analysis can be made with the obi tools or obi tools. And here I can show some of the results. So this is the taxonomic composition of the soil samples. If we take all soil samples, we can see that we get many anelids, protozoans, and colambols in the soil. And for the plants, we get many monocotilidones and moses. If we look, if we discover now the plants and focus... It's already 10 minutes, right? So we look at the statistical treatment of the data we allow to identify composite bioindicators depending on habitat type. So this can testify on the soil restoration without any appearing knowledge. If we focus on colambola, if we look at the relative frequency of colambolas, between samples, we can see that the frequency is relatively higher in the restored site compared to the brownfield site. And we can also see that the samples structure it among axes, such as the habitat, but also the pollution axis. So it looks like this colambola group responds well to environmental variables and to habitat or pollution type. And this can be probably considered as a pure near species. This is another study on the rehabilitation sites. And here the idea was to compare the taxonomic diversity present in a soil that has been rehabilitated after landfill mining with a reference soil located close to the site, but without any atrophic activity. Those measures will serve as a first evaluation of the rehabilitation sites to be able to monitor in the long term the soil trajectory. So here we can see that the habitats can be easily differentiated based on their taxonomic competition. You have the open site with organisms corresponding to cornfields and you have the forest area with organisms corresponding to the forest. And finally another project where we look at the return of life in soil. So here the soil was excavated from a polluted site and treated for the pollution. Such soils usually contain very few organisms. And here we assess how life returns back in the soil. So after mixing those soils, those excavated soils with amendments, we look at how life will come back in the soil. So we expect first bacteria to come back, then fungi, and then microphonar, mesophonar, macrophonar at the end. So in this study we could see that even after six months the the richness was increasing. And if we look at the excavated soil, so here in gray on this, on those figures, this on the left you have eukaryotes and on the right you have bacteria. So we compare actually the excavated soils to amendment in brown to top soil in gray. And then we look at those excavated soil in time, how they evolve in time. So you have in yellow the excavated soil at T zero. And then after six months in orange and 12 months in red, we can see here that the communities tend to aggregate by something dates, which means that they can evolve in time. And at T zero they are the closest to the one identified in the amendments. After six months or 12 months they are actually closest to the one also in local top soil. So this pattern was actually more obvious with bacteria and then eukaryotes, meaning that probably there is a different response time between those different compounds. It's important to conclude a story. Yeah, this is the conclusion. So the DNA signature can be established from soil sample with the objective of assessing the degree of restoration of soil quality in quality environments. And this can be considered as a global indicator for biological assessments, which can be standardized, inexpensive and easily applied, regardless to climate conditions. And to finish, I would like to give some perspective. So we are now beginning our R&D project with our partner, Jota and Suès, to characterize the soil quality based on different parameters, including ecological parameters using EDNA. So this is a product that is financed by the French Ministry of Environment. And ultimately your database will consider different types of soil at a nationalist case, and we can correlate DNA signature and ecosystem functions using machine learning approaches. It can also be used in the agriculture sector to contribute to the assessment of soil biological quality and guide agricultural practices. Thank you very much for your attention. I'm sorry for being a bit long. And don't hesitate to contact us if you have any questions. Thank you very much, Eva. Before presenting the next speaker, I would like to give the word to Mr. Jun Muraz, the regional moderator. We have technical issues. And for that reason, I took the moderation. Please, Jun, the word and the floor is yours. Okay. So thank you, Rosa. So can you hear me? Hello. Can you hear me? Yes. Oh, okay. Okay. So I'm sorry. Actually, I've been in the session, but probably no one did identify me because my name is in Japanese, sorry. So I'm Jun Muraz. I'm very happy to take over the job of Rosa as a moderator continuously. So because of limited time, so let's immediately move to the next presentation. So given by Mr. Raul, so the title is integrating microbiological quality indicators and soil properties through score functions to assess land use changes in Colombian and the soils. So Mr. Raul, so floor is yours. Okay. Can you hear me? Yes, but I think all the guys because I'm in Aruba area, in Colombia, and people don't mention this. And I'm going to share my screen. Okay. So Rika, you see my screens correctly. So I think we are still waiting. Okay. This is my first presentation of my PhD research. This research is learned by University of Antioquia and is supported by EPSP from Italy with the professor. Mr. Raul, now we got the first slide. Yeah, yeah, please continue. Okay. And basically, we need to design a way to assess the soil quality principally in and the soils in Colombia. Right now, we have a lot of problems because the industries like agriculture companies and mining projects are using continuously or soil resources, but we don't have a clear measure to represent what is the real impact of these actions over the soil. And principally, we know that the soil quality access is something specific depend on the environmental conditions and the ecological relation. And we want to find a simple set of indicators to assess the soil quality index in the specific case of Colombian andi soils. But we want to obtain a measure with integrity, yes, with a lot of information. We want to measure with representability to a specific condition and trees for all soil functions with the capacity to differentiate different degrees of perturbation or land uses. But the most important that we want to obtain with our soil quality measure is a measure with the capacity to show early warnings or a signal of impact. Also, with a simple interpretation, it's complex to try to integrate a lot of measure that we consider important, but what is the correct way to integrate and show a clear result about the soil condition? And obviously, with a low cost, because the idea is right to implement this measure in big areas and territories like municipalities, like departments, like countries and tire, and to try to obtain a first landscape, a first measure of the national soil conditions. We select three areas to make a pilot study in the central area of Colombia, in the Department of Antioquia. We select three municipalities called Aceja, El Petiro, and Envigado. We find three areas with represental land use like agricultural areas, mining projects, and non-perturbate areas. The idea was to find in a big set of simple measures and low cost measures, yes, a minimum data set to measure soil quality index in Colombia. And as we want an index based on microbial indicators, we want to integrate microbial indicators in the component of digital quality measure, soil properties, and environmental variables. And the other soils were selected because it is the soils more treated in Colombia, and a lot of mining projects are working in this kind of soils, and the principal Institute of Agriculture is attracted a lot to these areas. And we measure every point, we select 90 points in three municipalities, and we measure environmental variables using a meteorological station. We measure some physical chemical properties like pH conductivity and TDS, also soil organic carbon and soil moisture, yes, and we complement with microbial indicators, simple microbial indicators, yes, like fungi and meso-loate, quantified by play count method with different CFU types to obtain another measure of the biological condition of these soils. We select these indicators to measure soil functions affected, like habitat provision or loss of biodiversity, organic cycle by sea sequestration and respiration. Also we measure like in the set of microbial indicators and the respiration rate of all soils to construct, to build the MDS. First we make an OBAT test to identify differences between life uses with the big set of indicators, and we test if we can integrate some of these indicators by geometric means, it's a mathematical method, very useful to integrate measure of the same nature. And then by a factor analysis joined to correlation factor, we select more representative indicators to create MDS and the set of indicators. And finally we use a score function to qualify line uses according to MDS. We measure two methods based on linear and non-linear transformation of these indicators and we obtain that measures like, for example, in the environmental variables, the relative air humidity was the more representative measure and in the piezicochemical component, we identified that carbon contents and the geometric mean of moisture and carbon were very important to differentiate line uses. The fungi abundance, it's a very important result because thanks to this we continue with the investigation of fungi and fungal biodiversity on our soils and we identified also that the microbial respiration rate was another of the indicators very important to differentiate line uses. And this picture we can see that clearly the fungal law in our soils showed clearly the impact of the use, this is the sample of non-perturbed areas. This is a sample from agricultural area and this is a sample of mining project. We can see the decrease of the number of UFC. And finally, to create the MDS, we select by factor analysis the variables with the highest lower factors and that in complement doesn't have correlated just to avoid and redundancy variables in our measure. We want to create a measure with a little set with a minimum dataset and avoid in redundancy. And we select the respiration rate, the humidity, the relative air humidity and the total dissolved solids. It's important to resolve to highlight that the geometric means of microbial indicators have important lower values and in the next research we use this measure to create another way to assess your own quality. Thanks. And finally, to convert, we convert this minimal dataset by linear and non-linear models and we've obtained that the index calculated by a score infusion using the non-linear model show clearly the difference between like uses with a good degree of differentiation you can see and pick in the graph. We hope that the values of our index was highest in the non-perturbed areas show matching values in the agricultural areas and show the lowest values in mining projects. That conclusion of this pilot studio was that the geometric means appear maybe a good way for including significant variables of soil quality function. Also that the soil quality indexes calculated by non-linear function, yes, it's more sensitive to identify the disturbance and the difference in line uses. And based on these results, we continue to propose a more robust indicator of microbial diversity and functionality, especially on swungal communities to create another set of minimal data in these indicators. The next step that we are working right now is in the molecular characterization of fungal communities in these soils. We are working in the APSP to the fungal nuclear reasonable ITS2 region to amplify this region with the primary FITS7, ITS4, and with a quantification of glomalin concentration for soil samples. We are assessing the microbial diversity from microresult fungal and we are making an experiment to assess the microcorrosion percentage to include these kind of indicators in future soil quality indices more robust. Now I thank you very much for your attention. Thank you very much for the Cotciencia CPSP Institute for the University of Antioquia and Gaia Research Group that I take part. Thank you so much. Thank you very much. I'm sorry to say that there is a little bit lag between your talk and slides presentation, but I think we can get slide the data later on. So maybe everybody can give a chat for questioning. Okay, thank you very much. And let's move on the last presentation in the first part of the session that is given by Ms. Fernanda Arbalas. Her title is bioturbations as quality indicators of tipic as eudals in the southeast of Buenos Aires, Argentina, a micro morphological approach. So Flora is yours. Okay. Yeah, now I can hear you. Yeah, perfect. Good morning. I am going to present my work entitled bioturbation as quality indicator of tipic as eudals in the southeast of Buenos Aires, Argentina, a micro morphological approach. This study was conducted during my internship at the Lleida University whose supervisor was Dr. Apoj. It was funded by the scholarship program for young research of Coniser, Argentina. The soil biota contributes to the structuring of soils and biological activity is expressed through bioturbation, which is defined as the reworking of soil components by organisms. The bioturbation analyses provide information about the biological activity in the soil. In the sixth section of micromorphology, these bioturbations can be recognized as biopores, which density informs about the good soil structuring. In relation to the content of organic matter and nutrients, those they can be used as indicator of soil quality. The aim of the study is to validate a methodology for the quantification of bioporosity on the same section of tipic as eudals of Argentina and analyze its possible role as indicator of soil quality. The study sites are located in the southeast of Buenos Aires province. In this area predominate the tipic arched eudals and these soils are used for traditional or t-cultural agricultural production. Also it's common to find areas forested with exotic pine and eucalyptus species. The scultivate soils show a loss of structure, organic matter, clay, aggregate stability, soil biodiversity, and increase the of the bulk density and penetration resistance. The study sites are located in the, sorry, in the study area for plots with tipic arched eudals were selected, natural plots and agricultural plots, eucalyptus, globulus forest plantation, and pinus radiata forest plantation. In its site five these soil samples were selected for determining chemical and physical properties and on the other hand three understaffed samples were taken from the upper levels soil profile. From the understaffed samples the same section was obtained. In these sections the parameters obtained were total porosity using the Imageshi hot program and bioporosity applying to methodologies. The biopores were identified as those pores with rounded edges or circular or ellipsoidal in shape methodology one in the same section where the biopores were easily recognized and irregular polygon on the outline of the biopores with drought using the current program, the current drought program. The image obtained were binaries and the biopores area in black was calculated using Imageshi program. In the same section where the biopores were not easily recognized and the area was totally be aturbated subangular and angular aggregates were outlined in the soil matrix. The image obtained were binaries and the pores area was calculated as the bioturbating area less subangular and angular aggregates area. In methodology two a 20 by 30 square grid was drawn on the image and the biopores were quantified by bone counting. The biopores area in relation to the image area was calculated following the stereological principles of the lease. In agricultural plots bulk density and penetration resistance were higher than natural and forest plantation plots and structural stability and organic matter were lower than natural and forest plantation plots. These results in radial compaction decreased in total porosity and decreased aggregation ratios. With respect to porosity and bioporosity forested and natural plots had a higher values of total porosity and biopores than agricultural plots. In this plot the biopores in both methodologies represent more than 80 percent of total porosity while in the agricultural plots the total porosity was lower and the biopores only had the 40 percent of total porosity. But methodologies for bioporosity measurements show a difference but not significant. However the methodology two was selected because it required a lower time of the image addition. The natural plots show a granular microstructure, a high porosity and a high bioturbation degree. Forest plots had a grand microstructure, a high porosity and a high bioturbation. In contrast the agricultural plots show a more massive structure, a lower porosity and a lower bioturbation. The biopores of the natural and forest plots indicates an intensive farm and roots activity. The biological activity and the bioturbations in this plot are associated with the high matter organic and this in turn contributes in deformation and stability of soil aggregates which is reflected in a high stability, structural stability. As the intensive of land union increase the organic matter and structural stability decrease and compaction increase. Therefore the total porosity and bioturbation decrease. Conclusions. Natural and forest plots have both a higher porosity and bioporosity than the soil the agricultural plots. Hence a greater biological activity can be estimated in natural and forest plots in relation to the agricultural plots. Bioturbations called constituted wood soil quality indicators of the typical arginals. Finally the methodologies for the measurement of bioporosity in particular the methodology too represents a contribution to the since section description and quantification since it's a simple tool when evaluating soil quality and biological terms. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much, Ms. Fernanda. Now so I would like to open the discussion, question and answer sessions. So in meanwhile so some of presenters already answered several questions so I just I'm not sure I can avoid overlapping but anyway first here is a question to Norbin. To what extent will the EU Common Agriculture Policy reform focus on soil bio indicators when making payments to farmers? Are there trends of standardizing these indicators at EU level, international level? So Ms. Norbin, could you address this question? Okay thank you. I think I try to answer in the chat so in fact actually in the European Common Agriculture Policy soil bio indicators are not included at this moment and I think we need to first we really need to include soil and soils are included in the next icing program and that will be included with the carbon content and also soil erosion and maybe my colleague can, I do not participate to the difference exchange of the Common Agriculture Policy so it's just one part of the question maybe other colleagues can answer and there is another part of the question is about your sorry the other part is about standardization of bio indicators I think and so I don't know if there is a standardization of bio indicators that it will be really involved or is there really want to do this but I know that at European level there is a joint research program center it's a joint research center it's a European it's a European center of the European Commission and the launch in December 2020 the European Union Soil Observatory to monitor trends of soil health in Europe and I put here you can have the link to to see the pages of this program but there will be maybe my colleague Antonio who can also contribute to the response but I think that there will be more based on the different work that were realized in different member states okay thank you sorry I don't have or the answer so I'm sorry thank you no problem okay so and then so I would like to move to the questions to Eva so there are several technical questions so I think Eva already addressed several questions to answer but I would like to invite Eva again to give a how can I say comprehensive because there are different types of technical questions so for instance that the target of EDNA and the database and why you focus on eukaryotes and so what's the meaning of EDNA and analysis in terms of the function and activity of organisms in soil so Eva could you address these questions yes so thank you we use 12S 16S or 18S region usually to amplify depending on what group we are targeting to assess the diversity of eukaryotes or bacteria or different groups of animals we can also actually look at specific groups bioindicators such as colambola or acropods for example concerning the functions actually we we can use a databases functional databases to to look at when we have the taxonomic identifications of the organisms we compare them to the to those functional databases and can assign functions to a specific organism this is how we infer functions and this is especially true for bacteria and fungi and also for eukaryotes we can have functional databases such as nemagings for nematodes also for sorry I forgot the other questions so the the so how can you detect the active or as the functional group of microbes or organisms via EDNA analysis yeah so whether we can identify if they are active or not in the soil right I think I also answered this question but it's actually impossible to differentiate between living organisms or dead organisms but actually the dead organisms the DNA will degrade quite rapidly so the the proportion of the DNA that we find for those dead organisms compared to the living organisms will be very low so in majority we detect living organisms okay thank you see the any further questions so I let me ask Raul one question so so you showed the the abundance of fungi and bacteria on the I'm the culture-based number of bacteria and the fungi is a good indicator but so now contrary EDNA analysis is now so being populated or some becoming more popular and popular so how do you think how the I'm the power of culture-based analysis of microbes compared to EDNA analysis okay the idea with the use of culture for fungi and bacteria was to find a simple method to identify early warnings early warnings yes the problem with the DNA analysis is the cost and if you need to cover a big area you need analyze a lot of sample but if you have a system to identify early warnings you can identify the hot spots when you make a DNA analysis and in the back next step of my research was continue with the DNA analysis of these soils and we identify the soils that could show important fungal soil characteristics of futures of the biodiversity in this point and it was great because when obtained the results of the DNA samples and we can identify important taxes we can identify important change in specific taxons like glomales like basiliomycota for example and it's very important data to qualify to describe the undissolved biodiversity okay thank you then so we have one question to Maria but actually to Fernando so have you tried to measure the bioporosity in other soil types so could you address the question? Fernando? Sorry my English is very bad could you repeat the question Jean? okay okay so the question is have you tried to measure bioporosity in other soil? for now no she starts with with one plot I couldn't catch the name of the soil type I will ask her but the idea is to to amplify the project in other soil types. Fernanda could you repeat the type of soil please? typical uh I don't know how to say in English okay okay yeah moly soles yes okay thank you so because we are a bit late or behind the schedule so let's move to the second part of our session and of course if you find the questions or if you have any questions and yeah you can continuously put your message to the chat and before I move to the second part of the session just I'd like to ask all the speakers to make it sure that your name uh is correctly on the screen so that our so our technicians or our yeah so hosts can manage properly so please be sure that your name is properly expressed in on the screen okay okay so then so let's move to the second part okay so uh the the first speaker is uh so actually uh mr nanan but uh uh it will it's replaced by uh miss uh miss uh release this comala so the co-author uh the the title is soil micro fauna diversity in uh paracelian nan sorry paracelian this uh falkal terrier and moras alba plant agroforestry in bali island so uh miss lily so far as the u.s thank you very much uh i'm going to share my power point now my presentation now can you see my presentation now yes about can you switch to the presentation mode it okay is it okay yes perfect okay uh good evening uh good morning good afternoon this is where you are uh i'm the second author and i'm going to present our research about the soil micro fauna diversity in paracelian and moras alba plant agroforestry in bali island my our first author is nanan sasmita i'm the second author uh co-author my name is lily sliscomara and also my team john hardy kurba and igde unity uh us introduction in nasia has a lot of agroforesty area because uh we have a lot of forest and we have tried to find a non-forest product as our second income the bali agroforestry model is based on mango, queso, orange, cacao, coffee, cacanut, mixed garden, inter-copying and natural research protection so for the natural research protection we find a paracelian. As we know, mulberry or moras alba agroforesty was already passed a lot because it's adapted well in the shade of lot of tree one of them is paracelian. As we know that soil abundance are one of the papers that increase the agroforesty land productivity for the composition. The soil for euna we improve the sickle soil fertility of soil production, combine uh topsoil materials, organic agricut form, and soil minerals. So our caddy purpose was to determine the diversity of soil macro fauna on bali agroforesty plant with mulberry and paracelian. Our location is in bali uh in center of agroforesty in bali the location is about 100 meters above sea level and our uh temperature is about 20 until 26 degrees Celsius. The Sengon or in local community size it's Sengon and the local and all its paracelian. And mulberry agroforesty we we choose for uh random dog design treatment. The mulberry spacing is uh 50 times 100 centimeters for the first block and the other one is 100 times 100 centimeters 100 times 150 centimeters uh under the parascience baccalaia stand and for the control is the parascience baccalaia without any uh without any mulberry. Each treatment was reviewed for three times. The macro fauna data collection using monolith handsortation technique. The 30 times 30 centimeters pole size with 30 centimeters depth the number of plots for per treatment is about nine plots and that a total are 36 observes and plots. The analysis of macro fauna was used to approach the species index uh important value center winner species the first index and the center winner species uh evenness index. As the result uh the presence of macro fauna in the paracelian and morus alba agroforesty field are we have five fields uh with uh like anelida with one family from one family and then molusca two family are tropoda for about uh 22 family and then uh anelida for one family and are tropoda for 10 family. Here is the important index paleo macro fauna in paracelian monoculture in percent the let's see close plakus uh is 43.1 and the lowest one is particular aricularia. We have a 27 of soil macro fauna from 25 family and 21 order were found in agroforesty pattern while monoculture pattern only found 12 species and of macro fauna from 10 family and 10 orders. The important value index of the macro fauna uh 50 times 100 centimeters of paracelia agroforesty in percent is 29.5 for the let's use plafiles and 2.5 for the sian ta cel seata. Two species of the soil macro fauna classified as soil engineers which play a role of the soil organic matter in the combination uh namely aporecto aporectodia caliginosa uh from lumbicidae and lumbicus rubelus also from lumbicidae. The important value index of soil macro fauna porous space 100 times 100 centimeters plot of paracelia and mulberry agroforesty uh also let's use plafiles has the higher one and the lowest lower one is sian ta cal seata. The index will pour the soil macro fauna at 150 times 100 centimeters of paracelia and mulberry is uh the aporectodia caliginosa is the highest one and the lower one is robedinose triatelus. The paracelia and mulberry agroforesty spacing uh 50 times 100 100 times 100 centimeters and 150 times 100 centimeters were dominated by aporectodia caliginosa from lumbicidae. Let's use plafus from pormicidae uh philovaga zafana uh scrabbe daye then philovaga zafana is mostly in agroforesty land related to the manor proficient. Here is the soil macro fauna by your diversity index uh as a decade uh our results find that we have uh individual for 12 monoculture and the whole individual is 53 in the monoculture and for the agroforesty uh with 50 and 100 centimeters time is more larger than the monoculture so it's in the agroforesty with 100 100 centimeters uh plot and 150 centimeters plot from here we can see that uh the the tiger the titan uh space the small space plot uh is more higher than the others the senate winner diversity index between 2.44 until 2.50 h uh for the agroforesty so the diversity of soil macro fauna in medium category agroforesty pattern is greater written than one uh so even touch also the monocultures the reaches of soil macro fauna in monoculture is 2.77 while agroforesty is 3.21 until 3.33 the wealth value of the monoculture macro fauna is relatively low uh lower than 3.5 while the paracetamol cataria and mulberry agroforesty is classified as moderate is more than 3.5 the spacious evenness so that the monoculture and agroforesty pattern are not much different with the level evenness large enough 0.89 to 0.92 so that the spacious is speed evenly the diversity of soil macro fauna in paracetamol cataria and mulberry agroforesty is higher the planting distance is uh getting tighter the index diversity is english so uh you know that uh we can find that the plot with uh small area more small area of the diversity is more higher the soil macro fauna spacious number in agroforesty are relatively available and quality of the soil organic buffer and the remaining of uh plant biomass as a food source as a conclusion soil macro fauna in agroforesty were born in 27 spaces from 25 from 25 families and 21 order the diversity and richness of soil macro fauna spaces in the paracetamol cataria and mulberry agroforesty system are classified as moderate uh 20.44 until 2.50 the damina are afrotodia, caliginosa, lumdicus, rubelus, philopagas, zafana, and solenopsis in ficta lumdicus, rubelus, ether, and ether warmer are effective in organic matter decomposition it can increase soil fertility and nutrient fertility because the process of the composition of organic matters become 2 until 5 times faster than without the presence of the organism the effect of plant spacing on soil macro fauna community structure is relatively moderate atide spaces which mean uh which means index are about 3.53 macro fauna diversity in the soil so relatively high correlation with soil organic matter content the dominance of lower vegetation and soil moisture uh macro fauna diversity at ground level so a relatively high correlation with plant spacing and sunlight penetration uh that is our presentation presentation thanks thanks for your attention thank you very much thank you miss lilies uh okay so thank you very much uh yes uh then so next speaker is miss uh esperanza uh for the luanga uh the title is soil macro invertebrates diversity and uh glyphosate distribution in soybean plantations and surroundings at yucatan peninsula mexico so uh miss esperanza for for ideas hey good afternoon good evening good morning so i will i will share my screen okay well thank you very much for for being here present and as the chairman has said i will present the work uh uh related to soma convertivates and the presence of one of the herbicides that is more more used in in the world glyphosate so this is a teamwork this is a work done and we back in the university and also a collegiate la frontera sur in mexico okay like introduction uh glyphosate uh and its main metabolite ampa are even after years of application present in soils so they remain in soil after years of application and ampa accumulates on sites attached to the clay particles and this situation underlies the risk of offsite transport by water and wind erosion and the yucatan peninsula mexico genetically modified glyphosate tolerant crops have led to the intensive use of glyphosate previous investigations indicated the contamination of humus by this herbicide in yucatan so it because of the time i'm not going to explain what is happening and and i connect because as you know the yucatan peninsula has a very very small soil we can say it's not deep soil so in most of the parts of the peninsula so i'm not going to explain those things i'm going to focus on soil invertebrates so um soil invertebrates uh we have little fermenters and soil ecosystem engineers as we have here during the the congress uh the importance of the biodiversity of these invertebrates in order to to have soil good conditions soil health conditions so they are known as being by your indicators of soil quality so they help in soil organic soil organic decomposition infiltration irration of the soil so we have heard all about this so here just i'm showing you some photos uh for instance uh coliopteras and uh earthworms also ecosystem engineers and the larva of colioptera so that are working in the soil so here is a nice schema of ground et al 2000 for where we can see how different kinds of earthworms interact in the soil so we have those that live above the soil the epi jake those that live inside the soil endo jake and the anesic that move below and above ground we have also heard during this congress how these different type of earthworms interact and contribute to the soil ecosystem okay so what were the objectives of this study uh were to to measure glyphosate and ampa in soils from the soybean crops and also to determine soil macro invertebrates diversity and abundance in those places so the study was done as i mentioned in the yucatan peninsula in mexico so here you can see this is the gulf of mexico and here is the yucatan peninsula and campeche campeche is one of the states located here so we did a study in chenco and this part okay so the experimental design we measured uh we took soil samples at the soybean field so you see at the left side of your slide in orange color uh the soil been failed and then we we put a transect from the soybean field into the natural vegetation so we took also samples there and after we took samples also in the natural vegetation so we are total of 25 samples per combination of crop field crop field with natural vegetation and then we did the same eight times so we measured the same design and eight times so we in soybean fields fields and also in maize fields so here you can see a little photo more or less how it looks uh soybean yeah okay so we had a total of 200 old samples uh they were taken for glyphosate and amper determination and we determined these pollutants in the laboratory so we measure we took a monolith also 200 monoliths by the TSBF method we measured also organic matter and clay and we calculated a ratio glyphosate invertebrates as results okay you are seeing in your slide in the left side of your slide you are seeing the concentration of glyphosate per type of land management so the concentration was higher glyphosate and amper in the soybean plantation so you can see here where I'm pointing with my mouse and after we found also glyphosate and amper in the non-managed area in the natural areas so that is not nice because uh yeah that means that there is a drift between water to the natural areas and we found also glyphosate and amper in the maize crops yeah and what is what is happening with the with the invertebrates so it is in there is a kind of inverse relationship so the lowest abundance of soil invertebrates was found in the soybean plantation so it's the lowest and then we found in the middle in the non-management area in the natural area and after the highest abundant was found in the maize crop so that was very surprised for us because we found yeah an effect of glyphosate on the abundance of the invertebrates so in the natural vegetation is affected so we found low abundance okay if we go more into the detail so here we have in this table in the left side the type of land management soybean maize and non-managed area and then we have the main yeah principal taxa that we found in this is too sorry oh shit pardon well this can happen yeah okay yeah so what we have here is uh yeah the principal taxa found in the study so ants, earthworms, colioptera, termites, gastropods so what we can see in this table as most important that gastropods were absent completely absent in the soybean field they were abundant in maize and also in the natural vegetation we found earthworms in the natural vegetation and also in maize but not uh uh yeah yeah more the highest the highest abundance of earthworms was found in the natural vegetation um the ratio in relation to the ratio glyphosate invertebrates uh the highest ratio was in the soybean field and then after in the managed non-managed area and then in the maize crop so these are the main findings okay discussion glyphosate is a component known to harm humans soil life and wildlife in this study we found this taxa so it's a few compared to another studies also in the region in the region you can find from one to nine taxa but because of the perturbation we found less here gastropods most were the most vulnerable group in this study there were not present in the soybean plantations you have one left so thank you thank you for your invitation yeah thank you uh thank you very much for keeping the time so i'm appreciate it so okay so then uh because at the last presenters has a time limitation so uh let's let me move immediately move to the the third presenters uh miss uh kintia sorry i cannot pronounce properly kala niva so from brazil so uh presentation is about enki trace in two uh fight of uh feeds or no miss of brazilian cellar okay so uh miss kintia so uh floor is yours thank you i'm sharing the screen now yes maybe uh is it on screen yes and could you perfect okay well good morning everybody greetings from brazil well today i will talk about partial results of the first findings of a bigger ongoing project on enki trades in serrado bayon in brazil enki trades are these small anelid oligotic worms which live in soils worldwide but there are also aquatic and marine ones they are saprophagus microbevore known to play a role in nutrient cycling and soil structure the knowledge on these animals remain largely unknown in most places and even more in the tropics and that's the case in brazil serrado is one of the six biomes in brazil it's considered a hotspot of biodiversity and endemic species which occupies mainly the central region of the country and it has two well marked seasons a dry one and a rainy one soils are naturally acid and considered of low fertility but serrado has been increasingly taken by the expanding agriculture and livestock activities over the last four years as a result of a lot of applied technology about half of the area is still covered and with natural vegetation but the loss and conservation of biodiversity have been a matter of concern in this bayon so studies on animal sensitive to environmental changes are urgently needed considering considering the current threats the presence of enki trades has been reported a couple of times in serrado bayon in the past but sampling had been performed within appropriate methods to determine abundance accurately genus and species composition has never been studied either until this project has started so the objective of the present study is to determine enki trade density and generic composition into a feat of physiognomies of serrado bayon to support the use of these organisms to the monitoring of soil biological quality soil biodiversity laws and sustainability of reduction systems so two types of serrado vegetation were samples for enki trades a gallery forest which is more humid because it's closed water has taller trees and close canopy and it's also the the glacial is is covered by a thick layer of organic matter on the other hand serrado senso stricto which is a typical serrado it has shorter trees and shrubs and a more open vegetation on ferrocel sampling took place in two well preserved areas in brasilia national park and brasilia botanical garden those are places in the capital of brasil sampling was carried out at 10 points distance 10 to 15 meters uh in the plot once a year at the end of rainy season in 2017 and 18 and once in the dry season of a previous year sampling and extraction procedures were based on iso guidelines recommendations for enki trade sampling a metal ring was used to sample soil at each point and then the soil was taken to the laboratory to a hot extraction device made a funnel full of water and lamps to force the worms to move downwards so that they can be collected and counted after that live specimens were identified under optic microscope up to genus level fixed specimens were used for species determination chemical and granulometry analysis were also carried out so results this first graph shows the number of enki trades a per square meter and the sampling sites and the dates of sampling the lower graph shows the percentage of individuals of each genus represented by different color at each corresponding site and date generally speaking enki trades were more abundant in 2018 than 2017 reaching the mark of 3000 individuals per square meter of enki trade density in gallery forest in botanical garden um the typical surround or showed a lower density of enki trade worms when compared to gallery forest in dry season practically zero individuals were found it's not worthy that an extremely severe drought occurred in 2016 what could have impacted the enki trade community in 2017 uh in terms of genus composition a maximum of six non-genera were found but the genus composition varied uh with sight and ear typical cerado here and here at the national park revealed lower richness than gallery forest genus guaranidrilos in yellow enki trails in blue and sbr which is a potentially new genus in green they were then predominant groups a principal analysis components analysis was performed with soil chemical and textual variables and genus density and richness of enki trades it separated the vegetation types so typical cerado and gallery forests and also the locations so botanical garden and national park it also showed positive correlations between genus richness with organic matter and soil fertility attributes in the world more than 700 species belonging to 33 genera are known while in latin america only 62 species of these 15 genera are known 32 species uh occur in brazil and they are negative in in the present study we identified two already known species and six potentially new species one of one of the guaranidrilos species is possibly a new genus due to unique combinations of characteristics so conclusions cerado can harbor quite high densities of enki trades which is comparable to other biomes in brazil and temperate countries so far together with data collected in other sites of cerado we found species of eight different genera and about 20 or more different species uh six to seven genera and six potentially new species were found in the two sites uh which data were presented here so there is this there's still a huge area of cerado and also other regions in brazil to be explored for enki trades i'm very grateful to my colleagues and students who embarked in this project to unravel the wonders of these tiny worms and if you are interested in facing this challenge together you are very welcome to join us thank you thank you and i think yes for your nice presentation so and also i appreciate your keeping time of presentation so now i said thank you so and then so let's move to the last presentation so uh that is given by miss stefanie christman uh from morocco uh her uh the title is regard and protect ground nesting bees at part of soil biodiversity so miss stefanie please can you see my screen yes and could you change uh to the presentation mode okay good thank you and which yeah yes perfect yeah we change a bit the topic and because now uh i would like to shift your attention to morrigan for the need to protect ground nesting pollinators also as part of soil biodiversity for instance this nice sand bee on the right it needs the soil power regeneration and i think we have to protect them more um right this is very much disturbing here the european union the world food organization and also the global soil partnership and they have a definition of soil biodiversity which is focused on the provision of uh for ecosystem services by soil by your town and this definition excludes by pollinators um though they depend on um soil as a habitat for regeneration and i think this is a bit risky strategy because uh 60 to 70 percent of all wild bees and all solitary wasps so the most effective wild pollinators nest in the ground and when you look on our agricultural landscapes for those who need for instance um dead wood or hollow stems they will not find it in landscape with monocultures so they disappear from agricultural lands and when you sample in such landscapes you will find mostly ground nesting pollinators but um they are also under very heavy threat and they also don't fly far for instance bumblebees that social bees which build colonies of 200 or 300 um species and they fly up to two kilometers but most of them in particular solitary bees they fly up to a one kilometer not further and so they are very much in need to have a safe um um part in in the fields where they can regenerate when you look at uh there are life cycle there is a short period when they are flying and when the adults are pollinating but a long period is below soil and um of course in early spring the adults make several nests but during this period of level development our adults in the ground if there is a deep tillage this next generation is gone additionally we have the problem that chemicals accumulate in soil and um neonicotinoids for instance up to 94 percent accumulate in soil and water when you imagine a female wild bee digging all the cavities to lay the eggs this can be toxic and the regeneration is at risk but this is very risky as 87 percent of all flowering plants depend on pollinators uh they depend on pollinators for regeneration and also for adaptation to climate change because cross-pollination enhances genetic diversity and thus the chance to adapt to climate change so many of these plants are important for soil fertility and for soil biodiversity for instance the pavac bekei they have the nitrogen fixation which is important for soil fertility of a chelia or for instance bio drosep they prevent soil erosion in in a world uh with a heavy loss of uh pollinators a very strong decline when you have degraded land like here in these slopes it would be very difficult to do any conservation measures for soil biodiversity or compared to erosion if you don't have all the plants anymore which are pollinated dependent I think the full impacts of pollinators are not yet understood as 87 percent of all flowering plants depend on pollinators really a high extent of ecosystem services which you see here in bright green depend on pollinators and if pollinators get very scarce and we lose at the same time these ecosystem services to a great extent for instance erosion prevention soil soil fertility habitat for species wastewater treatment and so on then we get into interlinked spiral of environmental degradation and later of economic and social degradation for instance in mountain regions people can even abandon their land because they have such increase of mud flows they cannot produce pollinated dependent crops anymore no medicinal plants anymore and labor migration of youth that the old people cannot manage to stay there anymore so in total we might even get more conflicts because there is a lot of migration this is a worst-case scenario which can be fueled by climate change which we should avoid for sure therefore I would suggest to consider that the global soil partnership uses a definition like the CBD which is habitat oriented and then wild pollinators which nest in the ground would be included into the definition and in consequence also in the protection measures of the global soil partnership the second thing I want to suggest is to promote farming with alternative pollinators briefly FAP and to assess if this has also positive effects for soil biodiversity and FAP is a measure to intensify production by a better use of two ecosystem services pollination and pest control and the result is higher income per surface so a FAP field has the main crop in a part of the field here the dark green parks and habitat enhancement in the smaller parts of the field which is here bright green habitat enhancement is done by marketable habitat enhancement plants only like spices oil seeds medicinal plants berries and vegetables whatever you want then it can be perennial plants or annual plants and then either packed soil for the ground nesting bees or hollow stems or dead wood with boreholes and so on as nothing support for wild pollinators and then we measure the impacts on insect diversity and abundance for pollinators natural enemies and pests and the net income per surface and the net income per surface is much much higher from FAP fields than from control fields which have just monoculture the main crop so I think if the global soil partnership would promote such an approach with areas where ground nesting bees or ground nesting webs can regenerate that would be of great value and also I think it would be nice to see if there is a difference if it is annual or perennial marketable habitat enhancement plants and what are best options to get synergies also for soil biodiversity so this approach yeah these are my suggestions and maybe some of you would be ready to consider them thank you thank you Stephanie for your nice presentation that just expands our view about the soil biodiversity so now you'd like to open the Q&A session so and because I heard that Stephanie has to leave earlier so I would like to take the question to her Stephanie so right now so far I think still we have no questions to Stephanie so but I think you can stay for a while okay okay so then so because we don't have much many questions so let's move to the first presentation by Lili so there are some questions to her so to Lili so about the plant species so you used two different plants so mulberry and so the first the tree and the question is are they native in barley or exotic yeah is it a mulberry reference question from I'm sorry John from Jonathan Carter about the mulberry indigenous in barley yes there's a few mulberry were indigenous in barley such as uh what is it called black mulberry it's really are indigenous in barley uh and also like morus nigra is also indigenous uh the second question is the most important species in our study in your study I've already answered it in in the chat there's a few important but the most of them is the important one is was it warm and um there's two species there and then this spacing treatment are related to the plant use uh yes uh in the in our in our agriculture there are we've tried to find uh what is the right what is the right plot I mean the right distance from one from one mulberry to the other so we try a few like 52 centimeters to 100 centimeters this uh after this study we find that the the one with 50 and 100 centimeters times 100 centimeters is the most uh rich for the fauna and so is the the leap is more better than the others uh as you know that mulberry in ours in ours of course is for the silkworm for feeding the silkworms so we we have to uh to find a lot of uh leaps for the silkworms and then are the dominant species native of Bali or Exo I can't understand this one but I think uh if it's the mulberry or the fauna is it for the berry or mulberry or for the fauna fauna for the fauna okay uh the dominant species uh is native in uh from the from the soil in Bali okay and the last question is uh you measure the different soil parameters so uh do you did you find any relationship uh between the micro fauna and uh soil properties oh with the yeah the the other property uh usually uh in our land uh I mean in our soil when there's a lot of fauna uh there must be a lot of uh decomposition that's why the pH is a little what acid yeah maybe that's all okay yes so then uh yeah it's almost time uh I have no further urgent questions on the chat so uh Rosa uh uh do we still uh able to put input question on chat after the session or yes of course if there's somebody um that um wants to to ask complementary questions um we can we can stay a few more minutes okay okay thank you please feel feel free to to type in in the chat if you if you you have doubts comments so then so uh so uh for the moment I would like to uh thank all the presenters and also the the participant to join this session and uh so thank you very much for your kind contribution replace webinars so uh now we have a chat uh they're asking how to find the replays of webinars uh Rosa can you answer this so are you recording the this session so how uh how we can replay this you we can we visit the how uh yeah yeah yeah we will uh publish uh after the symposium of course all the material including the the recording sessions yes okay so then so now it's time so uh yeah so uh we still open this session for a while so put any uh feedback and also uh thank you very much for your contributions and also I wish all the good day and good night and also uh you can continue continuously enjoy the the next two days of this symposium yeah and so Rosa do you have any further comment no no okay okay so then so uh thank you very much all and have a good day and have a good night so uh see you next day so Rosa thank you very much for you are you are helping the session so I I didn't know I I wasn't uh seen by by you because I I had been in the uh in in the session but uh so maybe no one could identify me yes I saw um I saw one uh name maybe in Japanese I didn't know sorry so I I forgot to change I'm sorry so I I forgot to change my ideas into English so yeah I appreciate your help no no no problem are we still recording the the session so uh how how do the participant see the all the chat comments after the session so do you have any text to be uploaded to the website yeah maybe we can publish the questions but we need to discuss okay because it depends on the on the amount of the information and and also we need to approach the participants