 The ingenious design of the aluminum beverage can. Every year, nearly a half trillion of these cans are manufactured. That's about 15,000 per second. So many that we overlook the can's superb engineering. Let's start with why the can is shaped like it is. Why a cylinder? An engineer might like to make a spherical can. It has the smallest surface area for a given volume, and so it uses the least amount of material. And it also has no corners and so no weak points because the pressure in the can uniformly stresses the walls. But a sphere is not practical in manufacture, and of course, it'll roll off the table. Also, when packed as closely as possible, only 74% of the total volume is taken up by the product. The other 26% is void space, which goes unused when transporting the cans or in a store display. An engineer could solve this problem by making a cuboid shaped can. It sits on a table, but it's uncomfortable to hold and awkward to drink from. And while easier to manufacture than a sphere, these edges are weak points and require very thick walls, but the cuboid surpasses the sphere in packing efficiency. It has almost no wasted space, although with the sacrifice of using more surface area to contain the same volume as the sphere. So, to create a can, engineers use a cylinder, which has elements of both shapes. From the top, it's like a sphere. And from the side, it's like a cuboid. A cylinder has a maximum packing factor of about 91%, not as good as the cuboid, but better than the sphere. Most important of all, the cylinder can be rapidly manufactured. The can begins as this disc, called a blank, punched from an aluminum sheet about three-tenths of a millimeter thick. The first step starts with a drawing die, on which sits the blank and then a blank holder that rests on top. We'll look at a slice of the die so we can see what's happening. A cylindrical punch presses down on the die, forming the blank into a cup. This process is called drawing. This cup is about 88 millimeters in diameter, larger than the final can, so it's redrawn. That process starts with this wide cup and uses another cylindrical punch and a redrawing die. The punch presses the cup through the redrawing die and transforms it into a cup with a narrower diameter, which is a bit taller. This redrawn cup is now the final diameter of the can, 65 millimeters, but it's not yet tall enough. A punch pushes this redrawn cup through an ironing ring. The cup stays the same diameter as it becomes taller and the walls thinner. If we watch this process again up close, you see the initial thick wall and then the thinner wall after it's ironed. Ironing occurs in three stages, each progressively making the walls thinner and the can taller. After the cup is ironed, the dome on the bottom is formed. This requires a convex doming tool and a punch with a matching concave indentation. As the punch presses the cup downward into the doming tool, the cup bottom then deforms into a dome. That dome reduces the amount of metal needed to manufacture the can. The dome bottom uses less material than if the bottom were flat. A dome is an arch revolved around its center. The curvature of the arch distributes some of the vertical load into horizontal forces, allowing a dome to withstand greater pressure than a flat beam. On the dome, you might notice two large numbers. These deboss numbers are engraved on the doming tool. The first number signifies the production line in the factory and the second number signifies the body maker number. The body maker is the machine that performs the redrawing, ironing and doming processes. These numbers help troubleshoot production problems in the factory. In that factory, the manufacturing of a can is placed at a tremendous rate. These last three steps, redrawing, ironing and doming, all happen in one continuous stroke in only a seventh of a second. The punch moves at a maximum velocity of 11 meters per second and experiences a maximum acceleration of 45 Gs. This process runs continuously for six months or around 100 million cycles before the machine needs servicing. Now, if you look closely at the top of the can body, you see that the edges are wavy and uneven. These irregularities occurred during the forming. To get a nice even edge, about six millimeters is trimmed off of the top. With an even top, the can can now be sealed. But before that sealing occurs, a colorful design is printed on the outside. The term of art in the industry is decoration. The inside also gets a treatment. A spray-coated epoxy lacquer separates the can's contents from its aluminum walls. This prevents the drink from acquiring metallic taste and also keeps acids in the beverage from dissolving the aluminum. The next step forms the can's neck, the part of the can body that tapers inward. This necking requires 11 stages. The forming starts with a straight-walled can. The top is brought slightly inward and then this is repeated further up the can wall until the final diameter is reached. The change in neck size at each stage is so subtle that you can barely tell a difference between one stage and the next. Each one of these stages works by inserting an inner die into the can body, then pushing an outer die, called the necking sleeve, around the outside. The necking sleeve attracts, the inner die retracts, and the can moves to the next stage. The necking is drawn out over many different stages to prevent wrinkling or pleating of the thin aluminum. Since the 1960s, the diameter of the can end was smaller by six millimeters, from 60 millimeters to 54 millimeters today. This seems a tiny amount, but the aluminum can industry produces over 100 billion cans a year so that six millimeter reduction saves at least 90 million kilograms of aluminum annually. That amount would form a solid cube of aluminum 32 meters on a side. Compare that to a 787 Dreamliner with a 60-meter wingspan. Now, after the neck has been formed, the top is flanged. That is, it flares out slightly and allows the end to be secured to the body, which brings us to the next brilliant design feature, the double seam. On older steel cans, manufacturers welded or soldered on the ends. This often contaminated the can's contents. In contrast, today's cans use a hygienic double seam, which can also be made faster. This can is cut in half so you can see the cross-section of the double seam. To create this seam, a machine uses two basic operations. The first curls the end of the can cover around the flange of the can body. The second operation presses the folds of the metal together to form an airtight seal. While the operation themselves are simple, they require high precision. Parts misaligned by a small fraction of a millimeter cause the seam to fail. In addition to the clamping of the end and can body, a sealing compound ensures that no gas escapes through the double seam. The compound is applied as a liquid and hardens to form a gasket. The end, attached immediately after the can is filled, traps gases inside the can to create pressures of about 30 psi or two times atmospheric pressure. In soda, carbon dioxide produces the pressure. In non-carbonated drinks like juices, nitrogen is added. So why is a beverage can pressurized? Because the internal pressure creates a strong can despite its thin walls. Squeeze a closed pressurized can it barely gives, then squeeze an empty can. It flexes easily. The can walls are thin, only 75 microns thick, and they are flimsy, but the internal pressure of a sealed can pushes outwards equally and so keeps the wall in tension. This tension is key. The thin wall acts like a chain. In compression, it has no strength, but in tension, it's very strong. The internal pressure strengthens the can so that they can be safely stacked. A pressurized can easily supports the weight of an average human adult. It also adds enough strength so the can doesn't need the corrugations like in this unpressurized steel food can. Well, initially pressurized to about two atmospheres, a can may experience up to four atmospheres of internal pressure in its lifetime due to elevated temperatures, and so the can is designed to withstand up to six atmospheres or 90 psi before the dome or the end will buckle. Why is there a tab on the end of the can? It seems a silly question. How else would you open it? But originally cans didn't have tabs. Very early steel cans were called flat tops for pretty obvious reasons. You use a special opener to puncture a hole to drink from and a hole to vent. In the 1960s, the pole tab was invented so that no opener was needed. The tab worked like this. You lift up this ring to vent the can and pull the tab to create the opening. Easy enough, but now you've got this loose tab. The cans ask you to please don't litter, but sadly these pole tabs got tossed on the ground with the sharp edges of the tabs cut the bare feet of beach goers or they harmed wildlife. So the beverage can industry responded by inventing the modern stay on tab. This little tab involved clever engineering. The tab starts as a second class lever. This is like a wheelbarrow because the tip of the tab is the fulcrum and the rivet the load. The effort is being applied on the end. But here's the genius part. The moment the can vents, the tab switches to a first class lever which is like a seesaw where the load is now at the tip and the fulcrum is the rivet. You can see clearly how the tab, when working as a wheelbarrow, lists the rivet. In fact, part of the reason this clever design works is because the pressure inside the can helps to force the rivet up which in turn depresses the outer edge of the top until it vents the can and then the tab changes to a seesaw lever. Looking from the inside of the can you can see how the tab first opens near the rivet. If you try to simply force the scored metal section into the can using the tab as a first class lever with the rivet of the fulcrum throughout you'd be fighting the pressure inside the can. The tab would be enormous and expensive. If you'd like to learn more about the entire lifecycle of the aluminum can watch this animated video by Rexum that describes can manufacturing and recycling. A typical aluminum can today contains about 70% recycled material. Also, discoveries how it's made has some great footage of the manufacturing machinery. Here are two different stepwise animations of the entire can forming process and lastly these are two detailed animations of the cup drawing and redrawing processes. The aluminum beverage can is so ubiquitous that it's easy to take for granted but the next time you take a sip from one consider the decades of ingenious design required to create this modern engineering marvel. I'm Bill Hammack, The Engineer Guy. Thanks to Rexum for providing us with aluminum cans in various stages of production and thank you very much to the advanced viewers who sent detailed and useful responses for this video. We read every single comment. If you'd like to help out as an advanced viewer check out engineerguy.com. You can see upcoming projects and behind the scenes footage. For example, you can see early drafts of this beverage can video and you can sign up to become an advanced viewer. Thanks again.