 Gweithio itwm, dyma'r gweithio. I'm Catherine Meenon, and I'm chair of the German group, so it's nice to be able to introduce a topic that goes way beyond some of the topics we talk about, which are just Germany. So, we're very grateful today that Dr Scholz is with us. Dr Emma Scholz is the acting director of the German Development Institute, and she's been deputy director since 2009. Felly rydw i'r eistedd iawn yn sicrhau chi'n myfnigol, yn rheswm dyddiol Chifenysig ac ynmell魚fau yaynig. Rydw i'n myfnigol i'n gymaint a'r ddaddiol Cynllun Swyb deill. Mae gennym o'r gweithio'r teimlo i'r diolchau o gweld 18 anodol addiad sy'n gweithio'r ddysgu'r ddoddau amgylcheddol ac rhaid i'r hunain gwneud yn ddoddiad. Yn ystod, wrth gweithio o'r reidio hefyd, yn dweud eu dTION sy'n gweithio'r mae'n dweud o ymgyrch o'r RhACKFORD. Dyn ni'n bod ydych chi'n cael ei ffynisiad yr hyn yn ymgyrch? Dweud я am ei bach i gyfroedd yma. Llywodraeth jyfodd ar y teimlo wedi'i gwybod arna mewn o'r inniodol sy'n ceisio i'r ddiolion ni. Cyngorol yw'n rhan o'r ysgol, ar y ddweud yma yn ymgyrch yn ddweud. Mae ydych chi'n ymgweld yw'r ddechrau yn y rhan o'r ysgol a ydych chi'n gŵr ymddiadau ymddiadau er mwyn. Yr 1st, y gŵr yn gyntaf i'r ddweud eich cymryd yn cyfroedd cyfweld cyflodiadu cyngorol rhaid, o'r rheshwyl yn y strategiaeth yw'r cymryd yn cyfrannu'r cyfrannu, ond rhaid i'r cyfrannu yw'r sefydliad yn bwysig ac yn ymgyrchau ydych chi'n gwneud cyfathol. Felly mae'r gyfrannu cyfrannu ac'r byddai yn fwybu yn ymgyrch. Y dyfodol y pethau eisiau, ydych chi'n cael ei pethau cyfrannu? How does it come about? And the one way to explain it is that... there are many supporters of sustainability... in political parties in various sectors of society. And in a way, this support has grown. But, at the same time, Germany is in a situation... where changes towards more sustainability require transformative stress. More radical change than just implementing environmental policies. This tension is expressed in this contradiction between having an ambitious conceptual approach to sustainable development and weak implementation. The third point I would like to address is what is the relevance of sustainable development and the German approach in it. yw'r ysgrifennu sy'n gyffredin yma o eu cynnig i eu maeth europea, ac yn eich syniad o gyfan. Felly, yna y dyfodol fel ymddangos, mae'n gobeithio'n gyffredin yma, yw'r ysgrifennu, yw'r ysgrifennu, yw'n gobeithio ymddangos, yw'r stratega o gyffredin cyfan, ac mae'n gweithio'n ceisio'n ceisio. Felly, yna'r ceisio'n ceisio. Mae'rbod yn ddau nhw ddoddach yn meddwl ystod, fyddai'r ddweud chi'n ddiddordeb, wrth gyd ar y cyhoedd, sy'n ddau'r ddau sydd. Mae'n ddoddach yn ei ddweud ystod o ddadegau ddau siad. Mae yr hyn ar y ddoddach yn gwneud y celf ar gwaith. Mae'n ddoddach yn ddweud ar y ddoddach yna, yn y bedi i ddadegau'r deillig, yn y oniad mewn ar y celf ar y ddoddach, ..y gallwch chi'n rhoi byddwch yn ei wneud yn ei wneud yn bwysig... ..ym yn y gallwch chi'n mynd i'w gwahau allan! Ond efallai i'ch gael y cyfnodau sydd a'r Gwyllgor Dynes... ..on yn eitio i'r ddweud y cyfnodau a'r ddweud i'ch gael... ..ynd eich cyfnodau sydd y cyfnodau yma yn ei wneud, ..ynd y cyfnodau symud yw'r cyfnodau sydd wedi'i gael... ..ynd y cyfnodau sydd i'ch gael... Bydd ydych chi'n fawr i'ch gweld eich strategaeth, ac mae'n ddosio'r fawr i'r ysgolion oedd y parlydeidio yn yr wych. Felly mae'r gweithio chi i ddulliannisol yn ddweud o'r ffordd mewn aws diolch a oson o gyllideb ddifesio'u dysgu wedi'u wych yn cyfnod ysgrifennu ymgyrchu, felly ond sefydli i bobl yn cael ei fath, dwi'n creu ajon aws ymweld â'i bobl yn ugrif yma. If you take Berlin, 18% of the Berlin population live on social transfers. 18% is quite a lot. We know that children of single mothers have the highest risk of living in poverty. What poverty means in Germany, obviously. But the aim there is to achieve or to maintain the situation that poverty rates in Germany are below European average. I don't think that is ambitious. Then gender, for example. The objective is to have 30% female CEOs by 2030, I think. We already have 30.9%. I wouldn't define that indicator as being very ambitious. But the real difficulty we have in Germany is when we look at environmental indicators. You know that we are not missing our CO2 reduction targets. We have increased the share of renewable energies in electricity provision. But the share is not growing quickly enough. We are not good at reducing biodiversity loss. We have too much nitrate in our groundwater. The EU has already criticised us heavily for that. We know it for years and we are not able to change the production patterns which lead to those problems. When you look at emissions, you see also that the Ministry of Transport, for example, is absent from the agenda. We know that transport is creating a third of CO2 emissions. You see that the level of ambition is just like a bottom-up approach within the executive. Those ministries like environment, development and social affairs are more engaged. Those who do not engage themselves are not forced to get engaged. That is also my last sentence on that card to do with the fact that many of you are focusing on Germany. Whether you have heard about the autonomy of ministries in Germany or so, is a very important feature of our public administration in Germany. The co-ordinating power of our Chancellor is not to be compared with the power the Prime Minister has in the UK. The autonomy of the Ministry to define its policies is in a way sacrosanct. This is because the Prussian system, which all this goes back, said that ministries are run by experts. They know the logic of their field best, and that is why they need to have autonomy for making rational and effective policies. But today, the problems we are facing are integrated problems, what we call wicked problems. Most of the problems cannot be solved only by the Finance Ministry or the Economic Ministry or the Environment Ministry. These problems are caused often by actions in another policy area and therefore require integrated approaches. That is what the 2030 agenda is all about. The SDGs are defined as a network of targets. This is not sufficiently reflected by the German Sustainable Development Strategy. That was also the result of the peer review, which was done by a group of international experts headed by Helen Clark. I now focus just on the executive. If the executive is so non-united about this, why did they adopt such a comprehensive approach? At least when you read the introduction to the strategy, you think everything is fine, the Germans will do it. That has to do with the fact that in the public there is considerable support for this comprehensive and ambitious approach. The German negotiation leaders in the process in New York City under the UN were led by the Ministry of Environment and the Ministry of Development. Two actors have a strong interest in ambitious policies. The rest, they care at a very late stage what it actually meant. They did not need to care very early in the process because they could use their autonomy for just keeping the level of ambition for their areas of interest law. In the society as such, we have many civil society organisations in development and in environment which push very strongly for the agenda. We have newcomers in the field. The social welfare organisations in Germany, this is also an area where non-state actors are very strong. They realized that the 2030 agenda could be an important lobbying framework for them as well because it's a universal agenda, because it's not about developing countries, it's about change everywhere. The social basis which understands the agenda and pushes for it has been broadened. When I entered the Sustainable Development Council in Germany in 2009, it was clearly in the hands of the environmentalists. Sustainability was identified with environmental concerns, not with social concerns. It was definitely, if international, then more with poor countries. This has changed as well. I think that was quite an investment which was necessary for that. It's not like that in other countries like in France, the environmental NGOs, they don't agree with the agenda. They don't think the agenda is a flag which makes sense to a whole. You will find, maybe you invite someone from France to talk about that. You also see some changes because in the private sector we have a split of enterprises which very much have based their business case on maintaining things as they are. The car industry awoke to electrification very recently now because of the diesel scandal. There are many firms which base their business case on sustainability, on technological innovation, on decarbonisation, on rational or efficient resource use, but also in the financial sector. The German Finance Ministry, when we were having the German presidency of the G20, they were still looking at green finance issues with a lot of mistrust. They were not very comfortable with it. But then we had the process in the EU on sustainable finance going, and now the German Finance Ministry has decided to develop a German strategy for sustainable finance, which I think can be a real lever for mainstreaming sustainability issues across the economy in many sectors. I think that is very important, but it doesn't mean that the Ministry of Finance now says that we lift the flag of the 2030 agenda and the SDGs. So that is an important question. Do we make progress in transformation towards sustainability because we lift the SDGs flag up? Or are the SDGs helpful for pushing such processes? So should we invest a lot in that? Or is it more important to focus on specific problems and be aware that problem-solving has to consider the various facets of sustainability, the social, economic, environmental one, and go towards integrated approaches? I think that is something we could discuss, because what you always find in public administration, but also in CSOs, because everybody has to market what he or she is doing, is to go for an identity. Do we get best results if we say we concentrate our efforts on the 2030 agenda, or do we get best results when we focus on the problems as such, identify them, and keep it for the experts to focus on the actual relations to the 2030 agenda? This is something I would like to hear from you too. And the third part, what effect does the 2030 agenda or importance have for the German-European policy and foreign policy? When we had the G20 presidency in 2017, the Germans decided to put the 2030 agenda and the SDGs as overarching goal system on top of their presidency. They weren't so successful at that time to really convince them a finance ministry about it, but in the long term the finance ministry is now changing, as I have just explained. And they used it also for campaigning for their seat in the United Nations Security Council, because they knew or they guessed that developing countries would be sympathetic to a country which said we will put the SDGs and the agenda 2030 at the top of our agenda. It is also, I think, a helpful framework when you want to combat the roots of the crisis of multilateralism we are going through now. These united, fragmented societies certainly are at the core of populist and nationalist my country first political forces, because it's when a sizable share of the population feels forgotten or fears to lose status. We were talking about Germany. In Germany this is the mixture which makes up the rotors of the AFD. Then it's easy for our political forces to mobilize them for my country first policies against multilateral and international cooperation. And I think the 2030 agenda goes against all that. So you could in a way say the 2030 agenda is a transformative agenda, while my country first movements are like a counter transformation movement. So the 2030 agenda offers a framework and a vision to orient international foreign policy, to orient also to guide European policy, but as I said in Germany it is still identified with belonging to development policy and belonging to environmental policy and that makes it difficult for the agenda to develop its full potential, so to say, also in the international relations of Germany. Recently I participated in a consultation on the reflection paper of the EU and what I realized was that people in Germany from the government feel very disappointed about the three scenarios proposed, the three scenarios of the EU reflection paper for how the EU could implement the 2030 agenda. So I fear that there won't be much positive energy for pushing that process forward, so I would be very happy if the Irish government did that. The last point also for discussion, what I would find interesting to hear about you, how do you rate the transformative strength of sustainable development policies versus climate policies. If you look at Fridays for Future, I don't know how strong they are here in Ireland, in Germany the Fridays for Future are developing immense political impact. It's been like 300,000 kids on the street last Friday and I think that this relates to the other question I was making before but I wouldn't say that because they are pressing for climate policy it's a big part of what I would describe as a sustainability policy but it may be interesting to compare these two fields and see how a sustainability informed climate policy would have to look like for achieving most of convergence between these two areas and concepts for the future.